Figure 8-1 Layout equipment and tools. Tape measure. String line level. Eyepiece level. Laser plane level Delmar/Cengage Learning.

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1 Tape measure String line level Clinometer Eyepiece level Transit Dumpy level Carpenter s or builder s level Electronic measurement Tool Laser plane level Figure 8-1 Layout equipment and tools.

2 Figure 8-2 Determining slope by holding a level board from the high point and measuring from the bottom of the board to the low point.

3 Figure 8-3 Using a clinometer to measure the angle of a slope.

4 5' 5' 5' Project area Project location to be staked 5' Construction stakes placed same distance and direction from project location Figure 8-4 Staking with offsets to reduce restaking time.

5 A. Measure the distance to unknown point from known Points A and B. B. Draw arcs for both distance A and B. Unknown point is where arcs intersect. 20' 20' Unknown point C Known point B C B 23' Known point A Step A 23' A Basemap Step B Figure 8-5 Locating objects using triangulation.

6 5' 5' 2" 5' 1" 4' 4' 2" 5' 0" 3' 11" 3' 10" 5' 4' 11" 4' 10" 4' Hold tapes at beginning and second points. Where 4' on tape from beginning point and 5' on tape from second point intersect, a right angle is formed. Beginning point 90 Measure 3' Second point Figure 8-6 Using a 3,4,5 triangle to turn right angles.

7 Stretch tapes from each point. Where equal measurements cross a right angle is formed 90 Measure equal distance from center line Figure 8-7 Layout of a perpendicular line using the triangler method.

8 Equal diagonal measurements indicate object is square Figure 8-8 Checking for square using diagonal measurements.

9 Tape measure Desired curve Rotate desired measurement Anchor end of tape with screwdriver Figure 8-9 Layout of curves using a large screwdriver anchored at the center point and swinging a tape measure to mark the correct radius. Mark the radius as the tape is moved.

10 Turn right angle and extend line Mark radius point Measure radius distance Mark angle point Radius point Extend line from radius point through angle point the distance of the radius. Mark the ending point Measure curve angle Beginning point Straight line (tangent) of curve A. B. Anchor tape measure at radius point with screwdriver Ending point New tangent at right angle to 2nd line Radius point New curve would begin at ending point Ending point Beginning point Swing tape from beginning point to ending point, marking curve as you C. move D. Curve Figure 8-10 Locating radius points and marking a radius for curves.

11 RADIUS END OF CURVE CHORD RADIUS POINT NEXT CURVE BEGINNING OF CURVE PLAN VIEW ARC SWUNG FOR RADIUS BEGINNING POINT OF CURVE TAPE LAID OUT ALONG CHORD PERSPECTIVE VIEW END OF CURVE, WHERE CHORD MEASUREMENT AND RADIUS ARC INTERSECT TAPE LAID OUT ALONG RADIUM RADIUS POINT Figure 8-11 Using radii and chords to lay out circles.

12 A. Proposed improvements C. Locate baseline in field Tree Wall Baseline Scale Beginning point B. Locate improvements on plan D. Locate improvements in the field Baseline Tree Wall end Wall center Wall end Beginning point Beginning point Baseline Measurements at right angle to baseline Tree Wall end Wall center Wall end Figure 8-12 Using a baseline to locate improvements in the field.

13 Stakes Project boundary A. Nails to hold stringlines Cross pieces Stakes B. Project boundary Stringline above boundary Figure 8-13 Constructing batterboards. (A) Install posts outside the project edges and straddling the boundaries. (B) Attach cross pieces and lines marking project boundaries. Height of the cross pieces can be set to project elevations if you want to locate boundaries and elevations with the same batterboards.

14 Figure 8-14 Leveling a survey instrument. Always turn the leveling screws in opposite directions.

15 Figure 8-15 Focusing a survey instrument. Use caution not to bump the instrument out of level.

16 A B C 8.4 X 100 Benchmark Y Elevation: Elev Elev Surveyors Notes: Point BM Backsite 4.2 (A) H.I Foresite 6.1 (B) 8.4 (C) Elevation Readings on surveyor s rod A H.I B Level viewing plane C Benchmark Elevation: X Elev Y Benchmark Backsite A Height of instrument Foresite B Elevation of point X Foresite C Elevation of point Y (H.I. Foresite B) ( = 98.1) (H.I. Foresite C) ( = 95.8) Elev Figure 8-16 Performing elevation calculations. The surveyor s notes and calculations are shown above the figure.

17 Figure 8-17 Cut markings on a grade stake. This stake shows a cut of 1.6 feet below existing grade (existing grade is indicated by the markings at the bottom of the stake).

18 Figure 8-18 Flagging of proposed plantings to review placement.