Arch construction started in the late Etruscan period, but flourished in ancient Rome. Key words: Voussoirs, keystone and crown Barrel and groin

Transcription

1 Arch construction started in the late Etruscan period, but flourished in ancient Rome. Key words: Voussoirs, keystone and crown Barrel and groin vaults, oculus, domes, concrete 1

2 Roman Portrait Sculpture Patrician with portrait busts of his ancestors, from Rome, late first century BCE. Marble, 5 5 high. Musei Capitolini Centro Montemartini, Rome. Termed Veristic from the word verity or TRUTH Even though Rome adopted Greek culture and art style, they adapted it to reflect their truth in art. No longer ideal images of the perfect, ideal man or gods and goddesses. These were real people portrayed in Greek clothing, in contrapposto, but with age and imperfections. Often of historical people. This one has a political /societal purpose. 2

3 WALL PAINTING THE FOUR STYLES First Style wall painting- Made to look like marble walls. 3

4 Dionysian mystery frieze, Second Style wall painting Second style creates the illusion of space beyond the walls as well as three dimensional people in the space. 4

5 Third Style wall painting is a monochromatic background featuring fanciful or geometric linear designs 5

6 Fourth Style wall paintings- these walls look like art galleries, with faux marble painting on the bottom band Think pictures hanging in a gallery 6

7 Byzantine Terms Art and Architecture Iconoclasm: literally translates as image breaking ; a period of the destruction of religious imagery for fear of idolatry. Mandorla: an almond-shaped enclosure encircling depictions of Christ. Mosaic: patterns or pictures made by embedding small pieces (tesserae) of stone or glass in cement on surfaces such as walls and floors. Orants: figural depictions of worshippers, denoted by their raised, outstretched arms. Christ the Pantokrator- Image of Christ in an icon as the harsh judge of humanity 7

8 PART 2 MEDIA AND PROCESSES Chapter 2.10 Architecture Roman Catholic floor plan-basilica plan Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

9 PART 2 MEDIA AND PROCESSES These come later in the Gothic period when cathedrals are built taller with more stain glass Flying Buttresses Chapter 2.10 Architecture Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields

10 Figure 9-13 Justinian, Bishop Maximianus, and attendants, mosaic on the north wall of the apse, San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, ca Famous Byzantine Emperor who championed learning, culture and the arts 10

11 Squinch Penditive Dome on pendentives (left) and on squinches (right). Squinch-a straight or arched structure across an interior angle of a square tower to carry a superstructure such as a dome. Pendentive - a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches. 11

12 Virgin and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon, sixth or early seventh century. Encaustic on wood, 2 3 X 1 7 3/8. Monastery of Saint Catherine, Mount Sinai, Egypt. Deny the body to save the soul. That meant rejecting natural depictions of space, landscape, even the 3 dimensional form of the human body. So, it is flat, decorative, instructive. Few people read. This icon was meant to inspire, instruct and to be prayed to as well. The Age of Faith 12

13 Interior (looking east) of Sant Vicenç, Cardona, Spain, ca Typical Romanesque Church- heavy looking. Replaced wooden timber roofs with a stone, brick barrel vault. Very simple, austere interior and exterior. Romanesque refers to the fact that most early churches were simply transformations of existing Roman basilicas. Hence, the term basilica floor plan of Catholic churches of the West. Dark, somber, plain, serviceable spaces with little carving, relief sculpture, frescos or mosaics 13

14 One of the masterpieces of Romanesque art is the Bayeux Tapestry. 230 feet long and details the Norman Conquest of 1066 as a real historical narrative. First known. Funeral procession to Westminster Abbey (top) and Battle of Hastings (bottom), details of the Bayeux Tapestry, from Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France, ca Embroidered wool on linen, 1 8 high long image of tapestry 14

15 The Islamic Architectural Vocabulary Plan of the Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia, ca Mihrab-a niche in the wall of a mosque, at the point nearest to Mecca, toward which the congregation faces to pray. Hypotstyle prayer hall Minaret -the tower from which the faithful are called to prayer five times each day Minbar the pulpit maqsura. Enclosure in a mosque, situated near the mihrab and minbar, defined by a metal or timber screen, used by a ruler for purposes of protection and status Qibla The wall facing Mecca 15

16 Aerial view of the Great Mosque (looking east), Córdoba, Spain, 8 th to 10 th centuries; rededicated as the Cathedral of Saint Mary, Umayyad Mosque-hypostyle hall with courtyards 16

17 Prayer hall of the Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain Tour Link 17

18 Maqsura of the Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain,

19 Barrel vault, two barrel vaults intersect to create a groin vault. A rib vault has sharp ridges and ribs running along the seams. Borrowed from buildings in Muslim Spain. Allows for greater flexibility, less support even with addition of height and stain glass. They also appear taller. 19

20 Notre Dame one of the first cathedrals to use flying buttresses 20

21 Amiens Cathedral, Amiens, France, begun feet tall Height=Inspiration. Note the embellishment. Carvings, decorations, stained glass-these cathedrals became sites on pilgrimages. Served the surrounding community in a myriad of ways 21

22 Early Gothic icon Jesus raising Lazarus from the tomb 1100 Greece Flat shape. Contour line, pattern in a sea of gold. Not realistic space. Not even an atmosphere. Meant to inspire, decorate, inspire

23 Giotto Christ Raising Lazarus from the Dead 1305 Padua Chapel Note the landscape, time of day, 3- dimensional human forms, actual humans are portrayed of different sexes, ages, hair styles, etc. The figures are beginning to fit into the space believably and realistically. This is the beginning of a return and rebirth (Renaissance) of Humanism and art, thought of Ancient Greece. If all of what God is and creates is good and humanity is a product of God, then there must be some measure of good in humanity.

24

25 PART 3 HISTORY AND CONTEXT Chapter 3.2 Art of the Middle Ages Cimabue and Giotto, two different artworks of Virgin and Child Enthroned Transition from Gothic to very early Renaissance Cimabue s Virgin and Child Enthroned 1280 Figures seem to rise toward top (mirroring Gothic architectural style, which emphasized height) Suggestion of three-dimensional throne Giotto 1310 Student of Cimabue who becomes Father of the Renaissance Linear perspective, age, ¾ views of faces and bodies. 3- dimensional forms of the bodies, even facial/hair differences The re-emergence of Humanism and Greek ideas, philosophies, art Gateways to Art: Understanding the Visual Arts, Debra J. DeWitte, Ralph M. Larmann, M. Kathryn Shields