Logic Programming. Dr. : Mohamed Mostafa

Transcription

1 Dr. : Mohamed Mostafa Logic Programming Msayed@afmic.com Text Book: Learn Prolog Now! Author: Patrick Blackburn, Johan Bos, Kristina Striegnitz Publisher: College Publications, 2001.

2 Useful references Bratko, I., Prolog Programming for Artificial Intelligence (4th edition), 2011 Clocksin, W.F. and Mellish, C.S., Programming in Prolog: Using the ISO Standard (5th edition), Sterling, L. and Shapiro, E., The Art of Prolog (Second edition), Eduardo Costa, Wellesley Barros, Alexander Grings, Visual Prolog 7.2 for tyros, 2009.

3 Software Visual Prolog Version 7.5 Personal Ed. SWI-Prolog Version GNU Prolog Version All codes must be tested on the above software Above software are available

4 LEARNING OUTCOMES Upon completion of this course, the student will have: the ability to express ideas Improved background for choosing appropriate languages Increased ability to learn new languages Better understanding of significance of implementation Overall advancement of computing

5 Course Overview: Grading Criterion Activity Grade Midterm Exam 10% Projects, Assignments & Student participations 20% Final Exam 70%

6 Introduction To Artificial Intelligence

7 Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Definition of AI, organized into four categories: Systems that think like humans The exciting new effort to make computers think... machines with minds, in the full and literal sense. The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, activities such as decision-making, problem solving, learning... Systems that act like humans The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people. The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people are better."

8 Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Definition of AI, organized into four categories: Systems that act rationally Computational Intelligence is the study of the design of intelligent agents. AI...is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts. Systems that think rationally The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models. The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act.

9 Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Acting humanly: The computer would need to possess the following capabilities: Natural language processing Knowledge representation Computer vision Automated reasoning Machine learning Robotics

10 Definitions of Artificial Intelligence Acting humanly: (Turing Test approach) Was designed to provide a satisfactory practical definition of intelligence The computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or not.

11 Goals of Artificial Intelligence Replicate human intelligence AI is the study of complex information processing problems that often have their roots in some aspect of biological information processing. The goal of the subject is to identify solvable and interesting information processing problems, and solve them.

12 Goals of Artificial Intelligence Solve knowledge-intensive tasks AI is the design, study and construction of computer programs that behave intelligently. To achieve their full impact, computer systems must have more than processing power--they must have intelligence. They need to be able to assimilate and use large bodies of information and collaborate with The technology must become more responsive to human needs and styles of work.

13 Goals of Artificial Intelligence Intelligent connection of perception and action AI not centred around representation of the world, but around action in the world. Behaviour-based intelligence. Enhance human-computer and computercomputer interaction / communication Computer can sense and recognize its users, see and recognize its environment, respond visually and audibly to stimuli. New paradigms for interacting productively with computers using speech, vision, natural language, 3D virtual reality, 3D displays, more natural and powerful user interfaces, etc.

14 Applications Areas of AI Game Playing Deep Blue Chess program beat world champion Gary Kasparov Speech Recognition PEGASUS spoken language interface to American Airline's reservation system, which allows users to obtain flight information and make reservations over the telephone.

15 Applications Areas of AI Computer Vision Face recognition programs in use by banks, government, etc. The ALVINN system from CMU autonomously drove a van from Washington, D.C. to San Diego (all but 52 of 2,849 miles), averaging 63 mph day and night, and in all weather conditions. Handwriting recognition, electronics and manufacturing inspection, photo interpretation, baggage inspection, reverse engineering to automatically construct a 3D geometric model

16 Applications Areas of AI Expert Systems Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an area and programming that knowledge into a system: Diagnostic Systems Microsoft Office Assistant in Office 97 provides customized help by decision-theoretic reasoning about an individual user

17 Applications Areas of AI Expert Systems Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an area and programming that knowledge into a system: Financial Decision Making Credit card companies, mortgage companies, banks, and the U.S. government employ AI systems to detect fraud and expedite financial transactions

18 Applications Areas of AI Expert Systems Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an area and programming that knowledge into a system: Classification Systems System Configuration DEC's XCON system for custom hardware configuration.

19 Applications Areas of AI Mathematical Theorem Proving Application-specific systems that rely on obtaining the knowledge of human experts in an area and programming that knowledge into a system: Natural Language Understanding Google translation of web pages In military Decoding of enemy secret codes

20 Applications Areas of AI Scheduling and Planning Automatic scheduling for manufacturing. plan logistics of people and supplies system used in Desert Storm and Desert Shield operations American Airlines rerouting contingency planner. European space agency planning and scheduling of spacecraft assembly, integration and verification.

21 Challenge Areas of AI Expert Systems Translating telephone Accident-avoiding car Aids for the disabled Smart clothes Intelligent agents that monitor and manage information by filtering, digesting, abstracting Tutors Self-organizing systems, e.g., that learn to assemble something by observing a human do it.

22 State of the art of AI Computer beats human in a chess game. Computer-human conversation using speech recognition. Computer program can chat with human Expert system controls a spacecraft. Robot can walk on stairs and hold a cup of water. Language translation for webpages. Home appliances use fuzzy logic

23 State of the art of AI Smart bombs & mines Guided by remote control cameras systems directed to the intended target Unmanned drone aircraft Missiles fly military missions and launch weapons from a distance

24 Driverless Transport Google has been investing in a driverless car, and has completed over 480,000 autonomous-driving miles accident-free. Through the use of cameras, sensors and special software built into vehicles manufacturers have been able to build cars that park themselves at the touch of a button. Driverless trains carry passengers from city to city in Japan without the need for human help. Google s driverless car relies on lasers and sensors to spot obstacles, interpret signs and interact with traffic and pedestrians.

25 Surgical Aid Robots Cedars-Sinai Medical Center relies on special software to examine the heart and stop heart attacks before they occur Artificial muscles feature smart technology that allows them to function more like real muscles. Penelope, a Robotic Surgery Assistant developed at Columbia University can not only pass the correct tools to doctors, but also keep track of these tools and learn about a doctor's preferences through artificial intelligence. The most advanced surgical robots are programmed to perform the entire surgery on their own, except for the suturing or the cutting. In these operations, a surgeon stands by just in case something goes wrong. Miniature intelligent robots are being developed for eye surgeries.

26 Automated Assembly Lines and Dangerous Jobs Some countries have put smart robots to work disabling land mines and handling radioactive materials in order to limit the risk to human workers. Ford is using an Artificial Intelligence based approach for vehicle assembly process planning, ergonomics analysis, and a system that uses machine translation to translate assembly-build instructions for assembly plants that don't use English. Other Companies such as GM have developed robots with Artificial Intelligence techniques to inspect cars made by humans

27 IBM s Watson is currently being put to work in healthcare and finance Watson s Capabilities: IBM s Watson Natural language processing: to help understand the complexities of unstructured data which makes up as much as 90% of the data in the world today Hypothesis generation and evaluation: by applying advanced analytics to weight and evaluate a panel of responses based on only relevant evidence Evidence-based learning: to improve based on outcomes to get smarter with each iteration and interaction Watson in Medicine : Watson can incorporate treatment guidelines, electronic medical record data, doctor's and nurse's notes, research, clinical studies, journal articles, and patient information in order to better inform the doctor of a proper diagnosis Watson in Finance : capable of performing deep content analysis and evidence-based reasoning to accelerate and improve decisions, reduce