Green Lighting - What Can I Do??

Transcription

1 Green Lighting - What Can I Do?? presented by Stephan Jones, MSIE November 2014

2 Anyone drive a Model T to church today?? TODAY, would you buy a car that got 1 mile per gallon?

3 Incandescent Bulbs Why are we so in love? A 100 watt incandescent bulb uses 100 watts of power in total. 90 watts goes to producing heat 10 watts produces light, mostly infrared 2.5 watts produces usable visible light

4 Energy Efficiency If every U.S. household changed out their 5 most frequently used light fixtures with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), we'd keep more than one trillion pounds of greenhouse gases out of our air. This is equivalent to taking more than 8 million cars off the road for an entire year. Taken from

5 EPACT 2005

6 2007 Energy Independence Act In 2007 Congress passed legislation setting efficiency standards for common incandescent lamps, requiring them to use 20-30% less energy than current bulbs by Requires DOE to set new standards to reduce lamp energy use by 65% by Initial targets can be met with CFLs, LEDs, or the latest halogen capsule lamps with infrared reflective coatings. Long term targets can only be met (now) using CFLs or LEDs. Also requires general purpose lighting in federal buildings to be Energy Star compliant by FY2013 General purpose T12 tubes will be phased out starting in T8 tubes will have to meet stricter efficiency standards, which may impact retrofitted fixtures also!! (DOE) Taken from &

7 Building Codes Federal, State, and Local building codes now set a maximum watts per ft² for new buildings and spaces. Also requires the use of motion or occupancy sensors in commercial or industrial buildings. In California, also required in homes. Daylighting becoming popular with LEED certifications.

8 Bulb Package Labeling Per Federal Trade Commission, started in mid-2011 To find a comparable bulb, you compare LUMENS to LUMENS. A 60 watt incandescent gives off approx. 800 lumens.

9 Residential Lighting Incandescent Halogen Compact Fluorescent (CFL) Induction Fluorescent (Finally) Light Emitting Diode (LED) High Intensity Discharge (HID)

10 Incandescent / Halogen Tungsten filament inside a glass or quartz crystalline envelope. Passing current through the high resistance filament causes it to glow and give off light (incandesce) Halogen bulbs burn at 1200 degrees F Sometimes halogens are position-sensitive New halogen bulbs give ~ 20% energy savings

11 Compact Fluorescent Lamps Requires a ballast to operate 23 watt bulb = 1360 lumens 14 watt bulb = 900 lumens Typical life = 15,000 hours (5 years) Dimmable with special ballasts Fit into normal household sockets & fixtures Available in different colors Use 20 25% energy of an incandescent Cold Cathode CFL

12 Light Emitting Diodes Solid state device that emits light Has quickly become new standard in the last 2 years, improvements are constant Burns < 100 at surface, higher internally Typical life = 60, ,000 hours (10-22 years) Most bulbs sold are dimmable Fit into normal household sockets & fixtures Light is very directional must be diffused Pricey but dropping - $7 - $40 per lamp CREE is the leading manufacturer, in NC 10-20% better efficiency than CFLs

13 Light Emitting Diodes Be wary of bulbs labeled as using ultra bright white LEDs or similar language. These often use old LED technology the large, bluish-light LEDs that major manufacturers no longer use in bulbs. Avoid cheaper brands, stick with Energy Star labeled brands: CREE Philips FEIT Sylvania EcoSmart (Home Depot label) GE

14 Induction Fluorescents Similar to fluorescent but closed loop, no electrodes Uses magnetron to induce current into tube, causing it to glow 50% more efficient than a CFL Burns at Fahrenheit Life = 60, ,000 hours (10 years) Dimmable with special ballasts High initial cost, around $40 - $80 per lamp Mercury is in solid amalgam, no vapor Cold starting for outdoor applications Bulbs are large, now used in outdoor lights Finally light bulb

15 Equivalent Lamps CFLs use 20-25% of the power of an incandescent lamp at the same lumen output. LEDs use 15-18% of the power, slightly more efficient but getting better all the time. Incandescent CFL equiv LED equiv 100 watt watt 18 watt 75 watt 19 watt 13.5 watt 60 watt 14 watt 9.5 watt 40 watt 9-11 watt 6 watt

16 Room-by-Room Guide

17 Table & Floor Lamps Replace with CFL or LED A type bulbs. Only trick may be a narrow lampshade harp In that case use a socket extender For reading, a daylight 5000K bulb may be preferable

18 Can Lights You can replace can light bulbs with CFL or LED floodlight bulbs (BR). EcoSmart (Home Depot) and CREE make an all-in-one replacement LED spot in 6 and 4 diameters. Trim is built in already.

19 Ceiling and Wall Lights If the bulbs are visible, use a CREE LED bulb to give a more traditional appearance. Some CFLs may say do not use in enclosed fixture. Most can be used anywhere now. Be wary of Energy Star fixtures most use a pin-based CFL in a fixed wattage. Purchase regular socket fixtures so you can increase or decrease wattage/light level as desired.

20 Garages Fluorescent Shop Lights unplug and replace T12 fixtures with T8 shop fixtures. Replace garage door opener bulbs with LED no warm-up time. Motion sensor floods LED bulbs work better than CFLs, or purchase a complete unit with LEDs.

21 Outside Lights Doors, porch, coach lights change to LED bulbs or fixtures. A whiter full spectrum 5000K + bulb will appear brighter at night.

22 Area Lights Yard Lights replace old mercury vapor lights with CFL, high pressure sodium, metal halide, or LED

23 Chandeliers Small-base bulbs are called candelabra-based bulbs. Replace with CFL (not dimmable) or LEDs (dimmable). There are replacements for 15, 25, 40, and 60 watt bulbs. Check various manufacturers for the specific look you want, most candelabra bulbs have a white plastic base.

24 Recommendations Replace most often-used bulbs with CFL or LED. Replace outdoor bulbs with LEDs. Change switches to motion sensors in forgotten areas closets, halls, bedrooms, bathrooms, garage. Use full spectrum bulbs for reading tasks or outdoor lights brighter!

25 Linear Fluorescent Lamps Mercury vapor conducts, giving off UV light which causes the phosphor to fluoresce Requires a ballast to operate Traditional bulb 4ft 40 watt T12 (F40T12) New Standard 4ft 32 watt T8 (F32T8) Commercial Standard or 54w T5 Typical life = 20,000 30,000 hours Dimmable with special ballasts Must use the same tubes with the same ballast for proper operation!

26 Fluorescent Ballasts Older ballasts are MAGNETIC Contain oil, which contains PCBs before 1987 Can light only 1-2 bulbs Magnetic ballast uses 10-20% of the current for itself Continues to use energy even if no bulbs connected blink blink blink POP Newer ballasts are ELECTRONIC Can light 1-4 bulbs Electronic ballast uses < 10% of the current for itself Instant start Can use DIMMABLE ballasts High frequency eliminates flicker

27 LED tubes Direct replacement for T8 fluorescent tubes. May or may not need to remove ballast from existing fixtures. Replacement tubes only work with electronic ballasts Improving quickly but generally still expensive - $40-50/tube Home Depot now offers the latest Philips LED tube for $24 per tube, 14 watts (32 w replacement) LED troffer fixtures have become much better option, and cheaper! Philips Instant Fit LED 14 watts. $24

28 LED Troffer Fixtures It has become easier & cheaper to just replace a fluorescent troffer with an LED troffer, unless you re doing a T8 fluorescent retrofit. LED troffers have better color and CRI (80-90 CRI, K) More efficient light delivery (std fluorescent troffers ~ 50-60% eff.) Most are warrantied 5 to 10 years GREATLY reduces maintenance time & costs No observable lumen depreciation over its lifetime They can also be DIMMED

29 High Intensity Discharge Lamps Metallic vapor in a sealed crystalline tube. Voltage is applied across tube and vapor conducts and glows. Requires a ballast to operate Used for outdoor lighting, large spaces, high ceilings, retail spaces. Burns at Fahrenheit Typical life = 15,000-30,000 hours (5-8 years) Long warm-up time ~ minutes Usually uses a mogul-base socket Quickly being replaced by LEDs, even for sports venues

30 Switches & Photocells Change rotary dimmers with electronic slide switches, or eliminate if not needed. Read package to make sure dimmer works with CFL and LED bulbs! Can use screw-in photocell sockets for nightlights, outside lights Replace light switches with a motion or occupancy sensor switch which turns lights on & off automatically. Potential to save 20-30% on the electric portion of the energy bill. Table lamp photocell Motion sensor switch

31 Energy Star Performance Reqts Efficiency To earn the ENERGY STAR, CFLs must provide at least three times more lumens per watt than incandescent bulbs. Lumen maintenance All light bulbs grow dim over time, but ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs must maintain 80 percent of the initial light output at 40 percent of their rated lifetime. This means that after 3,200 hours of use, an 8,000-hour CFL still needs to give off 80 percent of the light it gave off during its first 100 hours of operation. Lifetime To qualify for ENERGY STAR, CFLs must have a rated lifetime of 6,000 hours or greater. The current average rated lifetime for ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs is 10,000 hours. With typical use of 3 hours per day, that s an average lifetime of 9 years. Starting time Bulbs must start in less than one second. Warm-up time Bulbs with mercury vapor must reach full brightness in less than one minute. Bulbs with amalgam mercury must reach full brightness in under three minutes. Safety Bulbs must be UL listed for fire safety. More about UL testing Reliability Bulbs must pass transient protection and rapid cycle stress tests. Color consistency Bulbs must fall within a designated color temperature range. Color rendering index (CRI) Bulbs must have a color rendering index of 80 or higher. Quality control All qualified bulbs come with a manufacturer-backed warranty and are subject to random independent third-party testing. As of December 2, 2008 all indoor reflector lamps must pass a high heat test for recessed can applications. Mercury control Manufacturers must have a commitment form on file with National Equipment Manufacturers Association Voluntary Industry Commitment to Limit Mercury Content in Self-ballasted CFLs sold in the U.S. at Other federal and industry standards Bulbs must also comply with federal and industry power and operating standards, and meet Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) requirements.

32 Bulb Replacement Guide This is a general guide to replacing your incandescent bulbs with energy-efficient equivalents. BE SURE to buy only ENERGY STAR labeled CFLs which have been tested and warrantied. If you use DIMMERS, be sure the CFL package says Dimmable on it!! New LED bulbs are already dimmable. READ THE PACKAGE to determine what COLOR bulb you are buying!!! CFLs and LEDs are available in warm white, cool/bright white, and daylight/full spectrum. Use warm white ( K) if you want incandescent-appearing light. Use bright white ( K) if you want crisper, whiter light. Use daylight ( K) if you want better reading light, color rendition, or for all outdoor lights.

33 Bulb Replacement Guide A Type Incandescent Bulbs REPLACE WITH CFL WITH LED 3-WAY watt 3-WAY watt 3-WAY ( equiv) 150 watt 40 watt 34 watt 125 watt 30 watt N/A 100 watt watt 18 watt 75 watt 19 watt 13.5 watt 60 watt 14 watt 9.5 watt 40 watt 9-11 watt 6 watt

34 Bulb Replacement Guide Candelabra-Chandelier Incandescent Bulbs REPLACE WITH CFL WITH LED 60 watt 14 watt N/A 40 watt 9-11 watt 6.5 watt 25 watt 7 watt 3.5 watt 15 watt 5 watt 2 watt 7-9 watt 3 watt 1 watt If you have a DIMMER, must buy dimmable CFL. Most LEDs are dimmable.

35 Bulb Replacement Guide Reflector (FLOODLIGHT) Type Incandescent Bulbs REPLACE WITH CFL WITH LED watt (BR30) (BR40) watt watt 65 watt (BR30) watt 14 watt 50 watt (R20) 11 watt 11 watt ECOSmart 6 ceiling can replacement (10.5 watts = 65 watts) If you have a DIMMER, must buy dimmable CFL. Most LEDs are dimmable.

36 Bulb Replacement Guide Reflector (SPOTLIGHT-OUTDOOR-PAR38) Incandescent Bulbs REPLACE WITH CFL WITH LED watt watt 24 watt 75 watt watt watt Make sure the bulb is rated for OUTDOOR USE! You may need a 1 socket extender for hooded fixtures. Usually OK to use with motion sensors and photocells.

37 Bulb Replacement Guide Specialty Incandescent Bulbs REPLACE WITH CFL WITH LED 40 watt 8-11 watt 5 watt 60 watt 14 watt 8 watt Replace 7 watt incandescent night light bulb with 1 watt bulb or new night light.

38 Fluorescent Lamp Replacement Replace all 4 foot T watt tubes and magnetic ballasts with 4 foot T watt tubes and electronic ballasts. (electrical rewiring involved) ** Shop lights cannot be retrofitted, buy a new T-8 shop light fixture. Magnetic ballasts MAY have PCBs check label for Non-PCB statement. If it does NOT have that statement, you must assume it has PCBs. Disposal may be covered by special rules. T-8 tubes (1 diameter) F32T8 Magnetic ballast (max 2 tubes) T-12 tube (1.5 diameter) F40T12 Electronic ballast (1-4 tubes)

39 Fluorescent Lamp Replacement OR just replace entire fixture with an LED fixture.. CREE LR22 troffer CREE CR24 troffer CREE ZR24 troffer Troffer material costs - $110 up to $250 per troffer depending on model. Most are cheaper than architectural fluorescent troffers, plus no bulbs to buy.

40 Lighting FAQs Do they make an energy-efficient replacement for 3-way bulbs? YES, they make CFLs and LEDs that are 3-way bulbs. You may need a 1 socket extender to raise the lamp base away from the harp.

41 Lighting FAQs I heard CFLs have mercury. Does this make them dangerous to use or dispose of? All fluorescents and HID lamps (streetlighting) contain mercury. By manufacturers agreement, CFLs must have less than 5 mg of mercury per bulb. The latest bulbs from Sylvania and Philips contain 1-2 mg of mercury. This amount is the size of the period in this sentence. While the bulb is operating there is NO exposure to mercury. If the bulb breaks it can be cleaned safely and does NOT pose a health threat. The majority of mercury in our environment (40%) comes from sources such as coal burning power plants, cement plants, mining, and industrial wastes. By comparison, a standard 40 watt T12 fluorescent tube contains mg of mercury. Home thermostats with the old rocker switches contain up to 250 mg of mercury. Dental amalgams (silver fillings) contain around 500 mg of mercury.

42 Mercury Use in Lamps I heard CFLs have mercury. Does this make them dangerous to use or dispose of? From EPA: Of the total amount of human-caused mercury released into the environment per year in the United States, the share of mercury emissions contributed by all types of fluorescent lamps from all sectors is about 1%. From EPA: CFLs currently represent less than 2% of the total fluorescent lights removed annually, with the potential mercury emissions from burned out CFLs representing less than 0.01% of gross total U.S. mercury emissions.

43 Mercury Use in Lamps All fluorescent & HID lamps use mercury to operate the lamp. Products with mercury will have the symbol. CFLs < 5 mg (MicroMini = 1.5 mg) T5 tubes ~ 3 mg T8 tubes ~ 10 mg (Alto 2-3 mg) T12 tubes = mg per tube No health effects from breaking a CFL

44 Mercury Level Comparisons Chart taken from Pacific Gas & Electric

45 Mercury The BIG Picture EPA calculations indicate that 4x less mercury will be emitted at a coal-fired power plant to burn a 15-watt CFL, than to burn a 60-watt incandescent light bulb. Ref: Allegheny County (PA) Health Dept website

46 Energy Efficiency Coal-burning power plants are the single largest source of human-caused mercury emissions in the United States, contributing more than 40%. Because CFLs use 75% less energy than the incandescent bulbs they replace, they help to reduce mercury emissions (i.e., they represent a net mercury emissions reduction). Cement plants are the third largest source of mercury emissions. Taken from

47 Energy Efficiency Of the total amount of human-caused mercury released into the environment per year in the United States, the share of mercury emissions contributed by all types of fluorescent lamps from all sectors is about 1%. CFLs currently represent less than 2% of the total fluorescent lights removed annually, with the potential mercury emissions from burned out CFLs representing less than 0.01% of gross total U.S. mercury emissions. Taken from

48 Energy Efficiency Taken from

49 Proper Disposal of CFLs CFLs and other fluorescent lighting generated by residents are exempt from the Commercial disposal restrictions. However, the Department strongly encourages residents to recycle their lamps through town drop-offs and household hazardous waste collections. By recycling your burned out CFLs, you help keep mercury out of our environment. Home Depot, IKEA, Lowe s, Bartell s, local hardware stores, city/county recycling centers all take spent or broken CFLs and tubes.

50 CFL Cleanup What To Do When A CFL Breaks Proper use and handling of CFLs in the home should not result in any exposure to mercury. Handle the lamp carefully, installing and removing by the base, never the glass. If the lamp should break: Open a window and leave the room for at least 15 minutes; Do not use a vacuum cleaner to clean up the breakage; Keep people and pets away from the breakage area until the cleanup is completed; Wear disposable gloves and pick up the broken pieces; Take a damp cloth and wipe and clean the area; Pat the area with the sticky side of duct tape, packing tape or masking tape to pick up fine particles; Place the broken pieces, cloth, disposable gloves and tape in a sealed bag. Remove the bag and its contents from your home and dispose of in the outside household garbage. (from CT DEP website)

51 Lighting FAQs CFLs don t last as long as advertised. Like all manufactured products, life span will vary due to manufacturing variation. Mean life of a CFL is 10,000 to 15,000 hours, about 5+ years of everyday use. (Incandescent is 1,000 to 1,200 hours) The bulb s electronic ballast is also sensitive to changes in voltage, current, and thermal effects. Unclean power from the grid, old or defective wiring and splices, low voltage conditions (being near the end of the line ) can all affect the life of a CFL, and of electronics in general. The safest bet is to purchase CFLs carrying the EPA Energy Star label, which have been tested and verified against EPA-DOE requirements. Most modern fluorescent ballasts are also designed for high switching applications, due to the increasing use of motion sensors for energy conservation.

52 Lighting FAQs Can CFLs catch fire? There have been several stories forwarded on in recent years about CFL bulbs exploding and catching fire. These were bulbs were the Globe brand, made and sold through WalMart ONLY in Canada. The only known CFLs in the US that have caught fire are Lights of America in the early 2000s, or Trisonic brands which were recalled in All CFLs in the US must have a fault-limiting fuse (VDR or Voltage Dependent Resistor) in the ballast which melts if the bulb shorts or burns out. You may hear a popping noise and see or smell some smoke, but that is the fuse functioning as designed, which may melt some of the plastic base. The majority of CFLs will dim towards the end of their life and slowly stop functioning. (snopes.com)

53 Lighting FAQs CFLs aren t as bright as incandescent bulbs. The best way to check this is to compare the LUMENS ratings on the packages before you buy them. As of July 2011, light bulb package labeling has been standardized, the same way Nutritional Facts labels have been standardized a few years ago. A 60 watt incandescent gives off about 800 lumens. Its replacement, a 14watt CFL gives off lumens. Since the energy savings is great, you may also replace a 60 watt bulb with a 23 watt CFL (which is a 100watt equivalent) to get more light and still save energy. Also, for reading or precision tasks, or better color rendition, you can purchase a CFL or LED daylight or full spectrum bulb. It appears brighter to the human eye but is the same lumens and wattage as the warmer light bulbs. Check the package labeling for the color temperature (a number and/or temperature scale graphic) and choose a bulb in the 5000K to 6500K range.

54 Lighting FAQs CFLs aren t as bright as incandescent bulbs.

55 Lighting FAQs LED bulbs are so expensive. Why buy one? Light bulbs are quickly becoming a durable good rather than an expendable item. LED bulbs should last you 10+ years of daily use, so the payback is longer than an incandescent. You need to look at the Total Cost of the bulb also purchase price PLUS the cost of electricity to burn the lamp. You will find a CFL or LED will save you about 75% over the life of the bulb, compared to incandescents. Other advantages of the LED bulbs include: instant ON, dimmable, tolerant of cold temperatures, and NO mercury. ALSO, CFL and LED bulbs are warrantied save your receipts! If the bulb burns out before its rated life it can be returned to the manufacturer and replaced for free.

56 LED Energy Savings You need to look at the TOTAL COST of each type of bulb! 100 watt incandescent bulb lasts hours (~1 year) Cost ~ $0.50 per bulb kwh rate = $0.10 / kwh Total lamp cost = $ (1,200 hrs * kw * $0.10 / kwh) Total cost = $12.50 over 1,200 hrs, or $62.50 over 6,000 hours 18 watt LED bulb lasts 50, ,000 hours (20+ years) Cost varies ~ $20.00 per bulb (assume 6000 hr life for comparison) Total lamp cost = $ (6,000 hrs * kw * $0.10 / kwh) Total cost = $30.80 over 6,000 hrs Savings: $63 - $31 = $32 over lamp life. This equals 51% lower cost!

57 Case Study First Congregational Church UCC in Naperville T12 mag ballasted fluorescent troffers CREE ZR24 LED troffers Total wattage before: 4312 watts (qty 22 fixtures, 196 watts each) Total wattage after: 968 watts (qty 22 fixtures, 44 watts each)

58 Color Temperature The color of light is described using its Color Temperature. Warm white like an incandescent is on the low end of the temperature scale 2700 to 3500 Kelvins. Cool white like office fluorescents is between 4000 to 5000 Kelvins Daylight or full spectrum is 5000 Kelvins and above. CFLs can be purchased in each color range check the package before you purchase!

59 Some Internet Resources US DOE Energy Efficiency website Websites to Purchase Specialty CFLs (induction fluorescents)

60 For more information. Steve Jones 1311 Ivy Lane #204 Naperville, IL cell