An assessment of invasive aquatic plant control as a management tool for Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy

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1 An assessment of invasive aquatic plant control as a management tool for Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy

2 AVM presents a serious threat to avian health: management is needed J. Strom while Thurmond we continue Reservoir to learn more about the disease Eagle Mortality Photo : Jim Ozier, GADNR

3 1994/95 DeGray Lake, Arkansas 29 bald eagle mortalities 1996/97 DeGray, Ouachita, Hamilton, AR 26 eagle mortalities, disease confirmed in American coots Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy (AVM) is the most significant unknown cause of eagle mortality in the history of the United States Photo by Tom Murphy; SCDNR

4 Clinical signs Waterfowl have difficulty walking, swimming, or flying Eagles may overshoot perches or fly into objects AVM-affected coot Not all birds with AVM display clinical signs

5 Diagnosis National Wildlife Health Center Normal Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study Lesions: white matter of the central nervous system, open spaces in the myelin sheath AVM Positive

6 Also affected are Mallards, Ring-necked ducks, Buffleheads, American wigeon, Canada geese, Great Horned owls, and Killdeer

7 v View leaves under microscope v Dominant epiphyte Undescribed cyanobacteria Order Stigonematales v Abundant in all AVM reservoirs

8 Potentially toxic Stig colonies on hydrilla and other aquatic plants in AVM sites Photo: Susan Wilde Aquatic plants and epiphytic algae are primary food source for coots Sick waterfowl are consumed by Bald Eagles Photo: Tom Murphy

9 AVM Sites and hydrilla locations with Stigonematales

10 AVM Sites and hydrilla locations with Stigonematales Georgia South Carolina

11 AVM Sites and hydrilla locations with Stigonematales Georgia Counties

12 Lake Varner Lake Horton Emerald confirmed First noted Lake November 2007,2005 confirmed 2008January December 3 Bald Eagles, 2 Osprey, Eagle, Canada Geese, Coots Symptomatic geese, coots, ducks 2004 Bufflehead and Ruddy duck Smith Reservoir AVM Eagle death in nearby reservoir-- November 2004 Lake Juliette, Georgia confirmed 1998

13 Davis Pond Sentinel Trial 1 st documentation of AVM in small pond Initial survey finds hydrilla and Stigonematales species ABUNDANT

14 v Farm-raised juvenile male mallards v Wing-clipped and banded v Released for the 6 week trial All became AVM positive

15 Are Fish susceptible to AVM? Triploid Chinese Grass Carp: v Effective control of submerged aquatic plants v Disease susceptibility? v Vector potential?

16 Davis Pond Field Trial Photo: Larry McCord

17 Grass Carp Control Treatment Group H-8-C H-T-5

18 Food Chain Linkage- Chicken Feeding Trial Weighed feed in & out twice daily 400 g basal diet g respective grass carp tissues: GI tract Fillet Whole fish Chicken fed treatment and control fish were negative for AVM

19 Henry County, GA Upper Towaliga Reservoir AVM site 2010 Symptomatic coot, December 3, 2010 Symptomatic eagle, December 19, 2010 Both AVM positive

20 Towaliga Long Branch

21 Long Branch October 2010

22 Towaliga Boat Ramp Stocked grass carp Spring 2011

23 OBJECTIVES 1- Sentinel bird study: does controlling hydrilla reduce AVM relative to a disease site with no active management? 2- Use side-scan sonar mapping technology to determine effectiveness of the control method (Henry County stocked triploid grass carp in April 2011)

24 METHODS Sentinel bird trial: Before release, evaluate 4 birds for AVM November 16, Release pen-raised mallards at each site: Treatment: Towaliga (n=24) Control: Long Branch (n=25)

25 METHODS Sentinel bird monitoring: Henry County, Daily UGA, weekly

26 METHODS Vegetation screening: Biweekly samples (n=3) from each lake Morphologic, genetic identification Stig

27 METHODS Clinical signs, mortalities observed in wild birds Longbranch: Nov 18 Towaliga: Nov 21

28 METHODS Hydrilla mapping Lowrance HDS-7 GPS/Chartplotter Lowrance Structure Scan Sonar 50 m transects CI BioBase analysis for biovolume Maximum hydrilla extent (October)

29 Results: Long Branch October 2011

30 Results: Towaliga October 2011

31 RESULTS: Vegetation screening 22 July 2011 Long Branch (82) Towaliga Long Branch

32 RESULTS: Vegetation screening November 2011 Towaliga (TOW1) Long Branch (LB3) Long Branch (LB3)

33 RESULTS: Sentinel mallard collection Birds collected December 1, 2011 negative mild moderate marked AVM diagnosis Towaliga Long Branch Birds collected December 14, 2011 negative mild moderate marked AVM diagnosis Towaliga Long Branch

34 Sentinel Mallards December 1, 2011 Long Branch December 14, 2011 Towaliga Long Branch Towaliga

35 RESULTS Wild bird mortality: Long Branch December 13 coot December 14 2 coots December 14 scaup Towaliga November 21 2 coots December 14 2 coot December 14 goose

36 Phase II Summer 2012 June 2012: Field assessment of hydrilla biomass, Stig density July 2012: Stocked 2500 grass carp Towaliga Fall 2012 Sept, Nov) Field assessment of hydrilla biomass, Stig density (July, Copper sulfate treatment mallard cove Sentinel Mallard Field Trial (Nov-Dec) Active surveillance, wild bird collections (Oct-Dec)

37 August 2012 Towaliga Long Branch

38

39

40 October 11, 2012 Copper sulfate treatment mallard cove November-December 2012 Sentinel Mallard Field Trial October-November 2012 Active surveillance, wild bird collections

41 Collaborators: Rebecca Haynie James Herrin Shelley Robertson Brigette Haram Jamie Morgan Bob Bahn Mike Netherland Ken Presley Doug Martin Chuck McCarter John Fischer Kevin Keel Deborah Harris John Stanton Jim Ozier

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