ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering. Lecture 2 September 27, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University
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1 ELEN 701 RF & Microwave Systems Engineering Lecture 2 September 27, 2006 Dr. Michael Thorburn Santa Clara University
2 Lecture 2 Radio Architecture and Design Considerations, Part I Architecture Superheterodyne Architecture Configuration RF/IF/BB Sections Direct Conversion Architecture Configuration Functional Description of Fundamental Elements Duplexers,LNAs,Filters, Mixers, LO Synthesizers Key Performance Parameters and Analyses Frequency Planning Spurious Analysis Receiver Sensitivity, Linearity and Selectivity Analysis Techniques Nonlinear Systems Noise Figure
3 Superheterodyne Full-Duplex Architecture Configuration Mixing incoming signal with an offset LO in a nonlinear device to generate an intermediate IF signal Key Nonlinear device: Frequency Mixer or Frequency Converter
4 Major Elements and Performance Parameters Receiver Sensitivity Linearity Selectivity Transmitter (next week) Output Power Spectrum Modulation Accuracy
5 Antenna & Duplexer Antenna Receive Signal MHz Band Pass Filter Receive Band Band Pass Filter Transmit Band Transmit Signal MHz
6 RF Front End Receive Signal MHz LNA is important in achieving good reception sensitivity gain is step controlled to cope with receiver dynamic range Bandpass Filter - High Edge to further suppress transmit; Low Edge for image rejection RF Amp establishes NF of Receiver Nonlinear characteristics of mixer generates spurious frequencies which must be managed UHF Synthesizer provides LO power to RF converters in RCV and TX. It also has role of channel tuning for the transceiver
7 IF Section VGA establishes signal level for DeMod IF Amp provides front end gain for IF Section Baseband Section IF IF Frequency DeMod IF SAW Filter has high selectivity for channel filtering to separate desired from unwanted channels
8 Direct Conversion Architecture Configuration
9 Comparison of Architectures - Partitioned by Function Superheterodyne RF Section LNA RF BPF RFA Frequency Conversion RF Downconverter (Mixer) LO IF Section IFA IF SAW VGA Frequency Conversion IQ Demod Baseband (I & Q channels) LPF BBA ADC Direct Conversion RF Section LNA RF BPF RFA Frequency Conversion I/Q Demod/ Downconverter UHF Synthesizer Baseband (I & Q channels) BBA LPF BBA ADC
10 Comparison of Architectures Partitioned by Units Superheterodyne Receiver LNA RF BPF RFA RF Mixer LO IFA IF SAW Demod VGA I/Q Demodulator BB LPF Baseband (I & Q channels) BBA ADC Direct Conversion RF Section LNA RF BPF RF Demod RFA I/Q Demod/ Downconverter UHF Synthesizer BBA LPF Baseband (I & Q channels) BBA ADC
11 Next Steps: Design Process Architecture - Functional Block Diagram Design/Performance Frequency Planning Selection of IF frequency to minimize self interference Spurious Analysis Line-up Analysis Signal Strength (Gain/Loss) Budgets Determine Required Gains Receiver Sensitivity Minimum detectable desired signal strength to obtain a certain BER or frame error rate (FER) Noise Figure
12 Design Process Receiver Linearity Receiver Selectivity Characteristic of the receiver that allows it to identify the desired signal at one frequency apart from those at all other frequencies. Mainly determined by RF, IF and BB filters!
13 Key Functional Blocks Duplexer Low Noise Amplifier Band Pass Filters Mixer (Downconverter) LO Synthesizer IF Section Demodulator
14 Duplexer Key Functions Connects Receive (Rx) from Transmit (Tx) signal paths to antenna Provides separation of power in Rx and Tx paths in particular providing rejection of Tx in Rx path
15 Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Key Function First stage of signal amplification Establishes Noise Figure (NF) of System Primary Factor Receiver and Demod may degrade NF and should be tracked Thereby establishing Transceiver Sensitivity
16 RF Band Pass Filter Key Functions Provides additional rejection of transmit band (high band edge) Provides rejection of mixer image frequencies and other spurious signals (low band edge) Note: LNA is typically very broad band. Pre-LNA filtering required to protect LNA from overdrive. Pre-Receiver filtering is required to protect Receiver from other unwanted signals Spurs (Spurious Signals)
17 Mixer/Downconverter Key Function Converts from receive RF frequency to IF frequency Input to Mixer is RF signal and LO signal Output is IF signal General Concept: In frequency domain: RF LO = IF Spurs include: Image Frequency: RF + LO Mixing Spurs: m x RF +/- n x LO Harmonics: m x RF LO Harmonics: n x LO
18 Mixer ( ) ) ) cos(( ) ) cos(( 2 1 ) cos( ) cos( t t t t LO RF LO RF LO RF ω ω ω ω ω ω + + = Nonlinear Device: Desired Function: Actual Function:... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( = t x t x a t x a t x a t x a t x a t y LO RF LO RF LO RF
19 LO Synthsizer Key Function: Provides LO Via LO selection (Superheterodyne) selects channels
20 IF Section Key Function: Establishes power level and filtering for Demod and Baseband Section
21 Demodulator Demodulates IF signal in preparation of Analog-to-Digital Converter
22 Receiver Sensitivity Figure of Merit is G/T Antenna Gain - Gives G T has an Antenna Component and a Transceiver Component T 1 T 2 Antenna Noise Temp T A + Feeder Input Loss, 1/L F + Noise-free system, Gain G RX T F Equivalent Input Noise Temp, T F Feeder Network T Rx Equivalent Input Noise Temp, T Rx Receiver Note: L F > 1 T 1 = T A + T F (L F -1) + [ T Rx / (1/L F ) ] T 2 = T A / L F + T F (L F -1) / L F + T Rx = T A + T F (L F -1) + [T Rx * L F ]
23 System Noise Figure & Noise Temperature Signal S1 Noise N1 GAIN = G Signal S2 Noise N2 LNA Noise Figure and Gain are critically important to System Noise Temperature Noise Figure: F = SNR SNR input output
24 System Noise Figure Signal S1 Noise N1 GAIN = G Signal G x S1 Noise G x (N1+No) Self Noise No F = 1+ N 1 + N 1 N 0
25 System Noise Figure and Noise Temperature T 1 T 2 Antenna Noise Temp T A + Feeder Input Loss, 1/L F + Noise-free system, Gain G RX T F Equivalent Input Noise Temp, T F Feeder Network Note: L F > 1 T Rx Equivalent Input Noise Temp, T Rx Receiver T 1 = T A + T F (L F -1) + [ T Rx / (1/L F ) ] T 2 = T A / L F + T F (L F -1) / L F + T Rx = T A + T F (L F -1) + [T Rx * L F ] LNA Noise Figure and Gain are critically important to System Noise Temperature T e = ( F 1) T 0
26 Trades between Noise Figure and Linearity Best Noise Figure Lump Gain in Front End Best Linearity Distribute Gain Evenly
27 Cellular Spectrum Example Uplink (Forward): MHz Downlink (Return): MHz Band Separation = 20 MHz (= ) Channel Spacing = 30 khz (CDMA) 824 MHz Uplink Channel 849 MHz 869 MHz 894 MHz Downlink Channel
28 Frequency Plan IF IF Rx Tx = = 85.36MHz MHz ΔF Tx Rx = 45MHz 824 MHz Uplink Channel 849 MHz 869 MHz 894 MHz Downlink Channel
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