SPACE OBSERVATIONS FOR MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS

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1 SPACE OBSERVATIONS FOR MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS Review and succes stories Tools : Positionning (GNSS) Identification ( VMS, S-AIS,..) Detection (SAR) Oil spill - IUU (INN) - Illegal transhipment Safety Security Dominique DAGORNE IRD/IMAGO Thanks to Commercials supports presentations (free WEB access) from CLS, MDA, Kongsberg, ExactEarth, Orbcomm, NGOs

2 SPACE BASED TECHNOLOGY + communications links

3 Surveillance Monitoring of Maritime Domain -Challenges : Immense areas : Global /Regional ( ecosystem) «National» ( ZEE boundaries) - Coastal ( MPA TSS) Many targets remote and mobile locations (vessels) - size variables ( min~ 10m) relative limited tools, may be expensive to operate -Impacts : No single data source or «sensor» can solve the problem each sensor ( EMR, acoustics,.. ) has strenghts and limitations Data from multiple sensors must be fused together Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) integrated solution Ref : Surveillance and enforcement of remote maritime areas (SERMA) : surveillance technical options. Marine Conservation Biology Institute, USA. Version 1.2; 39 Pages. Brooke SD, Lim TY, and Ardron JA. (2010), Monitoring and Surveillance Technologies for Fisheries Drafted for Waitt Institute, By Shah Selbe, Conservation Technologist, November 2014 Final report to the Northeast Regional Ocean Council Commercial fisheries spatial characterization, september 2013 Island Institute, Coastal Resources Center, George Lapointe Consulting, 62 pages

4 This document reviews and evaluates a range of existing technological options for the surveillance of remote marine managed areas. Some of these technologies are currently in use by fisheries management agencies; some are currently the purview of groups like the military or security agencies; and others have hitherto been unexplored for such purposes. As commercial fishing (regulated or otherwise) is the single greatest pressure to most remote marine ecosystems, followed by vessel based pollution, we pay particular attention to technologies for the monitoring of such activities. The paper initially discusses surveillance technologies for cooperative vessels; that is, those that are participating in a managed activity where monitoring systems are obligatory. The majority of the paper however describes the range of sensors and platforms that can be applied to the more challenging task of monitoring non cooperative vessels.

5 Space based technology assets (no land, marine or airborne) -Cooperative -Non Cooperative Vessel Positionning - and Identification - System VMS - LRIT - (Sat)AIS with position report (GNSS : GPS, Galileo,..) local/global and frequent coverage Limitations : turned off, spoofed,.. and cost! Vessel Detection System «remote sensing» : REM measurement by system : sensor (spectral) vector ( space airborne) «fixed» ) with specific spatial - temporal resolution VISible observation (spot,..) not realistic (by satellite)! Active «micro wave» AMW (radar) imagery : SAR (Synthetic Aperture) all weather, day-night, broad area relative «low» repetivity resolution / processing issues (detection) cost : receiving station /processing - license (RadarSat)

6 AIS : Automatic Identification System ( > 300 tx, class A-B, navigation help ) transponder originaly design for anti collision system : vessel / land points VHF radio signal - high rate transmission ( sec mn) position (GPS) identification Low cost received by land station ( ~ nm) recently by Satellite-AIS (microsat, receiving station) : norvegian defense (2009), operate by privates companies (cost $) LRIT : Long Range Identification and Tracking ( IMO, since 2006, > 300tx ) require vessel to report their position to flag administration 4 times per day satellite communications channels VMS : Vessel Monitoring System Environmental and fishery regulatory organisations use to monitor know fishing vessel in territorial waters high temporal rate transmission ( 1 mn-1h) satellite communication channels LEO : NOAA DCP : Data Collection Plateform ( NOAA bande L receiving station) satellite telecommunication constellation : irridium,.. GEO : inmarsat,.. position by «argos» (CLS) or GNSS/GPS technology, AIS coupling question : national interoperabilty due to different commercial providers?

7 AIS : /10/29 ~12:00

8 Use of positionning-identification system : VMS, S-AIS Global vessel monitoring ( with cooperative vessels!) Environmental protection fisheries Illegal fishing Search and Rescue Defense and security - validates vessel positions to help eliminate false reporting - identify legitimate fishing vessels and non-cooperative IUU vessels - extends surveillance range to where vessels are not intended to be fishing

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10 Fishingcontrol by VMS and log-book ( catch/landing) VTR : Vessel Trip Report - EMS : Electronic Monitoring System Aim : Manage, process and visualize information about fishing vessels activity 1)identification (using clustering approach ) from Logbook data on VMS data; 2) linkage between VMS and Logbook records, with the former organized into fishing trips; 3) discrimination between steaming and fishing points ( speed, heading) ; 4) computation of spatial effort; 5) calculation of standard fishing effort indicators; 6) variety of mapping tools by GIS ( and Google interface!) ; 7) estimation of trawled area.

11 issues : confidential informations : high sensible data administrative - security - defense (sup) national administrations, navy, customs, coast-guard, fisheries services,..( ex : CROSS, NOAA/NMFS,.. ) Europeans commission : fishs quota, Tuna in mediterranéean, Regional fisheries authorities ( ICATT, IOC,..) commercials fisheries companies research : academic or operationnal fisheries institutes, mathematics, environnemental, economics, juridics,.. private company : CLS, MDA, Kongsberg, S-AIS operator : ExactEarth, orbcomm NGOs : Global Fishing Watch : google, oceana,.. EJF ( Environmental Justice Foundation) : transhipment in West Africa Greenpeace : «Enquête sur le pillage organisé des ressources pélagiques du Sénégal entre mars 2010 et avril 2012

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14 Final Report to the Northeast Regional Ocean Council: Commercial Fisheries Spatial Characterization Examples of management area restrictions or closures in the groundfish fishery include groundfish closed areas (year round), groundfish rolling closures (seasonal), and habitat closed areas (gear specific/year round). Other fisheries management plans also use various spatial measures that are tailored to a specific species or set of species. (Source: NOAA NMFS, New England Fishery Management Council)

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23 In 2005!! Research project DECLIMS: Detection, Classification and Identification of Marine Traffic from Space The DECLIMS partners Document (38 p) : Requirements for Future Systems The DECLIMS project is concerned with commercial satellite imagery (radar and optical) for maritime vessel detection, classification and identification. Among its objectives are: to strengthen the infrastructure capable of meeting the demands of users; and to help drive the development of new sensors and platforms towards the operational needs of vessel monitoring. This report discusses requirements coming from (potential) users of satellite-based vessel surveillance on future satellite imaging systems. The SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) systems receive most attention because they are much more widely used for this application. 1. DECLIMS consortium, eds. Harm Greidanus, Alison M. Jackson, 2005: State of the Art and User Needs, DECLIMS report D1-A, 13 Nov Tonje Nanette Arnesen, Richard B Olsen, 2004: Literature review on vessel detection, FFI/Rapport-2004/02619, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Kjeller, Norway 3. Harm Greidanus, Naouma Kourti, 2006: Findings of the DECLIMS project Detection and classification of marine traffic from space, SEASAR 2006: Advances

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25 Vessel detection report ( VDR) is a technical part for marine applications based on spaceborne SAR -High resolution / small coverage «one shot» observation of a limited area of interest with high reactivity focus on expected event : i.e. Intelligence, piracy, smugling,.. -Medium resolution / wide coverage Systematic monitoring of (very) large area Searching for unpredicable event : oil spill detection, IUU «optimal» SAR acquisition mode for vessel detection High reactivity ( few hours after acquisition) Systematic monitoring - larger revisit frequency : Medium resolution The compromise between resolution / coverage updated with Sentinel-1 RS2/multiLookFine 10m

26 SAR image (sat)ais / VMS integration

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28 Color Code : Green : reliable SAR target matched with AIS positions Orange : unreliable SAR targets,,,,,,,, Red : reliable SAR targets unmatched,,,,,, Black : unreliable SAR targets,,,,,,,, Blue : AIS position unmatched Main issues : Many red points : range AIS reception false alarm, not AIS vessel Many blue points : non detection by SAR image lenght too small ( coastal fishery) efforts in R/D for comprehensive understanding - met-ocean : sea state, atmosphere - detection algorithm Inverse modelling of RCS backscaterring Data fusion and combinaison Polarimetric detection (RS2 Fine Quad Pol mod)

29 Spatial ( satellite) technology based Monitoring, Control and Surveillance System ( MCSS) will comprise of the following subsystems -Satellite Positionning and Identification system GNSS (GPS) and links ( LRIT, VMS, (S)-AIS) -Satellite Vessel Detection System by Remote Sensing radar SAR technology ( and others detection tools «coastal - aerial» : radar, planes ) -Data Communication Links GSM, 3G,4G (coastal) radio : UHF - VHF satellite (immarsat, irridium,.. ) -Master Control Center ( MCC) data fusion - GIS technology data base reporting Search and Rescue ( SAR) - AOI crossing (EEZ, MPA,.. )

30 SUCCES STORIES - Oil spill - IUU - Illegal transhipment / logging

31 Technology develop from SAR data : ASAR ENVISAT, RadarSat 1/2,.. many commercial providers : ( Kongberg, CLS-radar, MDA,.. ) Operationnal service for more 15 years 2007: European Maritime Safety Agency 2011 : CLS VIGISAT station in Brest Illegal dumping of shipping lanes - Monitor offshore activities NB : No knowned studies in Guinea Gulf! ( AGEOS project in Gabon)

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34 R/D oil spill Ocean surface slick characterization Sensor integration : analysis result integrated with others system, others data sets Different sensors acquiring at the same time from the same situation Challenge : Observation modelisation forecast Link with environnemental : wind, sea state : current, wave,.. Operationnal Oceanography Remote-sensing / In situ observation Modelling : hindcast, nowcast, forecast

35 IUU fishing ( fr : INN : Illegal, Non reporté, Non régulé ) -Illegal fishing takes place when vessels operate in violation of the laws of fishery Fisheries that under juridiction of local state or high seas fisheries, regulated by Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (RFMO) -Unreported fishing is fishing that has been unreported or misreported to the relevant national authority or RFMO, in contrevention of applicable laws and regulation -Unregulated fishing generally refers to fishing by vessels whitout nationality or vessel flying flag of country not party to RFMO governing thatr fishing area on high seas IUU fishing is the major contributor with negative impact on Economic Environmental Ecological Social

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38 And links with INN

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41 Space-based vessel/target detection and identification - a useful tool for operationnal MDA Oil spill pollution Identification of source, Risk assessment Fisheries control Illegal fishing, Fishing pattern, Effort estimation Safety Maritime traffic density, Accident risk Compliance with traffic separation schemes Search and Rescue Security Border control, illegal immigration, smuggling, piracy.. With technicals and cost issues and Research/Development efforts - New systems ( Sentinel1.. «free» acces?, resolution, swath ) - Sat-AIS ( since Now ~10 satellites) -New techniques ( polarimetry, ) : detection, data fusion