Psychofizjologiczne aspekty bezpieczenstwa lotów w załogowych misjach lotniczych i kosmicznych

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1 Psychofizjologiczne aspekty bezpieczenstwa lotów w załogowych misjach lotniczych i kosmicznych Jerzy Achimowicz, Olaf Truszczyński, Grzegorz Nowicki Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Lotów i Klinika Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej Ul. Krasińskiego 54, Warszawa, Konferencja Polska w Kosmosie, wczoraj dziś, jutro, Muzeum Techniki, Warszawa, 2013

2 Udział WIML w projektach ESA/NASA 1. NEUROSPAT - The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor integration -ESA 2. Operational verification of AFTE (Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise) as a factor increasing flight safety in aerospace operations. NASA 3. WIML NASA Workshop Psychophysiological Aspects of Flight Safety in Aerospace Operations, Warsaw, Hilton Convetion Centre,

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5 Human Systems Integration in Maintenance A technician performs maintenance on a Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) in building 3202 in preparation for a test firing at the NASA Stennis Space Center. (ca. 2002) 5

6 Human System Integration 6

7 A View of the Human-Machine Interface PERCEPTION INTERPRETATION SITUATION ASSESSMENT DECISION MAKING HMIs ACTION EXECUTION SYTEM CONTROL PROVIDE FEEDBACK TO USER MACHINE OPERATIONS 7 RECEIVE INPUT Information Processing Model Wickens 1992

8 Conceptual Shift From Human Machine Interface From humans as a source of error To humans as a source of resilience To a new paradighm HSI (Human System Integration) 8

9 New approach: HSI and Automation Human Systems Integration Iterative technology requirements Resilience and error implications Complex environment Task requirements Automation and Computer Science 11/22/

10 Adapted from HSI chart by Based on DoD HSI Acquisition Approach (e.g., Army s MANPRINT) Human-Systems Integration: Systems Engineering Motivation Reduced Maintainability Fewer Errors (Fewer Mishaps, Reduced Scrap, Fewer Delays) Reduced Staff Improved Human Productivity and System Performance Reduced Life-Cycle Cost and Improved Safety and Mission Success Together, these building blocks produce Optimal* Human Performance System and Task Design Human-System Interfaces Human Capabilities And Competencies Adequate Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Human Workload Staffing and Work Distribution Fitness for Duty Human is Qualified, Rested, Motivated, and Healthy Human Factors Engineering Personnel Selection Personnel Training Manpower Safety and Habitability Survivability Human-Systems 10 Integration 10

11 HSI Research Philosophy Technologies & Capabilities System Design Human Performance Model-Based Requirements & Standards Human Performance Metrics & Models Generative Mechanisms of Human Performance Requirements/Needs 11 11

12 Psychophysiology: from understanding functions to developing countermeasures for a more resilient system and hence greater operation safety AUGMENTED REALITY AND AUGMENTED COGNITION 12

13 Flight Deck Display Research Laboratory General Research Focus Human-centered concepts of operation for the Next Generation Air Transportation System automation that promote Situation Awareness Transparent Automation Seamlessly Shared Authority The major element of our work is the Cockpit Situation Display

14 UAV Ground Station Interface Advanced Flight Deck Interface The Flight Deck Display Research Laboratory (FDDRL) develops advanced display concepts and prototypes to support the Next Generation Air Transportation System.

15 Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) This presentation is a brief overview of the CSD, a prototype display developed by the FDDRL to support: Integrated Traffic Awareness Terrain Awareness Weather Awareness Trajectory Management Based upon availability of high quality information on traffic, weather and terrain 15

16 Weather Display Goal is to develop an intuitive 3D convective weather display. Today: Classic Airborne Radar 2D Storm tops not displayed, must use tilt Range Limited More tactical view Immediate NextRad 2D Storm tops still not typically displayed Range unlimited - Strategic Updates every 5-10 min Today/Tomorrow: FAA is investing in 4D Weather Cube Range Unlimited - Stragetic 3D Storm top information available 4D Forecast information available Updates every 1 min 16

17 Terrain Display Goal is to develop a strategic trajectory-based terrain hazard display USGS SDTS DEM 30 meter Data 3D extruded terrain for low altitude 3D viewing 2D projection for high altitude 3D viewing Trajectory based terrain alerting American Sierra Nevada range approach Tahoe Nevada 17

18 Tag Team Threat-recognition Technology Incorporates Mind, Machine September 18, 2012 DARPA links human brainwaves, improved sensors, cognitive algorithms to improve target detection Read more: Follow on Twitter digitaltrendsftw on Facebook

19 BCI Brain Computer Interface Basically, a soldier wears an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap that monitors his brain signals as he watches the feed from a 120-megapixel, tripod-mounted, electro-optical video camera with a 120-degree field of view. (Translation: incredible detail in a huge range of vision.)

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21 AFTE- Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise

22 1. Blood Volume Pulse left hand 2. Blood Volume Pulse right hand 3. Respiration Rate 4. Heart Rate 5. Skin Conductance Level 6. Hand temperature 7. Blood flow head 8. Blood flow toe 9. EMG left arm 10. EMG right arm 11. EMG left leg 12. EMG right leg 13. Systolic Blood Pressure 14. Diastolic Blood Pressure 15. Mean Arterial Pressure 16. Thoracic Fluid Volume 17. Stroke Volume 18. Cardiac Output 19. Total Peripheral Resistance 20. Vagal Tone AFTE Trainer Controls 20 Displays

23 mmhg micromhos units bpm ohms/cm liters/min 85 Heart Rate Typical Preflight AFTE Session 240 Stroke Volume 20 Cardiac Output Mean Arterial Pressure Skin Conductance Level 4 20 Total Peripheral Resistance second means second means second averages

24 Sustained Operations: Fatigue, vigilance, sleep loss, contribute to human error accidents A Autonomous Mode Behavior: condition when a high state of physiological arousal is accompanied by a narrowing of the focus of attention

25 Performance x Phases of Flight flight 1 (pre-training) vs flight 2 (post-training): AFTE Performance Dimensions Checklist execution Taxi/takeoff Crew Coordination and Communication * Planning and Situational Awareness Stress Management Aircraft Handling Initial cruise Touch & go + * * Cruise search & rescue * * Emergency initiation * * * Emergency return to base Emergency approach & landing * * * * * flight 1 vs flight 2 for Controls were not significant, except a lower score for touch and go (+) on flight 2 * p <0.05

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29 Transfer NASA Technology Future Applications and Validation of AFTE Studies Training of Polish Military Pilots Training of U.S. Naval Pilots for Airsickness Mitigation Training of U.S. Veterans as a Treatment for Post- Traumatic Stress Syndrome Training of Astronauts and Cosmonauts Develop/ Test New Monitoring and Training Capabilities Stream-line software Neuro-feedback and autonomic coherence Unobtrusive physiological Monitoring

30 Udział WIML w projektach ESA/NASA 1. NEUROSPAT - The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor integration -ESA 2. Operational verification of AFTE (Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise) as a factor increasing flight safety in aerospace operations. NASA 3. WIML NASA Workshop Psychophysiological Aspects of Flight Safety in Aerospace Operations, Warsaw, Hilton Convetion Centre,

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37 Human Centered Design in Concept Aerospace Transport Systems 1. Augment cognition and augmented reality approach 2. Integrated Space,Terrain, Weather and Biofeedback Displays.(pilots and drone operators) 3. Ergonomic approach to cockpit design aimed at situation awareness

38 PERSONAL ON-BOARD AUTONOMOUS MARS DOCTOR 1. Long term monitoring of circadian rhytms for controlling of wake-sleep cycle 2. Real time monitoring of CNS-ANS ultradian rhythms for evaluation of physical and mental load and ability to perform. 3. Adaptive systems for psychophysiological training during long term missions.