I. Orchestra Scope Note Top term A. String Instruments Scope Note 1. Bowed String Instruments Scope Note a) Violin Scope Note b) Viola Scope Note

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1 I. Orchestra Scope Note: An ensemble of instrumentalists composed of string, woodwind, brass, and percussion sections that typically plays classical music; often includes one or more keyboard instruments. Top term: Orchestra UF: Symphony, symphony orchestra, philharmonic, philharmonic orchestra [nonpreferred term] BT: None NT: String instruments, woodwind instruments, brass instruments, percussion instruments, keyboard instruments A. String Instruments Scope Note: Musical instruments that produce sound through the vibrations of their strings, either by use of a bow or by plucking or strumming with fingers or plectrums; notes are created by shortening the length of the strings with one hand while the other hand bows, plucks, or strums. UF: Strings [non-preferred term] NT: Bowed string instruments, plucked string instruments RT: String section 1. Bowed String Instruments Scope Note: String instruments that produce sound through the vibration of their strings, primarily by use of a stringed bow. UF: Vibrating strings [non-preferred term] BT: String instruments NT: Violin, viola, cello, double bass a) Violin Scope Note: The smallest and highest-pitched bowed string instrument. UF: High strings [non-preferred term] BT: Bowed string instrument RT: Fiddle b) Viola Scope Note: A bowed string instrument slightly larger and with deeper pitch than a violin but smaller and with higher pitch than a cello. UF: Medium strings [non-preferred term] BT: Bowed string instrument RT: Vihuela, viol c) Cello Scope Note: A bowed string instrument larger and with deeper pitch than a viola, but smaller and with higher pitch than a double bass. UF: Medium-low strings [non-preferred term] BT: Bowed string instrument

2 RT: Violoncello, baryton d) Double Bass Scope Note: The largest and lowest-pitched bowed string instrument. UF: Low strings [non-preferred term] BT: Bowed string instrument RT: Standup bass, upright bass, bass violin, contrabass 2. Plucked String Instruments Scope Note: String instruments that produce sound through the vibration of their strings in a resonator, primarily through the use of fingers or plectrums. UF: Resonating strings [non-preferred term] BT: String instruments NT: Guitar, harp a) Guitar Scope Note: A plucked string instrument, typically with six strings, played with fingers or a plectrum; characterized by its rustic, Renaissance sound. UF: Classical guitar [non-preferred term] BT: Plucked string instrument RT: Acoustic guitar b) Harp Scope Note: A plucked multi-string instrument roughly triangular in shape, played with fingers or a plectrum; characterized by its delicate, watery sound. UF: Concert harp [non-preferred term] BT: Plucked string instrument RT: Pedal harp, frame harp, open harp B. Woodwind Instruments Scope Note: Musical instruments that produce sound by blowing into a mouthpiece that contains thin strips of material, or reed, which vibrates a column of air inside a tubular resonator; notes are created through opening or closing holes in the side of the tube, either with fingers or keys. UF: Woodwinds [non-preferred term] NT: Reedless woodwind instruments, single reed woodwind instruments, double reed woodwind instruments RT: Woodwind section 1. Reedless Woodwind Instruments Scope Note: Woodwind instruments with no moving parts in the mouthpiece. UF: Whistle [non-preferred term] BT: Woodwind instruments NT: Flute a) Flute

3 Scope Note: A reedless woodwind instrument blown into from the side and closed at the blown end; the highest-pitched woodwind instrument. UF: C flute [non-preferred term] BT: Reedless woodwind instrument RT: Piccolo, Boehm flute 2. Single Reed Woodwind Instruments Scope Note: Woodwind instruments with a single reed in the mouthpiece. UF: Chalumeau [non-preferred term] BT: Woodwind instruments NT: Clarinet, saxophone a) Clarinet Scope Note: A single reed woodwind instrument with a cylindrical bore, flared at the tip to form a bell; characterized by a bright, mellow timbre. UF: Soprano clarinet [non-preferred term] BT: Single reed woodwind instrument RT: Bass clarinet, basset horn, licorice stick, saxonette b) Saxophone Scope Note: A single reed woodwind instrument with a conical bore; the loudest and most vocal woodwind instrument. UF: Sax [non-preferred term] BT: Single reed woodwind instrument RT: Baritone saxophone, bari sax, soprillo, tubax 3. Double Reed Woodwind Instruments Scope Note: Woodwind instruments with two reeds in the mouthpiece. UF: Angelic horn [non-preferred term] BT: Woodwind instruments NT: Oboe, bassoon a) Oboe Scope Note: A double reed woodwind instrument with a conical bore characterized by its clear and penetrating voice. UF: Loud woodwind [non-preferred term] BT: Double reed woodwind instrument RT: English horn, cor anglais, obe d amore b) Bassoon Scope Note: A double reed woodwind instrument with a conical bore characterized by its warm, deep tone; often compared to a male baritone voice. UF: Deep woodwind [non-preferred term] BT: Double reed woodwind instrument RT: Contrabassoon, dulcian

4 C. Brass Instruments Scope Note: Musical instruments that produce sound by blowing into a tubular resonator; notes are created by the tightening or loosening of the lips, along with a series of valves or slides. UF: Brass [non-preferred term] NT: Valve brass instruments, slide brass instruments RT: Brass section 1. Valve Brass Instruments Scope Note: Brass instruments that utilize a set of valves operated by fingers to change the length of the tubular resonator. UF: Labrosones [non-preferred term] BT: Brass instruments NT: Trumpet, horn, euphonium, tuba a) Trumpet Scope Note: A valve brass instrument with a cylindrical bore reaching the highest register; characterized by its strident tone. UF: Bugle [non-preferred term] BT: Valve brass instrument RT: Cornet, flugelhorn b) Horn Scope Note: A valve brass instrument with coiled tubing and a flared bell, achieving the second-highest register of the brass instruments. UF: French horn [non-preferred term] BT: Valve brass instrument RT: Natural horn, Vienna horn c) Euphonium Scope Note: A valve brass instrument with a conical bore characterized by its sweet, deep sound; the second-lowest sounding brass instrument. UF: Deep horn [non-preferred term] BT: Valve brass instrument RT: Baritone horn, double-bell euphonium d) Tuba Scope Note: A valve brass instrument with a conical bore characterized by its resounding low tones; the largest and deepest-sounding brass instrument. UF: Sousaphone [non-preferred term] BT: Valve brass instrument RT: Bass tuba, contrabass tuba, helicon 2. Slide Brass Instruments Scope Note: Brass instruments that utilize a slide to change the length of the tubular resonator. UF: Labrosones [non-preferred term]

5 BT: Brass instruments NT: Trombone a) Trombone Scope Note: A slide brass instrument with a cylindrical bore and telescopic slide; characterized by its baritone register and ability to perform a glissando. UF: Large trumpet [non-preferred term] BT: Slide brass instrument RT: Superbone, buccin, sackbut D. Percussion Instruments Scope Note: Musical instruments that produce sound when struck by a mallet or by hand. UF: Rhythm section [non-preferred term] NT: Mallet-struck percussion instruments, hand-struck percussion instruments RT: Percussion section 1. Mallet- struck Percussion Instruments Scope Note: Percussion instruments that are struck by a mallet (or stick) and produce sound either by vibrating themselves or through the vibration of a membrane. UF: Rhythm section [non-preferred term] BT: Percussion instruments NT: Tuned percussion instruments, natural percussion instruments a) Tuned Percussion Instruments Scope Note: Mallet-struck percussion instruments that produce sounds tuned to a specific pitch. UF: Tuned rhythm [non-preferred term] BT: Mallet-struck percussion instruments NT: Glockenspiel, xylophone, vibraphone, tubular bells, triangle, timpani RT: Pitched percussion instruments i. Glockenspiel instrument that produces a high-pitched sound through the vibration of metal bars. UF: Small metallophone [non-preferred term] s RT: Pixiphone, concert glockenspiel ii. Xylophone instrument that produces a warm sound through the vibration of wooden or fiberglass bars, situated above tubular resonators. UF: Marimba [non-preferred term]

6 RT: Gambang, xylorimba, concert xylophone iii. Vibraphone instrument that produces a ringing sound through the vibration of aluminum bars situated above motor-driven tubular resonators; characterized by its damper pedal and sustained tremolo tone. UF: Vibes [non-preferred term] RT: Vibraharp, marimbaphone iv. Tubular Bells instrument consisting of metal tubes of variable length held upright in a frame, characterized by its clear, sustained ringing. UF: Chimes [non-preferred term] RT: Orchestral bells, bell plates, symphonic chimes v. Triangle instrument consisting of a bar of metal bent into the shape of a triangle; characterized by its high-pitched ringing. UF: Tine [non-preferred term] RT: Little iron, hay rake, tit-fer vi. Timpani instrument consisting of a membrane stretched over several large copper bowls; the only orchestral drum of definite pitch; the loudest orchestral instrument. UF: Kettledrum [non-preferred term] RT: Timps, temple drums b) Natural Percussion Instruments Scope Note: Mallet-struck percussion instruments that produce sounds of indefinite pitch. UF: Natural rhythm [non-preferred term] BT: Mallet-struck percussion instruments NT: Wood block, snare drum, bass drum, gong RT: Unpitched percussion instruments i. Wood Block Scope Note: A mallet-struck natural percussion instrument consisting of a hollow block of wood hit with a stick. UF: Block [non-preferred term]

7 BT: Natural percussion instrument RT: Slit drum, temple block, mùyú ii. Snare Drum Scope Note: A mallet-struck natural percussion instrument consisting of a membrane stretched across a shallow wood, acrylic, or metal cylinder with twisted wire cords stretched across the bottom of the membrane; characterized by its crisp, bright sound. UF: Snare [non-preferred term] BT: Natural percussion instrument RT: Side drum, piccolo snare iii. Bass Drum Scope Note: A mallet-struck natural percussion instrument consisting of a membrane stretched across a large wood, acrylic, or metal cylinder, often beat with a foot pedal; characterized by its punchy low tones. UF: Kick drum [non-preferred term] BT: Natural percussion instrument RT: Concert bass drum, gran tamburo iv. Gong Scope Note: A mallet-struck natural percussion instrument consisting of a flat metal disc, typically very large and suspended in a frame by a cord or wire; characterized by its loud splashing sound. UF: Tam-tam BT: Natural percussion instrument RT: Bossed gong, suspended gong 2. Hand- struck Percussion Instruments Scope Note: Percussion instruments that are either struck by hand or struck against one another by hand and produce sound either by vibrating themselves or through the vibration of a membrane. UF: Rhythm section [non-preferred term] BT: Percussion instruments NT: Tambourine, cymbals a) Tambourine Scope Note: A hand-struck percussion instrument consisting of a membrane stretched over a circular or semicircular frame made of wood, plastic, acrylic, or metal, the circumference of which is lined with small metal jingles. UF: Frame drum [non-preferred term] BT: Hand-struck percussion instrument RT: Tambo, marine, riq, daf, dayereh b) Cymbals

8 Scope Note: A hand-struck percussion instrument consisting of two slightly concave metal discs with raised bells in the center, through which cords are attached and held while struck together; characterized by its loud crashing tone. UF: Crash [non-preferred term] BT: Hand-struck percussion instrument RT: China cymbal, crash cymbal, sizzle cymbal, zills, hi-hat E. Keyboard Instruments Scope Note: Musical instruments that produce sound when their keys are depressed. UF: Keys [non-preferred term] NT: Stringed keyboard instruments, metal keyboard instruments, wind keyboard instruments RT: Keyboard section 1. Stringed Keyboard Instruments Scope Note: Keyboard instruments that produce sound by either hammering or plucking strings when their keys are depressed. UF: Melodic percussion [non-preferred term] BT: Keyboard instruments NT: Harpsichord, piano a) Harpsichord Scope Note: A stringed keyboard instrument that produces sound by plucking strings when its keys are depressed; characterized by its moderate volume and regal twang. UF: Cembalo [non-preferred term] BT: Stringed keyboard instrument RT: Spinet, virginal, clavichord b) Piano Scope Note: A stringed keyboard instrument that produces sound by hammering strings when its keys are depressed; characterized by its large pitch range, varied tones, and expressive qualities; the most popular keyboard instrument. UF: Ivories [non-preferred term] BT: Stringed keyboard instrument RT: Grand piano, baby grand, concert grand 2. Metal Keyboard Instruments Scope Note: Keyboard instruments that produce sound by hammering steel plates when their keys are depressed. UF: Melodic percussion [non-preferred term] BT: Keyboard instruments NT: Celesta a) Celesta Scope Note: A metal keyboard instrument that produces sound by hammering steel plates suspended over wooden resonators

9 when its keys are depressed; characterized by its ethereal, singing quality. UF: Music box [non-preferred term] BT: Metal keyboard instrument RT: Dulcitone, typophone 3. Wind Keyboard Instruments Scope Note: Keyboard instruments that produce sound by manipulating compressed air when their keys are depressed. UF: Melodic percussion [non-preferred term] BT: Keyboard instruments NT: Organ a) Organ Scope Note: A wind keyboard instrument that produces sound by manipulating compressed air through a series of large tuned pipes when its keys are depressed; characterized by its wide range of musical effects; the loudest keyboard instrument. UF: Pipe organ [non-preferred term] BT: Wind keyboard instrument RT: Church organ, cinema organ, chamber organ, Hammond organ, reed organ