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1 from tool of the artist to visual communication medium... THE BEGINNING OF PHOTOGRAPHY - was the result of the work of many scientists and artists and not the discovery of one single person. Each person added to the puzzle until the picture became easier to see. Photography has two vital elements - OPTICAL and CHEMICAL. The optical pieces were put into motion by Leonardo da Vinci with his camera obscura. Used to trace an image for artistic representation the first lens and camera came in the 1500 s. A Frenchman named Joseph Niepce first found that Silver Nitrate and Silver Chloride would turn black when struck by light. Niepce ran out of money and was in poor health and stopped short of producing a permanent image. An Englishman, William Henry Fox Talbot produced the first paper negative in 1835 on a one inch piece of paper. His exposure was over an hour in length. Frenchman Louis Daguerre was the first to make a POSITIVE image and is credited by most with the discovery of the process. Trained by Niepce the Daguerreotype was produced in 1837 as mercury vapor was used to produce an image formed on a silver coated copper sheet made sensitive to light. It was not a negative and multiple prints could not be made. Exposure time was at first as long as 20 minutes in full sun but within a few years further refinement reduced the time to only 2 minutes. Portrait sittings required bright lights and ark lamps and long exposures which often required the subjects head to be braced in a clamp on a chair became a historical benchmark for accurate portraits of famous people. The exactness of photography allowed for less romanticized portraits. The daguerreotype could not capture motion, but was still used for some outdoors pictures. The most famous American daguerreotypist was Samuel F. B. Morse a well know portrait painter, a professor at New York University and inventor of the telegraph. In 1840 Talbot perfected the Calotype process which produced a paper negative from which multiple prints could be made. The image was soft and a little unsharp. It had a short history because of patent restrictions and rapid improvement on the chemistry when F. S. Archer from England discovered the Collodion process. Using glass for a base the process was easier to work with. It was much more sensitive to light and allowed exposures under one second. It became the standard for photography until roll film came in the late 1800 s. The plate was coated and had to be exposed and developed while still well giving it the name wet plate process. In the 1850 s this process became very popular as people exchanged portraits of each other. INNOVATIONS LEAD TO NEW USES FOR PHOTOGRAPHY - Matthew Brady who learned to take pictures from Samuel Morse. Brady was not satisfied with pictures of people who were posed. He published the first book of biographical sketches of leading personalities including Abraham Lincoln. By the 1860 s and the break out of the Civil War Brady had moved out of the studio into a covered wagon where he photographed both sides of the conflict. His photographs provide valuable historic data for us today. His partner Alexander Gardner produced thousands of prints illustrating the horror of the war and the youthfulness of its victims. Using a wagon darkroom called the

2 Whatsit Brady and Gardner Brady changed photography from a portrait process to one that recorded history. Famous names developed with Timothy O Sullivan and W. H. Jackson among them. Photography of the frontier and the beauty of the west began in this time. Railroad company photographers traveled the rails recording history and spectacular landscapes. Photography was now used to form public opinion as in the Yellowstone Park pictures by W. H. Jackson. These pictures moved Congress to establish the first national park. A new process called Reportage began. In this form of journalism the photograph was used to record what was happening during a given period of history. Photo interviews were used to record the ideas and expressions of famous people and the written and photographic biography was born. Exposure times were still around one second and did require a tripod for steadiness. Cameras were large and bulky and not easy to use. By the end of the 19th Century in the late 1890 s Documentary Photography had developed. The photographer used pictures to convince and persuade private citizens and public agencies to take certain courses of action based on the evidence of the photograph. One of the most often photographed subjects of the early documentary photographer was poverty and the price immigrants paid to come to America. TECHNICAL ADVANCES OF THE LATE 1800 S & EARLY 1900 S allowed photography to be taken out of the hands of the professional and scientist and placed into the hands of the common person. Elimination of the wet plate and the invention of a dry process in 1871 by an Englishman named Richard Maddox took the process out of the chemist s hands. The Maddox process had some technical problems that needed working out. Cameras could now be held by hand as the new process was much faster. All photographic supplies up until this time were hand made. Cameras became more sophisticated in 1871 with the invention of the moveable shutter. Photographer Joseph Meybridge in America worked with Leyland Stanford to win a $25,000 bet Stanford had made that a horse in full stride did not have all four feet off the ground. Muybridge used a fast shutter and developed a camera system that allowed for pictures to be sequenced in rapid succession to record motion. In 1878 Muybridge proved that when a horse had all four feet off the ground they were bunched under his belly and not stretched out as previously recorded by painters. The techniques lead to the eventual creation of motion pictures and a whole new industry for use of photography. This also lead to the development of faster shutters and smaller cameras as motion became a challenge for the artist to capture.

3 The invention of roll film and paper coated with light sensitive material for making prints from negatives in 1884 by George Eastman changed the process even more. His first factory in Rochester New York allowed film and paper to be purchased rather than made by hand. Eastman also marketed the first hand held camera called the Kodak which Eastman though sounded like the sound of the camera shutter. The Kodak No. 1 camera introduced in 1888 took one hundred pictures with a roll of film placed in a wooden box. The entire camera was sent to the Eastman Kodak company for processing where a new roll of film was placed in the camera. The camera cost $25 and film and prints ran $10. The Eastman slogan was you press the button, we do the rest. with a company dream of having a camera in every home with Kodak processing of prints allowing anyone to take pictures. By the end of the century camera clubs were flourishing and everyone was taking snapshots. PHOTOGRAPHY BECOMES A MEANS OF EXPRESSION in the 1900 s as the ease of using the camera and film makes it accessible. The Germans invent the sturdy and accurate Leica camera in 1925 with the Twin Lens soon after in Camera equipment now able to capture motion and is easily carried around the neck with a strap. Gone is the need for a tripod and a slow exposure. Photographer Alfred Stieglitz takes the camera to the street and produces emotional glimpses of every day life. Documentary photography is born as photography is used to illustrate emotions. The first chance to alter reality with the photo is now possible and Steiglitz is the champion of what was to be known as straight photography or a print that has not been altered in any way. Reproduction of the original scene as accurately as possible with the expression of feelings the strongest desire of the photographer is now the rage. Steiglitz looked for equivalents or photographic illustrations of the feelings he had. People began to look for expressions and the environment was captured and explained with the camera. Light became the study of the photographer and the invention of the light meter in 1930 allowed for accurate study of contrast and lighting directions. Words can be distorted, but a photo is REAL. During late years of the 1890 s the invention of the halftone printing process was born. It allowed a photograph to be broken into small dots and printed on a printing press which then allowed newspapers and books to mass produce photographs. Photojournalism was born as wood cut drawings were no longer used to report news events. History has now become visual as well as verbal as cameras and film along with advanced in printing allows an event to be viewed by millions. The impact on society is enormous as public opinion can now be shaped by the much more believable photograph. Life magazine was the birth of photojournalism as we know it today. Picture essays began to be used where story and picture were put together. The invention of the Single Lens Reflex camera in 1937 made photojournalism easier.

4 As early as 1913 Vogue magazine allowed fashion photography to be put into print. Since the 40 s the fashion field has relied heavily on photography. WEST COAST PHOTOGRAPHERS begin MODERN PHOTOGRAPHY with Edward Weston and Ansel Adams at the top of the list of greats. Adams developed intense theories of exposure and advanced the art in major ways as the technique of print making progressed. A gifted pianist, Adams gave up his career in His musical perfection led him to develop the Zone System of exposure that allowed photographers to pre visualize the results they wanted and to control that result through exposure, development and printing their photographs. The primary theme for Adams was nature. He was a realist but his greatest skill was in using light and shadows to emphasize detail in his pictures. Most noted of the modern photographers is Diane Arbus. She took her camera places the more timed were afraid to go. She photographed people in mental hospitals and those with physical deformities. Each of the modern photographers who publish their work today has a PASSION for photography. To each of these people the photograph unites the internal vision with the external vision. Feelings are not well described with words and pictures add to the depth of expression of feelings. Photography is now used as an expression of art as well as science. It is now OK to photograph peeling paint as in the 1949 pictures by Aaron Siskind. Photography is now focused away from the scientific and technical developments and is now used to express or convey information and ideas. Inventions of automatic cameras and color film allows the artist to express ideas in realistic as well as abstract ways. There are no photographic barriers now. There are no traditions. What does the future hold? Digital imagery and the use of the computer allows the medium to be used quickly and with great accuracy or it can be modified and adapted to give many different expressions. As the silver that formed the basis of photography becomes less plentiful the electronic world takes over. Current technology costs a great deal but with commercial interest high the digital future is sure to hold as many advances in the art as the old processes did over the 160 year history of photography. Capturing life with the painting process of reflected light is one of our most valuable forms of communication in this modern world. Side industries of video and motion pictures provide records of every day events and provide us with far more information than was every imagined in centuries past. We re able to travel the world in seconds with the use of digital transmissions

5 ANSWER BEFORE YOU READ: 1. What do you know about photography? 2. What do you think this article about the history of photography will cover? READ THE ARTICLE NOW 3. What did you know before that the article discussed (see question 1)? 4. List 5 things you didn t know before you read the article: Why is it important to know about the history of photography?

6 The Evolution of Photography Name: Block Use the extra spaces between each number to add extra information and notes. 1. There were two vital elements to making a photograph. One was optical & the other. 2. Leonardo da Vinci was credited with discovering the. 3. What Englishman was credited with first creating a paper image in 1835?. 4. Daguerrotypes were made of coated with silver nitrate. 5. Early photography copied the work of the artist and consisted mostly of pictures of. 6. F.S. Archer of England discovered the Collodion process also called the process. 7. Name one Civil War photographer. 8. What did Brady and Gardner use as a darkroom and why? 9. What subject did W H Jackson photograph that led to the establishment of National Parks? 10. Joseph Muybridge made photographs of what? 11. Who invented roll film and what date was it introduced? 12. What was the first box camera called in 1890? 13. Around 1930 camera equipment became very sophisticated...eliminating the need for a tripod, the camera was hand held. Alfred Stieglitz used this technology to capture pictures of. 14. What invention in the printing or publications world allowed pictures to be printed on the page leading to modern day photojournalism? 15. Name two early magazines that relied heavily on photography. 16. What is one famous West Coast photographer who contributed to the advancement of photography in technical as well as creative ways? 17. What was Diane Arbus most famous for? 18. In the late 70 s into current day photography technical details have been mastered leaving what as the focus today?.

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