Innova&on in crea&ve clusters. Yosha Wijngaarden

Transcription

1 Innova&on in crea&ve clusters Yosha Wijngaarden

2 Outline What are the crea&ve industries? What are crea&ve clusters? What is innova&on? Defini&ons Innova&on in the crea&ve clusters Measuring innova&on

3 What are the crea&ve industries? The culture industries The cultural industries The crea&ve industries

4 CREATIVE INDUSTRIES What does it include, and what does not belong to the crea&ve industries? Why?

5 What are the crea&ve industries? The core cultural industries Broadcas&ng Film industries Music industries Print and e- publishing Video and computer games Adver&sing, marke&ng, PR Web design Peripheral cultural industries Theatre Making, exhibi&on and sale of arts Borderline cultural industries Internet industries Computer hardware Fashion Sports (Hesmondhalgh, 2012)

6 What are the crea&ve industries? The concentric circle model (Throsby, 2001)

7 What are the crea&ve industries? "those industries which have their origin in individual crea&vity, skill and talent and which have a poten&al for wealth and job crea&on through the genera&on and exploita&on of intellectual property" (UK Government Department for Culture, Media and Sport, 2001, p. 04) Designer Fashion Film, video, photo- graphy Design Adver- &sing Crea&ve industries (DCMS, 2006) Cra^s Archi- tecture Arts/ an&que markets

8 CREATIVE CLUSTERS (Why) do crea&ve industries co- locate?

9 What are crea&ve clusters? Theore>cal perspec>ves Crea&ve ci&es, urban development, e.g.: Charles Landry Richard Florida Crea&ve clusters / economic geographical perspec&ves, e.g.: Andy Praa Alan Scoa Michael Porter

10 What are crea&ve clusters? crea&vity as a boon to a city s ills (Hesmondhalgh, 2008). By encouraging crea&vity and legi&mising the use of imagina&on within the public, private and community spheres the ideasbank of possibili&es and poten&al solu&ons to any urban problem will be broadened (Landry, 2005). The crea&ve class and regional economic growth caused by their loca&onal choices > Quality of place in terms of labour market, lifestyles (gay- index, bohemia index), diversity, etc.) (a.o. Florida, 2002).

11 What is a crea&ve city?

12 What are crea&ve clusters? concentra&on of specialised industries in par&cular locali&es (Marshall, 1890) Clusters are geographic concentra&ons of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated ins&tu&ons [ ] in a par&cular field that compete but also cooperate (Porter, 2000) A crea&ve cluster is a business cluster housing crea&ve industries

13 What are crea&ve clusters?

14 Why have crea&ve clusters become so influen&al? Context Neoliberalism Post- Fordist society Urban regenera&on Cultural turn Boosterism Academic cri>cism Florida s theory does not predict very well > causa&on Simplified one size fits all idea There is no crea&ve class? Too much focus on either produc&on or consump&on

15 Why have crea&ve clusters become so influen&al? Source: an&cap.wordpress.com

16 Crea&ve industries and innova&on There is a presumed associa>on between the crea>ve industries and innova>on (e.g. Gordon & McCann, 2005; NESTA, 2008; Sco;, 1999; Desrochers, 2001; O'Connor, 2004; Grantham & Kaplinsky, 2005; Sco;, 2006; Brandellero & Kloosterman, 2010; Landry & Bianchi, 2005; Pra; & Jeffcu;, 2009).

17 INNOVATION What does it mean?

18 What is innova&on? An itera&ve process ini&ated by the percep&on of a new market and/or new service opportunity for a technology- based inven&on which leads to development, produc&on and marke&ng tasks striving for the commercial success of inven&on (OECD, 1991). Implemented technologically new products and processes and significant technological improvements in products and processes (OECD, 2006)

19 What is innova&on? - A new combina>on of means of produc>on, which is of importance to economic analysis and goes beyond reproduc&ons of exis&ng business models (Schumpeter, 1939). - 1) Introduc&on of a new good; 2) introduc&on of a new method of produc&on; 3) opening of a new market; 4) conquest of a new source of supply of raw materials or half- manufactured goods; and 5) implementa&on of a new form of organiza&on (Schumpeter, 1912). - Adding new kinds of work to other kinds of older work (Jacobs, 1970).

20 INNOVATION What does it mean in the crea&ve industries?

21 Crea&ve industries and innova&on STEM sectors: TPP HASS sectors: CPP Outside the STEM innova&on cycle Aaached the STEM innova&on cycle Within a crea&ve sector innova&on cycle

22 Crea&ve industries and innova&on STEM innova>on emerges mainly from purposive and typically costly efforts built on scien&fic and engineering knowledge. is o^en technological big bang. Is based on technical and natural sciences HASS / CI innova>on consists of process innova&on, new combina&ons of exis&ng elements or fringe styles (Caves 2000) is o^en a more organic and systemic process that is influenced by complex structures in regula&on and the market (Praa and Gornostaeva, 2009) Is based on the expressive- reflexive knowledge systems of the humani&es and social sciences and copyrighted products.

23 Crea&ve industries and innova&on Name Stylis&c innova&on Formal innova&on Hidden innova&on So^ innova&on Defini>on changes in its aesthe&c or symbolic appearance or elements in products and services (Cappeaa, Cillo, & Pon&, 2006). changes in the form of a product: its aesthe&c of symbolic content (Bianchi & Bartolox, 1996). innova&on that takes place outside science & technology sectors (Miles & Green, 2007) innova&on in goods and services that mainly affect the aesthe&c or intellectual appeal rather than func&onal performance of a product (Stoneman, 2009)

24 A boaom up approach 1. Innova&on as something completely new 2. Innova&on as doing something beaer/ different or combining old with old/new. 3. Social innova&on, making the world a bit beaer. A. Technology B. Pla&tude, misused.

25 A boaom up approach Innova&on is when you create something that is not yet exis&ng. Looking at problems in a new way. [ ]. Look at demand and see where there is not yet any supply.

26 A boaom up approach Innova&on is renewal. And renewal does not have to be a new product. [..]. Giving something a new func&on. Finding a coopera&on with a business that is not obvious. Gexng [something] done faster and with a smaller margin of error.

27 A boaom up approach Personally I see [innova&on] as a development, so people that develop something, innovate something, innova&on that maaers. So eh, a technologic or crea&ve development [ ], a development that improves people and society.

28 A boaom up approach I start to see innova&on a bit as a dirty word, because it is overused. [ ]. It starts to lose its meaning. Mostly I lose my interest in presenta&ons when it says: it is about innova&ons of [makes snoring sounds].

29 A boaom up approach CI innova&on according to interviewees New technology New techniques New materials New so^ware/programs

30 A boaom up approach I have not been thinking about [innova&on]. I don t have an answer [to the ques&on what is innova&ve in my field]. [ ] I don t consider myself innova&ve. I am crea&ve. In our sector, which is events, fes&vals and eh par&es, yes, for me innova&on is renewal, in the largest sense of the word. Surprising people. We try to be a place that s not yet there.

31 CREATIVE INNOVATION Can we measure it?

32 Measuring innova&on? STEM sectors: patents HASS sectors: copyright Praa & Jeffcua (2009) > mis- iden&fica&on Proxies and processes of innova&on

33 CREATIVE CLUSTERS Are they innova&ve?

34 Crea&ve clusters and innova&on Sources of innova&on in literature Supply side externali>es (e.g. Bap&sta & Swann, 1998; Porter 2000; Scoa, 1988) Buzz and noise (e.g. Storper & Venables, 2004; Grabher, 2002; Banks et al., 2000) Social mobility and networks (e.g. Comunian, 2011; Grabher, 2004). Compe>>on (e.g. Drake, 2003; Power, 2009).

35 Crea&ve clusters and innova&on Sources - con&nued Innova&ve milieu (Jaaniste, 2009) Knowledge spillovers Marshall- Arrow- Romer Porter Jacobs

36 Crea&ve clusters and innova&on Most prominent sources of innova&on in CICI interviews 1. Diversity 2. Knowledge spillovers/ cross fer&liza&on 3. Interac&on with other tenants 4. Personal, from the inside a) Drive b) Troubles

37 Crea&ve clusters and innova&on The fact that it is so easy to meet people here, so all the innova&on that, that has to do with people in are pioneers in their sectors, or socially, or within the crea&ve industries. That, yes. It is so much easier to find each other. It is really easy to have conversa&ons.

38 Concluding ques&ons Innova&on is considered important aspect of crea&ve clusters, yet What is innova&on for crea&ve entrepreneurs and ar&sts? What are the sources of innova&on? (How) can it be measured? Do we want to measure it? Why (not)?