Lighting Depth Study

Transcription

1 Lighting Depth Study Board room The board room is located on the second floor of the Hall Corporate Headquarters with room number 223. The dimensions of the space are approximately 40Ft. x 20.5Ft. giving a total area of 820 Sq. Ft.. The ceiling height of the space is 9 with an additional cove that is at 9-6 located in the center of the room. The space is used for large company meetings consisting of a large rectangular table in the center of the room surrounded by approximately 16 chairs. The front of the room is equipped with a projection screen and cabinets for storage. The finishes inside the Board room are as follows: The walls are painted with a clay beige (warm neutral) color and has an approximate reflectance of 0.52 the color chip is shown below. The carpet used in this space is a shaw style with a pattern like the following picture below. The carpet has a reflectance of The ceiling in the space will be acoustical tile reflectance 0.9 and plaster reflectance 0.9 The design criteria for this space involved the following: Lighting Design Criteria Integration of daylight Large amount of windows located on north and east walls Use of motorized shading to control amount of daylight entering space Meeting place for employees Multi levels of light controlled by dimming switches Close interaction between occupants facial rendering is important Luminance ratios between faces and background 3:1 Horizontal illuminance Approximately 50 Fc on the conference table Direct glare from fixtures Keep in compliance with luminance ratios 1

2 Luminance ratios within immediate view should not exceed 3:1 from persons face to the background. Ratio is very important because of the facial rendering of the occupants Ceiling uniformity Ratio of 8:1 for uniformity of light on the ceiling not to exceed 825 Cd/m2 if less then 425 Cd/m2 the uniformity is not such an issue The lighting concept for the space involved the following: Downlights Compact fluorescent lamps located around room to give ambient light to space this will brighten the perimeter of the room Wallwash lenses used in downlights in front of room to put light on presentation white board Cove added to ceiling Use of cove fixtures to light ceiling above table, this will open up the space and create a more welcoming feeling to the space Pendant with direct and indirect light component Provide light on table and ceiling for good uniform distribution this will allow the occupants to read and write comfortably multiple round pendants to put even distribution of light on the work plane Indirect light is good for facial rendering this is needed in this space because meeting will be the main function in this space. 2

3 The equipment selected to be used in this space is as follows. Fixture and lamps Cove-30 Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # Cove-30 Dimensions 8 x 3-1/8 x 48 1-F32T8 Lamp LF6 Downlight Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # LF6 Dimensions 6 Diameter 6 x 9-7/8 1- CFTRT32W Lamps Mantra Jr. Manufacturer: Lithonia Catalog # P-ID-37 JR Dimensions 23 diameter 3-3/8 thick 4-CFTRT32W Lamps Note: All interior lamps will have a CCT of 3500 K and a consistent CRI of greater then 80 for uniform color rendering throughout the building. Power Density Label Description Ballast Input Watts # Used Watts A Cove Light VEZ-132-SC B Pendant VEZ-2T42-M3-BS C Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS D Wall washer Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS Total Watts = 1504 Area = 820 Sq.Ft. Power Density = 1.83 W/Sq.Ft. The power density allowed in a conference room space by ASHREA 90.1 is 1.5 W/Sq.Ft. The power density calculated with the redesigned lighting system is 1.83 W/Sq.Ft. This power density is higher then the allowed power density for this space but this is justifiable because of the following reasons. A savings in power density can be achieved else where in the building thus compensating for the higher power density in the board room. Since this space will only be used for occasional meetings the lighting load will be small compared to spaces that will have lights on all the time. 3

4 Lighting Layout, Circuiting and Switching The lighting layout is shown above. The switching will be done by zones in the following manner. The wall washers will be controlled separately from the downlights cove lights, and the pendants. Three-way switching will be used because there are two possible locations to enter the room. Dimming switches will also be applied to the lights to allow the occupant to adjust the light level of there preference. The diagram above shows the location where the 4 switches will be located. Occupancy Sensors and Window Shading In order to comply with ASHREA Shut off requirements for lighting, occupancy sensors will be installed in all spaces in the building. Novitas systems will be used throughout the building to cover the proper area of each room. The boardroom will have a one-way sensor positioned at the entrance of the room directed toward along the length of the space. The following is the distribution of coverage for the sensor selected. 4

5 The Board room has a large amount of windows that will allow for a lot of natural light to enter the space. In order to control this light an electronic shading system will be added. Mechoshade systems are ideal for offices and large windowed rooms. The shading in the rooms will be a translucent vertical weave allowing more light to filter through into the space. A light color as to match the interior of the room will be chosen. MechoShade 900 series has these qualities and will work well for all the spaces in the building that have windows. The light color shades are more reflective which reduces the heat gain in the space. These shades allow light to enter but also provide privacy for viewing for the exterior. The 900 series is good for high transmittance glass. Due to the multiple windows in a row each motor will control three shades thus reducing the number of motors needed. 5

6 Light Analysis The light analysis above shows the boardroom having an even distribution of light on the work plane. The table has an average light level of over 50 Fc which ideal for the tasks to be preformed in this space. Renderings The rendering shows the broad room as it would appear under the new lighting design. The cove lights opens up the space and gives the room a nice appearance. The presentation board in the front of the room has an even distribution of light which is good for the presentations that will take place in this room. 6

7 Training room The training room space is located on the first floor of the Hall Corporate Headquarters room number 131. This space is a large work space that will be used like an open office setting with meetings and training for new employees. This space is ideal for a recessed lighting or a pendant lighting system comparison. The area of the space is 1650 sq. ft. and has a ceiling height of 8-6 feet. The activities that will take place in this space are salesperson training, office paper work, computer use, and general meetings. The space will need illuminance levels of around 30+ Fc for the tasks that will take place. The room has a large amount of windows which will needed to be shaded to be able to control the amount of light entering the space during the working hours. The finishes (carpet, walls and ceiling) inside the training room are the same as the boardroom. The design criteria for this space involved the following: Lighting Design Criteria Integration of daylight Large amount of windows located on north and east walls Use of motorized shading to control amount of daylight entering space Meeting place for employees Multi levels of light controlled by dimming switches Close interaction between occupants Horizontal illuminance Approximately 30+ Fc on the work tables Direct glare from fixtures Keep in compliance with luminance ratios Luminance ratios within immediate view should not exceed 3:1 from persons face to the background. Ratio is very important because of the facial rendering of the occupants Ceiling uniformity Ratio of 8:1 for uniformity of light on the ceiling not to exceed 825 Cd/m2 if less then 425 Cd/m2 the uniformity is not such an issue In the training room a system comparison between pendant and recessed lighting was conducted. The following is how each of the light fixtures were used in the space. The lighting concept for the space involved the following: Downlights Compact fluorescent lamps located in front of room to light entrance area to room Wallwash lenses used in downlights in front of room to put light on presentation white board Recessed parabolic troffer Used to produce light on the work plane throughout the room. Pendants with direct and indirect light component 7

8 Provide light on worktables and ceiling for good uniform distribution of light throughout space Indirect light is good for facial rendering Although the low ceiling the pendant system will allow the space to appear more open The equipment selected to be used in the training room is as follows. Fixture and lamps Recessed Parabolic troffer Manufacturer: Lithonia Catalog # 2PM3MN 2 x 4 paramax Dimensions: 2 x 4 x 3 deep 3 F32T8 Lamps Arcos perf II Pendant Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # P SI Dimensions: 2 3/8 x 9 9/16 x 96 2 F32T8 lamps LF6 Downlight Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # LF6 Dimensions 6 Diameter 6 x 9-7/8 1- CFTRT32W Lamps Note: All interior lamps will have a CCT of 3500 K and a consistent CRI of greater then 80 for uniform color rendering throughout the building. 8

9 Recessed System Luminaire Schedule Label Description Ballast Input Watts # Used Watts E 2x4 recessed VEL-2P32-SC VEL-1P32-SC C Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS D Wall washer Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS Total Watts = 1540 Area = 1600 Sq.Ft. Power Density = 0.96 W/Sq.Ft. Pendant System Luminaire Schedule Label Description Ballast Input Watts # Used Watts F Pendant system VEZ - 2S C Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS D Wall washer Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS Total Watts = 1610 Area = 1600 Sq.Ft. Power Density = 1.0 W/Sq.Ft. The power density allowed in a conference room space by ASHREA 90.1 is 1.3 W/Sq.Ft. The power density calculated with the redesigned lighting system is 0.96 W/Sq.Ft for the recessed system and 1.0 W/Sq.Ft for the pendant system. Lighting Layout, Circuiting and Switching Recessed System Pendant System The lighting layout in the recessed system is a typical layout for 2 x 4 troffers that fits into the 2 x 2 ceiling grid. The lights give a good distribution in the room with some hot 9

10 spots due to the overlapping of light from some of the fixtures. The downlights located throughout the space give the additional light need for the entrance ways, exit ways, closets and sink area. The system produces over 40 Fc on the work plane which is higher then the recommended amount of 30 Fc by the IESNA on a task plane where reading and writing will take place. The power density for this system is very low as compared to the allowable amount by ASHREA 90.1 and the existing design for the space. The power density calculated for this space is 0.96 W/Sq.Ft. This system works well but isn t very aesthetically pleasing and could cause glare problems with the occupants during their training. The Pendant system is laid out to give a uniform distribution of light on the work plane in the space. The light on the work plane is very evenly distributed and allows for a comfortable work area for the occupants. The downlights located throughout the space give the additional light need for the entrance ways, exit ways, closets and sink area. The power density for this system is very low as compared to the allowable amount by ASHREA 90.1 and the existing design for the space. The power density for this space is 1.0 W/Sq.Ft. The two systems have almost identical power densities but the performance of light distribution is better in the pendant system. The recessed system uses 42 T8 lamps where as the pendant system uses only 36 T8 lamps which will be a small cost savings in the long run. The pendant system I feel is the better lighting solution for this space and should be used. Occupancy Sensors and Window Shading In order to comply with ASHREA 90.1 Shut off requirements for lighting, occupancy sensors will be installed in all spaces in the building. Novitas systems will be used throughout the building to cover the proper area of each room. The training room will have a two-way sensor positioned in the center of the space to allow for maximum coverage of the room. The following is the distribution of coverage for the sensor selected. The training room has a large amount of windows that will allow for a lot of natural light to enter the space. In order to control this light an electronic shading system will be added. Mechoshade systems are ideal for offices and large windowed rooms the same specs as the board room will be used. The same system as the boardroom will be specified. 10

11 Light Analysis Recessed System The recessed system above gives a large amount of light onto the work plane. The ceiling doesn t receive that much light making the room appear smaller then it really is. The front entrance way could use some more light. The desks are recieveing more the the recommended 30 Fc by ASHREA. Pendant System The pendant system produces a very even distribution of light throughout the room especially on the work plane. The rooms ceiling is lit very well with the indirect lighting system. The lighted ceiling will make the room appear open even with the pendants hanging down. The desks are receiving a uniform level of over 40 Fc of light. 11

12 Renderings Recessed System The recessed system gives a good distribution of light but creates a cloudy ceiling due to the light being directed straight down and not much being reflected back to the ceiling. Pendant System The pendant system gives a good distribution of light and creates a well lit ceiling due to the indirect light reflecting off the ceiling back into the room. The employees will be easily able to read and write in the work stations in this room. 12

13 Lobby The lobby is located on the first floor through the main entrance to the Hall Corporate Headquarters. This space is a two story open lobby that has a 2 car show room space. Lighting the cars and the room itself will require a unique lighting scheme. The Space is 1620 sq. ft. and has a ceiling height of 22 feet. The hallways surrounding will also be used in the lighting redesign resulting in a total of 2695 sq. ft for the lighting redesign. The lobby is open to the second floor with a balcony on the second floor looking over the main entrance and show room. There is a curved stairwell going up to the second floor starting from the left side of the room if you are facing the building. The space is the welcoming area to the building and should give an uplifting feeling to the clients and employees that enter the building. Light levels of around 30 Fc overall in the space with special lighting on the cars will create a nice welcoming to the building. The materials in the space are the same as the board room and training room except the main floor of the lobby will marble with two colors making up the pattern. The colors of the marble are beige ref = 0.45 and black ref = 0.40 with the following reflectance s The design criteria for this space involved the following: Lighting Design Criteria Appearance Welcoming space to the building, lighting should set a standard for the rest of the building Points of interest Reception desk located to the rear of the lobby should be lit to attract attention of visitors and clients Cars located in lobby will be lit brightly to show off their paint well Car lighting Light directly on side of cars to emphasize cars curved body Horizontal illuminance 20 Fc for lobby area 10 Fc in hallways 30+ Fc for reception area 13

14 The lighting concept for the space involved the following: Downlights Compact fluorescent lamps located in hallways Recessed parabolic troffer Used to produce light on the work plane on the second floor Pendants with direct and indirect light component Provide light on worktables and ceiling for good uniform distribution of light throughout space Indirect light is good for facial rendering Channel light Used to light the body of the cars Paint will appear flawless and not hot spots will occur due to the linear lamp. Fixture and lamps Arcos perf II Pendant Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # P SI Dimensions: 2 3/8 x 9 9/16 x 96 2 F54T5 lamps Recessed Parabolic troffer Manufacturer: Lithonia Catalog # 2PM3MN 2 x 4 paramax Dimensions: 2 x 4 x 3 deep 3 F32T8 Lamps 14

15 Channel light Manufacturer: Columbia lighting Catalog # CH EB8 Dimensions: 3-3/16 x 3-7/16 x 4 1-F32T8 lamp LF6 Downlight Manufacturer: Litecontrol Catalog # LF6 Dimensions 6 Diameter 6 x 9-7/8 1- CFTRT32W Lamp Note: All interior lamps will have a CCT of 3500 K and a consistent CRI of greater then 80 for uniform color rendering throughout the building. Ballasts The power density allowed in a conference room space by ASHREA 90.1 is 1.8 W/Sq.Ft. The power density calculated with the redesigned lighting system is only 1.01 W/Sq.Ft which is well under the allowed amount. This will create a lower usage of power to light the space thus reducing the electric bill. Label Description Ballast Input Watts # Used Watts G Linear Pendant ICN-2S54-90C@ H Channel Light VEZ-132-SC C Downlight VEZ-IT42-M2-BS E 2x4 recessed VEL-2P32-SC VEL-1P32-SC Total Watts = Area Sq. Ft. = 2695 Power Density = 1.21 w/sq.ft. The power density allowed in a lobby space by ASHREA 90.1 is 1.8 W/Sq.Ft. The power density calculated with the redesigned lighting system is 1.21 W/Sq.Ft which is well under the allowed amount. 15

16 Lighting Layout, Circuiting and Switching The lighting layouts below show the First and second floor First Floor RCP Second Floor RCP 16

17 Light Analysis The lobby has an even distribution throughout the space. The work plane of the reception desk has an average light level of over 40 Fc. The hallways have about 15 Fc which is a good level for these circulation areas. The car lighting as shown is giving a good gradient of light on the body of the car. This gradient will emphasize the curves of the car and show the paint as very shinny and flawless. The footcandle level isn t as important as the overall uniform level of light of the car. Uniform light will show the paint best any hot spots or areas where the light isn t uniform will create a bad representation of the paint. This doesn t occur in this lighting system. 17

18 Renderings The renderings above show how the lobby will appear under the new lighting system. 18

19 Exterior The final space that I conducted a lighting redesign is the exterior of the Hall Corporate Headquarters. The building has an L shape foot print. The main entrance to the building is located at the rounded center of the L. On top of the building there is a round architectural feature that hides the mechanical equipment of the building. Leading to the entrance of the building there is a brick walkway with concrete accents. The buildings façade is constructed of brick with multiple windows on all sides. The exterior lighting should bring the building to life at night. A wash of the walls with the light getting brighter at the top and culminating at the round feature on the roof will give this effect. The buildings exterior lighting will be a symbol of the quality of the cars that Hall automotive sells. Appearance Accent architectural features, building should look prominent compared to dark background Luminance ratio Ratio of 20:1 between building and/or surrounding neighboring sites Points of interest The main entrance door and canopy over the door Circular architectural feature atop of roof Walkway leading to building Light pollution Stay in accordance with local and state laws about light pollution onto adjacent properties Vertical illuminance 5 10 FC average on façade The lighting concept for the space involved the following: Floodlights Front façade, light the façade to make it stand out against the dark night skyline Circular architectural feature atop roof, emphasize this architectural feature by giving it a uniform light distribution over its area. Flag pole and flag; light the flag so that it can be viewed at night. Exit lights Wall mounted fixtures, light the exit doors so that if people were to exit through them at night they would be able to see 19

20 Fixture and lamps Focal Flood light Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 278 x 416 x CFTR42W/GX24q-4 lamp Focal Flood light Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 207 x 302 x W MH lamp Beamer projector light Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 283 x 336 x W MH lamp Visor Bollard light Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 690 x 260 x W G24q-1 lamp 20

21 Linear Focal Flood light Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm:1242 x143 x F28T5 lamp Focal Flood surface mount light Manufacturer: Erco lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm:1242 x157 x F28T5 lamp Cylinder Façade luminaire Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 140 x 150 x MR16 50W Halogen lamp Wall mounted luminaire Manufacturer: Erco Lighting Catalog # Dimensions in mm: 280 x CFTR32W/GX24q-3 lamp Note: All exterior lamps will have a CCT of 4000 K and a consistent CRI of greater then 82 for uniform color rendering throughout the building. 21

22 Ballasts Label Description Ballast Input Watts # Used Watts J Bollard L-1Q13-TP-W K Linear Focal Flood VCN-132-MC L Linear Flood surface mount VCN-132-MC M Façade Focal Flood 71A5237BP N Projector Flood 71A5237BP P Roof top Focal Flood VEZ-IT42-M2-BS R Round Wall Mount VEZ-IT42-M2-BS S Cylinder Wall Mount NA Total Watts = 2475 Area Sq. Ft. = 10,000 Power Density = W/Sq.Ft The power density allowed on an exterior façade by ASHREA 90.1 is 0.25 W/Sq.Ft. The power density calculated with the redesigned lighting system is W/Sq.Ft. which is under the allowable amount by ASHREA 90.1 The lighting power limit on exit doors set by ASHREA 90.1 is 20 W/lin Ft. of door width. The exit doors have the following power density. Each door is 3 Ft. in length and has a 50W MR16 downlight next to it. This results in 50/3 = W/lin Ft which is under the allowed amount. The canopied area at the entrance of the building is 80 Sq.Ft. There is a 28 W linear flood lamp lighting this area. The resulting power density is 28W / 80 Sq.Ft. = 0.35 W/Sq.Ft. ASHREA 90.1 allows for 3 W/Sq.Ft so this power density at the entrance also complies. 22

23 Lighting Layout, Circuiting and Switching 23

24 Light Analysis Front façade of building Roof top Walkway Flag Exit doors 24

25 Renderings Front façade of building Roof top Walkway Flag Exit doors 25

26 Electrical The electrical section of my thesis will look into the resizing of circuits due to the new loads from my redesigns in the lighting system and the mechanical system. The panelboard sizes will also be checked to see if they can handle the additional loads. The mechanical changes that occurred with the addition of skylights to the third floor roof were an increase in the size of the fan powered VAV boxes needed to supply air to this space. The original design of the two fan powered VAV boxes used to supply air to the spaces is as follows. Original Design Load amps Breaker trip Wire size Fan power VAV box # Fan power VAV box # With the addition of skylights the cooling load thus increased causing a need for a larger VAV box. The new size of the fan power VAV will be as follows. The motor horse power of the VAV boxes was increased from a 1/6 Hp to a 1/4 Hp size in both cases so the loads will be the same. Note: see mechanical section of this report for motor sizing calculations New Design Load amps Breaker trip Wire size Fan power VAV box # Fan power VAV box # Load current is calculated by using the following equation. P = (Sq.Ft. 3 V I (cos theta) P is the power in kilowatts, V is the voltage, I is the current and (cos theta) is the power factor on the load. When the equation is rearranged the following load is calculated for the fan powered VAV box. The Sq.Rt.3 is used in 3 phase cases. These motors are single phase so the Sq.Ft. 3 is taken out of the equation. I = 4000W / (277 x 0.86) = A The sizing of the circuit breakers trip and wire sizes were done as follows. The circuit break was sized by taking the load amps for the fan and choosing a breaker that will protect the fan above any currents above 125% of the full load amps. The 125% is a load factor that is applied to motors because when motors start up they typically have a larger inrush current to start as compared to their normal running current. Circuit breakers are sized to account for an over load by dividing the breaker size by 125%. Ex.) 20A / 1.25 = 16A total that can safely put on this breaker 25A / 1.25 = 20A total that can safely put on this breaker 26

27 For this case a 25A breaker is needed due to the over load safety factor. The fan power VAV box has a full load current of 16.8A which is larger than what the 20A breaker can carry so the 25A breaker was selected. The wire sizing was done by using the NEC handbook table Due to the increase amount of amps on the circuit the wire size was needed to be increased. A #10 THHW wire was selected. The conduit that the wire could run in will be sized as follows using table 11.6 in the electrical systems in buildings book. With 3 wires being run at size #10 THHW a conduit of size 1/2" was selected. With additional lighting added to the building additional circuiting must be added to accommodate these loads. Panel H AMP BUS 225 AMP MLO 480Y/277 VOLTS LOAD DES AMPS BKR WIRE CKT L LOAD SERVED A B C TRIP SIZE NO. L LTG. RM 102, ,212, L LTG. RM , L LTG. RM ,137,138,227, L SITE LTG, FACADES & SIGNS L SITE LIGHTING L SITE LIGHTING L LTG RM , 116, L EXTER. BLDG LTG L EXTER. BLDG LTG L EXTER. BLDG LTG SPARE SPACE 23 SPACE 25 SPACE 27 SPACE 29 SPACE 31 SPACE 33 SPACE 35 SPACE-3P 37 SUB-TOTAL AMPS PANEL AMPS PANEL + FEED-THRU AMPS TOTAL KVA Note: even numbered circuits are not shown in the picture above 27

28 The new design lighting loads are as follows: Boardroom Fixture Load Panel & Circuit Wall washers 2 x 0.14A= 0.28 A H2-15 Pendants 6 x 0.28A= 1.68 A H2-17 Cove 18 x 0.13A = 2.34 A H2-9 Downlights 9 x 0.14A = 1.26 A H2-9 Trainings room Recessed system Load Panel & Circuit fixtures 2 x 4 pendant 2 lamps 14 x 0.21A = 2.94 A HI-5 2 x 4 pendant 1 lamps 14 x 0.12A = 1.68 A HI-5 Closet downlight 1 x 0.14A = 0.14 A HI-5 Exit downlights 2 x 0.14A = 0.28 A HI-5 Downlights 4 x 0.14A = 0.56 A HI-5 Pendant system fixtures Load Panel & Circuit Pendants 18 x 0.24A = 4.68 A HI-5 Closet downlight 1 x 0.14A = 0.14 A HI-5 Exit downlights 2 x 0.14A = 0.28 A HI-5 Downlights 4 x 0.14A = 0.56 A HI-5 Downlights countertop 3 x 0.14A = 0.38 A HI-5 Lobby Fixture Load Panel & Circuit Channel 8 x 0.13A = 1.04 A H1-13 Pendant 17 x 0.43A = 7.31 A H1-13 Downlights 1 st floor 9 x 0.14A = 1.26 A H1-13 Downlights 2 nd floor 10 x 0.14A = 1.4A H x 4 pendant 2 lamps 2 x 0.21A = 0.42 A H x 4 pendant 1 lamps 2 x 0.14A = 0.28 A H1-13 Exterior Fixture Load Panel & Circuit Wall mount lamp 12 x 0.14 A= 1.68 A H1-15 Facade (6 x 0.5) +(1 x 0.11) = 3.11 A H1-17 Circular top 15 x 0.11) + (2 x 0.5) + (2 x 0.18) = 3.01 A H1-19 Exit doors 11 x 0.2A = 2.2 A L1-1 Walkway 10 x 0.38 A = 3.8 A L

29 The light fixtures located in the rooms and in the same general location in the building will be put on the same circuit. The hot wire will be brought through to the different types of lights in the room that will be controlled together or zoned together. Tick marks will be shown on the drawings as to how these fixtures will be wired. The switching and zone controls are be specified in the wiring diagrams. Emergency Lighting The emergency lighting in the Hall Corporate Headquarters is done with emergency ballasts. These ballasts will allow the lamps to run for a specified amount of time usually set to be 90 minutes to allow the occupants to exit the building and rescue workers to have some light. These ballasts have a battery back up that runs the lamps if there is a power failure. The ballast will detect that there is no power available and then initiate the battery power. These ballasts work well but due create a time period of a few seconds that all the lamps are totally off. This creates a problem with metal halide lamps because their re-strike time can be over 10 minutes for the lamps to come back on. In order to prevent this problem an inverter system will be incorporated in the buildings electrical system which will provide continuous power for emergency lights. The emergency lighting was calculated separated by each floor. The emergency lighting load was calculated by the following: Emergency lighting loads per floor 1st floor 2nd floor 3rd floor fixture # of Amps total Amps fixture # of Amps total Amps fixture # of Amps total Amps A A A B B B C C C D D D E E E F F F Sum Sum Sum amps 3.12 amps 3.12 amps 2.28 voltage 277 voltage 277 voltage 277 KVA KVA KVA Total amps KVA =

30 Inverter system The inverter system manufacturer that will be used is Dual-Lite. The Dual-Lite system will operate on the following parameters. The inverter system will have an input voltage of 277 V coming from the main distribution panel. The output voltage from the inverter panel to the lamps will also be 277 V since the majority of the lights in the building run at this voltage. The inverter panel selected to supply the power for each of the floors is a 1.0 KVA rating this is the smallest of the panels made by Dual-Lite. The emergency lighting loads calculated above are 0.86 KVA, 0.86 KVA, and 0.63 KVA. The battery power used in the inverter panels will be a sealed Lead-Calcium battery. These panels will be located in each of the floors electrical rooms. Each inverter panel will be circuited on the high voltage panel on that floor. The physical size of this unit was determined by the chart in appendix D. The configuration will be A as the picture below shows. A close up picture of the unit is also shown. A check to see if this panel is sized correctly can be done by taking the 1KVA size and dividing by the 277 V which equals 3.6 amps which is less then the emergency lighting load of 3.12 amps. See appendix D of this report for further inverter sizing information. 30

31 Skylights The basis for my breadth study will be the addition of two skylights to the roof top of the Hall Corporate Headquarters. This addition will lead in to the study of the structural support system needed to support the skylights and the mechanical loads changes that may occur due to the added solar heat from the skylights. The skylights will be added to the roof directly above an open office circulation space in both cases. The skylights will allow natural daylight to enter the space which will thus reduce the electric light needed to light the space during the day. The skylights will be designed with the following characteristics. The shape of skylight will be a hipped ridge shape. The size of the skylight will be 9 x 5 calculated in detail below is how this size was obtained. The skylights will look like the following model. The framing of the skylight will have a clear anodized finish and glass bays similar to the picture. The glass will be 1-1/8 thick PPG solarban glass. This glass will be described in greater detail describing the U-values in the mechanical breadth study section below. The sizing of the skylight was done by using the parallel rectangular plane formula to calculate the illuminance level that will be present on the floor below the skylight. The equation is as follows with variables E = the illuminance on the plane, L = luminance from the sky, h = the length of the skylight, w = width of the skylight and q = the height from the floor to the skylight opening. a picture representation of this equation and its variables are as follows. The picture is show as a vertical window but since I m applying it to a skylight which would be a horizontal opening the picture should be flipped 90 degrees. 31

32 The illuminance of the sky was assumed to be an overcast day and be 10,000 lux. The height of the skylight opening to the floor is 5m or 15 ft. A light level of about approximately 300 lux was wanted to be added to the space to allow for comfortable reading levels for the occupants in this space. The Luminance of the sky was calculated with the following equation L = E * t / Pi Resulting in L = cd/m 2 assuming a transmittance t = 0.6 Trial and error was used to choose the final length and width of the skylight in the parallel equation to achieve a light level above the amount required. The final calculation was done using a spreadsheet and an illuminance of lux was achieved with a skylight opening of 9 x 5. This size skylight fits well into the existing structural design but it will be modified slightly to accommodate for the new load of the skylight and to allow additional framing needed to install the skylight. 32

33 Structural Breadth Study The structural area of my thesis study will look into the additional structural support needed for the addition of two skylights to the roof of the Hall Corporate Headquarters. The areas on the roof where these skylights will be added are directly above circulation spaces in an open office cubical setting in the middle of the building. The sky lights will allow natural day light to enter this space since no exterior windows are visible from this space. The two locations where the skylights will be added are as follows. The Blue rectangles mark the approximate placement and size of the skylights. The dimensions of the skylights were determined on the previous page where a detailed calculation was performed to find the amount of light to enter the room the sky light. The final dimensions of the skylight are to be 9 ft. x 5ft. With the addition of the skylights one joist in each location is to be removed to allow for an open space for the skylight. Additional framing is to be added on either side of the skylight to support the weight of the skylight and the roof around it. The following calculations were performed to design the extra support needed. 33

34 The red lines show the additional beams needed to support and frame in the skylight. The joist in the middle of the blue rectangle is to be removed to allow for a clear opening for the skylight. The loads from the skylight light and roof are calculated below Dead loads (DL) Single ply membrane roofing = 3 psf, Insulation = 3 psf, steel deck = 2 psf, Mechanical loads (ducts, grills, etc) = 3 psf, Plumbing = 1.0 psf, Electrical = (power, lights, telecom, etc) = 1.0 psf, Ceiling (acoustic tile with grid) = 3 psf, and roof framing = 4 psf Skylight = 10 psf (pounds per square foot) Total from above for roof = 30 psf Self weight of beam = added in calculation since each beam is different Live loads (LL) Snow = 20 psf With the above loads the following equation was used to determine the total load with safety factors included. Pu = 1.2 ( DL) + 1.6(LL) * tributary width The tributary with is the length on either side of the beam half way to the next beam parallel to the original beam. In this case the tributary length is

35 The load was calculated to be Pu = 1.2 (40) (30) = 96 psf Which is equal to Kips/ft 96 psf * 5-7 = 528 plf (pounds per linear foot) To determine the beam needed to support this weight a moment calculation was performed using the following equation. Mu = WL 2 /8 L = length of the span of the beam which in the case is 10 ft. Mu = (0.528)(10 2 )/8 = 6.6 Ft * kips Using the steel manual LRFD section flexural members p.5-47 a beam was selected A W10x12 was selected being able to hold a moment 47.3 Ft * kips which is larger then the 6.6 Ft * kips that the load will create so this beam is sufficient The calculation for the beam on either side of the skylight is identical so the addition of two W10x12 beams will support the skylight along with the W14x22 completely framing in the skylight. The following shows the new layout of beams and the sizes. The second area where a sky light is to be added is located on the opposite side of the building from the first on again being above a circulations space between open office cubicles. The roof plan above this space is as follows. The framing in this area is almost identical to the first area where the skylight was added except the beams along the width of the skylight are larger. 35

36 Since the framing layout is so similar the calculations above will be the same for this skylight addition in this area. The calculation for the beam on either side of the skylight is identical so the addition of two W10x12 beams will support the skylight along with the W16x26 completely framing in the skylight. The following shows the new layout of beams and the sizes. 36

37 Mechanical Study The mechanical section of my thesis will deal with heating and cooling loads that will be altered due to the addition of the skylights. I conducted an analysis of these loads in the program HAP (hourly analysis program). A study as to what the best type of glass to be installed in the skylights was incorporated into this analysis by running the calculation with multiple types of glass being used. The data for the glass and information about the glass is listed below. The information was obtained from a skylight manufacturer with their website being The glass type that will be used has a thickness of 1-1/8 and is called PPG solarban 60. This glass is very useful in climates such as where the Hall Corporate Headquarters is located. The heating and cooling loads are fairly balanced because of the neutral climate having all four seasons spread equally over the year. This glass allows for protection against both solar gain and heat loss. The U-values associated with the different types of glass and a section of the glass is a follows. 37

38 The skylights have some additional options that can be added to help reduce the solar heat gain in the summer and heat loss in the winter. The glass can be tinted in a few different colors, and a ceramic pattern with different shaped holes can be added to change the U-value of the glass in the skylight. The options that were chosen to add to the skylights will be the green tint. These options were chosen based on the following performance data. 38

39 The areas where the skylights are to be added are as follows. The loads for the spaces with the addition of the skylights were calculated using HAP. The peak cooling coil load for space 1 was calculated to be 1.2 tons. This peak value occurred on June 14 th. 39

40 The peak cooling coil load was used to then calculate the total cfm needed to supply the proper amount of cooling to the space. The following equation was used to calculate the cfm s. Q = 1.08 (cfm) * ( T) The peak cooling load was calculated in tons so the following conversion allows the above equation to result in cfm s Tons * 12,000 = 1.08 (cfm) * ( T) T = (93-75) = 18 degrees The 93 degrees is the summer design dry bulb temperature for Norfolk Virginia and the 75 degrees is the room temperature. The cfm s needed for space one was calculated to be = cfm 40

41 The current design for the space is 315 cfm being supplied by a 1/6 hp fan powered terminal VAV box. Due to the increased load needed the VAV box must be resized to account for the additional cfm load. The charts below were used in sizing the fan powered terminal VAV boxes. 41

42 A unit size 3 was chosen for the fan powered terminal VAV box. The unit size 2 which is the current size used this space is to small to cover the cfm since it can only supply an amount of 750 cfm at a 0.25 in.wg. this it to close to the 740 cfm value needed so the next size up was chosen. The unit size 3 has a 1/4 Hp motor which is higher then the 1/6 Hp in the unit size 2. This will alter the electrical load of the panel this VAV box is assigned to see the electrical section of this report for calculations. 42

43 The peak cooling coil load for space 2 was calculated to be 1.3 tons. The total cfm needed to be supplied to the space was calculated the same way as space 1. The total cfm needed for space to was calculated to be 802 cfm. This value is again larger then the current design value so a larger for the fan powered terminal VAV box was chosen. The unit size 3 is large enough to supply the required cfm for this space. The same size fan powered terminal VAV box was chosen to be used in each space and the electrical load was looked at in each case. 43