EVALUATION OF SINGLE MEMBERS IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES
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1 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 1 EVALUATION OF SINGLE MEMBERS IN HISTORICAL STRUCTURES Ferenc Divos University of West Hungary, Sopron FAKOPP Enterprise RILEM meeting, Prague, May 30, 2005 CONTENT - Wooden structures in Hungary - Residual MOR prediction, determination of predictor parameters: - stress wave velocity - screw withdrawal resistance - Additional tests: drill sampling, thermography - Conclusion 1
2 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 2 Wood structures in Hungary: roof and ceiling structures glue-lam structures 2
3 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 3 3
4 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 4 Hot spa in Komárom, Hungary NOKIA communication tower, near Veszprém, Hungary 4
5 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 5 Hors training building, (4O x 4O m) 5
6 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 6 Sport hall in Tiszaújváros Swimming pool entrance, Tiszaújváros 6
7 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 7 Swimming pool in Tiszaújváros Hot spa in Zalakaros. 7
8 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 8 Wooden dome at UWH. 65 m 2 area covered by 0.7 m 3 wood. Residual MOR prediction The Wood NDT laboratory of the University of West Hungary has developed a technique for the evaluation of historical wooden structures, where the residual bending strength of individual wooden beams are estimated with +/- 10 MPa accuracy. The strength predictor parameters are: - stress wave velocity (V) and - screw withdrawal resistance (F screw ). 8
9 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 9 Determination of the stress wave velocity FAKOPP Microsecond Timer 9
10 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 10 Transducers are shock resistant 10
11 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 11 Screw withdrawal resistance For screw withdrawal resistance measurements we are using a special tool, manufactured by Fakopp Enterprise. The screw diameter is 4 mm, and length of the thread is 18 mm. A 2.7 diameter hole is made in the wood material, perpendicular to the surface, to accommodate the screw. The screw is slowly ( mm/s) pulled out, and the maximum force value is recorded by the instrument. Interestingly enough, omitting the accommodating hole does not effect the measurement significantly. 11
12 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 12 Screw withdrawal force in itself is applicable for strength estimation. Some typical correlation coefficients are: Parameters Correlation Coefficients Screw withdrawal force vs. MOR 0.72 Screw withdrawal force vs. density 0.79 Screw withdrawal force vs. shear modulus
13 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 13 G = 224 F screw r 2 = 0.73 The screw withdrawal resistance meter The actual and the maximum force value is displayed. 13
14 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág
15 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 15 Composition of strength predictor parameter: MOR est The fundamental strength predictor parameter is the MOE. The dynamic MOE determined by: MOE = ρv 2 where ρ is density, V is stress wave velocity. Our strength predictor is a similar term: MOR est = a F screw V 2 + b where a and b are empirical constants Correlation coeff. between ρ and F screw is O.79 15
16 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 16 Using the screw withdrawal force and the velocity of stress wave the following empirical strength predictor equation applies for coniferous wood species. The applied units in the equations are: MOR est [MPa], F screw [kn] and v [km/s]: MOR est = F v screw MOR est = 0,809 F screw v 2 +26,8 A similar MOR predictor formula applies for hardwoods: MOR est = 1,258 F screw v 2 +36,9 The correlation coefficients between the bending strength and MOR est is 0,86. : coniferous : hardwood 16
17 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 17 Additional test, Drill sampling To obtain exact information about the inner layers of the beam, we used drill samples. We used the particles falling out of the hole to verify the strength measurement described above. The consistency of the particles were used to judge about the quality of the wood, according to the followings: Particles thick, conglomerating loose crumbling Beam quality good medium poor 17
18 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 18 Thermograhic inspection The AVIO Thermal video system, resolution is 0.01C o 18
19 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 19 The camera of the thermal video system. 10 cm Sugi (Criptonomeria Japonica) 19
20 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 20 Outdoor test samples Outdoor test result Clock time [hours] Temperature difference = temp. over defect - temp. near by the defect 20
21 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 21 Thermographic image of the outdoor test, temperature is rising. Traditional Japanese wall section 21
22 Course in Non Destructive Testing of Wood 04 Strength Estimation Pág. 22 Conclusions Predicting MOR of single members in structure with +/-10 MPa accuracy is possible. using the stress wave velocity and screw withdrawal resistance as strength predictor. Thermography is a possible tool of surface decay detection. 22
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