1. Which major architectural structure was completed during the 15th century and why was its completion important to the people of Florence?

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Natalie Parsons
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1 Art 111: Short Answer/Essay Questions Exam # of these questions will appear on the exam either as slide identification questions or as a list of questions for you to answer. Answers to these questions should also be incorporated into your essay. CHAPTER 20: RENAISSANCE ART IN 15TH CENTURY ITALY 1. Which major architectural structure was completed during the 15th century and why was its completion important to the people of Florence? 2. Define Duomo? 3. Describe the design of the Florence Cathedral (very detailed). 4. Why are the circle and the square important symbolically and functionally? 5. Describe Brunelleschi s engineering achievements seen in the dome of the Florence Cathedral. 6. Who was Vitruvius? 7. Define pietra serena? 8. Define loggia? 9. Why was Michelozzo di Bartolommeo awarded the commission for the Palazzo Medici over Brunelleschi? 10. Describe the factors that influenced the design of the Medici Palace and in what way? 11. Define rusticated stone? 12. Describe the symbolic meaning associated with the overall design of the Medici Palace? 13. Describe the activities that took place at the Medici Palace that contributed to the growth of Humanism? 14. What major competition took place in 1401 and who sponsored this competition? 15. Why was the Sacrifice of Isaac theme chosen for the doors? (artistically, religious content and historical) 16. Why did Ghiberti win the competition for the baptistery doors? (Compare Ghiberti and Brunelleschi s competition panels) 17. What first is portrayed in Ghiberti s panel? 18. Define relief sculpture? 19. Describe the rules Leon Bautista Alberti outlined in his book On Painting and On Building as well as Cennino Cennini s rules in The Craftsman Handbook that helped develop a more naturalistic approach to painting. (see Cennino Cennini from Chapter 20). 20. What was the second major commission that took place in the early 1400s in the city of Florence?

2 21. Why were the sculptural figures in the niches of Or San Michele and the creation of the Baptistery doors important to the city of Florence? 22. Why are the Four Crowned Saints significant historical figures (religiously and artistically)? 23. Describe the way Nanni di Banco humanizes the Four Crowned Saints/Martyrs? 24. What first is Donatello accredited with? 25. Describe the ways Donatello s representation of David demonstrates heroism and virtue in relation to 15th century Florence? 26. Which Ancient Roman statue was a model for 15th century equestrian statues? 27. Define the term equestrian statue and condottieri. 28. What effect did Donatello achieve in his equestrian statue Gattamelata? 29. Compare Donatello s Gattamelata to Verrocchio s Bartolommeo Colleoni. How do the messages differ? (see powerpoint for Colleoni image). 30. Who called Ghiberti s east doors for the Florence Baptistery the Gates of Paradise and why? 31. Describe the naturalistic elements in Ghiberti s Jacob and Esau panel for the East Doors? 32. Describe the Hellenistic and Baroque (later style) elements in Pollaiuolo s statue of Hercules and Antaeus. 33. Describe the ways in which Pollaiuolo s Hercules and Anateus sculpture is representative of the city-state of Florence? 34. Describe the design of the Florence Cathedral (very detailed). 35. Why are the circle and the square important symbolically and functionally? 36. Describe Brunelleschi s engineering achievements seen in the dome of the Florence Cathedral. 37. Who was Vitruvius? 38. Define pietra serena? 39. Define loggia? 40. Why was Michelozzo di Bartolommeo awarded the commission for the Palazzo Medici over Brunelleschi? 41. Describe the factors that influenced the design of the Medici Palace and in what way? 42. Define rusticated stone? 43. Describe the symbolic meaning associated with the overall design of the Medici Palace?

3 44. Describe the activities that took place at the Medici Palace that contributed to the growth of Humanism? CHAPTER 21: 16 th CENTURY ART IN ITALY 45. Describe the architectural design techniques Michelangelo used in St. Peters? 46. Describe the major architectural restoration projects Michelangelo was responsible for in Rome? (at least 2) 47. Describe the architectural design element Bramante incorporated into his Tempieto building to make it organic and sculptural? 48. Describe the mannerist elements in Guilio Romano s Palazzo del Te. 49. Define keystones? 50. Describe the purpose of the Palazzo del Te? 51. Describe the role women played in the arts and what types of works did wealthy women commission? 52. Describe the Mannerist style. 53. List some of the theories as to the rise of Mannerism. 54. Why is Pontormo s Entombment of Christ Mannerist? (discuss details relating to formal elements) 55. Besides Venus and Cupid, describe the figures in Bronzino s Venus, Cupid.and what do they symbolize? 56. Describe the themes in Bronzino s Venus, Cupid image. 57. Why was Sofonisba Anguissola able to become a successful artist? 58. Describe the types of subjects Sofonisba is most known for that changed the history of art (see powerpoint)? 59. Why was it difficult for women to enter artistic professions in both Italy and the North? 60. What type of training was available to women? 61. Define miniatures. 62. In which court did Sofonisba hold the position of court painter? 63. Why is Michelangelo s Last Jugdement an example of the Mannierist style? 64. What personal statement did Michelangelo make in his Last Judgement fresco? 65. Why was Veronese s Christ in the House of Levi rejected by the patron (content and formal elements)? 66. Describe the ways Tintoretto s Last Supper differs from Leonardo s Last Supper.

4 67. Describe Tintoretto s brushstroke and the resulting visual effects. 68. Describe the characteristics of Tintoretto s style of painting. 69. Describe the baroque elements in Tintoretto s Last Supper. 70. Why was the original title of Veronese s painting (Last Supper) changed to Christ in the House of Levi? 71. Describe the classical elements in Palladio s Church of San Giorgio Maggiore. 72. Describe the harmonious elements in the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore. 73. Which ancient structure influenced Palladio when designing Villa Rotunda and what modern structures are modeled after the Villa? 74. Describe the ways Palladio s architectural ideas spread throughout the western world. 75. Which ancient architect did Palladio study when designing the Villa Rotunda? 76. Describe the way the Villa Rotunda is both symmetrical but also asymmetrical (think placement and surroundings). 77. Describe the ways Palladio s Villa Rotunda differs from his typical design for country villas. 78. Why were the Venetians able to create a variety of subjects that differed from the subjects produced in Florence and Rome? CHAPTER 22: 16 th CENTURY ART IN NORTHERN EUROPE AND THE IBERIAN PENINSULA 79. Describe the key events that lead to the Protestant Reformation? 80. Who was Martin Luther and what role did he play in the Protestant Reformation? 81. Describe the effects the Protestant Reformation had on art in Northern Europe? 82. Describe the techniques did Matthias Grunewald used to increase the viewer s emotional response to his Isenheim Altarpiece? 83. Describe the purpose of the Isenheim Altarpiece? 84. Why were Saints Sebastian and Anthony used in the painting? 85. Who was considered the Leonardo of the North and why? 86. Describe Durer s painting style when painting portraits. 87. What did Durer try capture in his portraits? 88. Describe the printing techniques Albrecht Durer mastered.

5 89. Describe the iconography portrayed in Durer s Adam and Eve. 90. Describe the classical references Durer incorporated into the design of Adam and Eve? 91. Which tool did Durer use to create the images for his engravings and woodcuts? 92. Why is the Four Apostles a good example of a Protestant painting? (both formal elements and content) 93. Why did Hans Baldung go by the nickname Grien? 94. Describe the connection between Baldung Grien and Durer and how is this connection captured in Grien s Death and the Matron. 95. Describe the content/message of Grien s Death and the Matron and how is this enhanced by the formal elements and also subject matter in the painting? 96. Describe the ways France differed from Germany in terms of painting styles. 97. Describe a chateaux. 98. Describe the classical elements in the Chateau of Chenonceau. 99. Describe the activities that took place at the Chateau and who was responsible for these activities? 100. Describe the modern elements in the design of the west wing of the Cour Carree of the Louvre Describe the French Flamboyant style elements in the wing (must go to chapter 18 to define style) Name a few characteristics of El Greco s style? (note which styles he was introduced to during his travels) 103. Identify and describe the two spheres represented in El Greco s The Burial of Count Orgaz Describe the different visual effects El Greco achieved when he painted the upper and lower portions of the The Burial and how these formal elements enhance the message of the painting Why is the Burial of Count Orgaz an ideal Counter Reformation painting? 106. Bosch s Garden of Earthly Delights is a precursor of which style? 107. Describe the ideologies and cultural practices that influenced Bosch when designing the Garden of Earthly delights? 108. Describe the various iconography/symbolism in Bosch s Garden (be specific in your answer)? 109. Describe some of the Netherlandish proverbs and how they are represented visually Describe the ways Bruegel s Return of the Hunters pre-modern? (modern in terms of a modernist art style (not contemporary times) 111. Describe the subject matter Pieter Bruegel the Elder known for (2 types).

6 112. Why did Bruegel choose to highlight the working class? 113. Describe the characters Bruegel represented in his paintings Describe Holbein s painting skills that are portrayed in his French Ambassadors? 115. Describe the symbols and their meaning in Holbein s French Ambassadors Describe the conflict represented in Holbein s French Ambassadors? 117. Define anamorphic Describe the core message in Holbein s French Ambassadors. CHAPTER 23: ITALY AND SPAIN (BAROQUE) 119. Identify the geographic locations that make up the Baroque period Describe the historical factors that influenced the rise of the various Baroque styles Describe genre paintings Name a few of the characteristics of the Baroque style Describe the symmetrical elements Maderno added to St. Peter s Basilica and how Bernini s plaza design enhances Maderno s ideas Describe the other occupations (besides sculptor) Bernini held that influenced his Baroque style Compare and contrast Michelangelo s David and Bernini s David, note the differences that make Bernini s David baroque Describe the formal elements in the Ecstasy of St Theresa that dramatize the event Define proscenium Describe the Baroque manner in which the Cornaro Family is represented in the St. Teresa Chapel? 129. Describe the unique design of Borromini s Church of San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane Describe composite capitals Describe a cartouche Define the term tenebrism and which artist is associated with that term? 133. Why was Caravaggio called the first Bohemian artist? 134. Describe the characteristics of the Caravaggio s style.

7 135. Why were the characters in Caravaggio s paintings so controversial? (the models and the manner in which they were painted?) 136. Describe the relationship between Caravaggio and Artemesia Gentilleschi and what she borrowed from this artist Who enabled Artemesia to enter the art world? 138. Why is Artemesia sometimes referred to as the first feminist artist? 139. Describe the characteristics of Artemisia s style Describe the connection between the painting Susanna and the Elders and Artemisia s personal life Describe the image that influenced the ceiling by Pietro da Cortona (Triumph of the Berberini) and in what way Identify the iconography and its meaning in figure Cortona s Triumph of the Barberini Describe the famous saying that describes the Spanish Court s relationship with Spanish painters. (see powerpoint) 144. Describe the manner in which Cotan displays the objects in Still life with Quince. (composition) and any possible symbolism associated with the objects on display (use your imagination, why display them in this manner?) 145. Describe is a cantarero? 146. Describe the effect Ribera s paintings were supposed to have on the viewer and how do they follow the rules of the Counter Reformation? 147. Describe the genre scene series that Ribera created and the underlying religious messages Who were the main patrons of Zurbaran s paintings? 149. Describe spiritual exercises (see Zurbaran s Saint Serapion) Describe Velasquez early style in Seville and why this was important but also a hinderance to the advancement of his career Describe Bodegones Describe the design techniques Diego Velasquez uses to manipulate space in Las Meninas? 153. Describe the various interpretations of what is being represented in Velasquez La Meninas Las Meninas is a precursor of which modern style? 155. Describe the symbol that appears in Las Meninas that marked the success of Velasquez (in his mind)? 156. Describe the visual/forma elements that were Rubens s specialties.

8 157. Describe the visual elements future artists will appropriate (borrow) from Rubens? 158. Describe some of Ruben s mythological works and their message Describe Ruben s connection to the Medici family Describe the symbolism in Ruben s Marie de Medici painting and the message it sends to audiences. (Visit the Louvre site and look up his paintings and take into account the scale)s 161. Why was Leyster considered a successful female painter? 162. Describe the subject matter that was Leyster s specialty What did Rembrandt try to capture in his portraits? 164. Describe Rembrandt s brushstrokes Describe some of the principles/ideas Rembrandt applied to painting group portraits? (visually and content) Describe the symbol that represents the Civic Guard in Rembrandt s Night Watch Jan Vermeer specialized in what types of paintings? 168. Describe the types of spaces Vermer painted Describe the instrument Vermeer used to increase the realism in his painting and the effect Describe the symbolism in Vermeer s Woman Holding a Balance and the overall message Define vanitas Describe the events that led to significant advances in botany in the Dutch region and the affect it had on painting Describe the enhancements Ruysch added to her painting of flowers to appeal to patrons Describe the "nicknames" Louis the XIV gave himself Who was supposed to be the recipient of Rigaud s Louis XIV portrait and why was it never sent to Spain? 176. Describe the symbolism in Rigaud s Louis XIV portrait that reinforces his position as king Describe the general layout of the Palace of Versailles? 178. Describe the architectural elements the artists incorporated in the design of The Hall of Mirrors to enhance the power of the King? 179. Describe is the Classical/Grand Manner style of painting (see Nicholas Poussin)?

9 180. Describe the Grand Manner/Classical elements seen in St. John in Patmos and what is its overall message? 181. Describe the similarities and differences between Claude Lorrain s landscape style differ and Poussin s style Describe the themes that repeat in Claude s paintings and why he chose these subjects.

Art 111: STUDY QUESTIONS / SECTION #1. The questions should be used to prepare for in class discussions and your essay.

Art 111: STUDY QUESTIONS / SECTION #1 The questions should be used to prepare for in class discussions and your essay. MAKE SURE YOU ALSO REFER TO THE INTRODUCTION OF THE TEXTBOOK TO DISCUSS FORMAL ELEMENTS