25 Years of Small Satellites: Technology and New Comer Perspectives. Logan, Utah. August 9 nd th Annual Conference on Small Satellites.

Transcription

1 25 Years of Small Satellites: Technology and New Comer Perspectives Dr. Jean Michel Contant Secretary General IAA Logan, Utah August 9 nd th Annual Conference on Small Satellites.

2 Space Pioneers 15th century Legend: Wàn Hǔ ( 萬虎 or 萬戶 ) of Ming dynasty attempted to become the world's first recorded "astronaut".

3 Space Pioneers First predecessor of the moderne rocket CONRAD HAAS ( ) lived and worked in Sibiu, Romania

4 Space Pioneers Robert Goddard, USA, First liquid rocket in 1926 Robert Esnault-Pelterie ( ) Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky

5 Hermann Julius Oberth Germany IAA Member Max Valier

6 Space Pioneers Herman Oberth ( ) Born in Sibiu Lived and worked in Mediash

7 Hermann Oberth and Wernher von Braun Student

8 A4b rocket Jan 1945 A4 rocket Mid 1943 renamed V2 A9/A10 project stopped in 1942 was to have sufficient range to reach New York

9 Secret Operations Backfire, Paperclip, Osoaviachim : 145 German rocket experts were compelled to move to the USSR 1946: 145 German rocket experts were compelled to move to the USSR

10 118 engineers were brought to Huntsville, USA 38 engineers were brought to the UK 120 engineers were brought to Vernon, France

11 Projects Emerging in USA, Russia, Europe, China..

12 In October 1936 in the Arroyo Seco Behind Caltech... Tsien Hsueh-Shen Frank J Malina John W Parsons Ed. Forman GALCIT ORDCIT Project No 1 change of Name to Jet Propulsion Lab. in 1943 Theodor Von Karman first Director Initial staff Tsien Hsueh- Shen

13 Tsien Hsueh Shen: Space Pioneer #100 scientists of Chinese origin were invited to leave JPL during the McCarthy era (1950) and sent to China. Tsien Hsueh, (Qian Xuesen) Prof. at Caltech, expert in propulsion head of the new Chinese missile program in 1956 After the rupture of URSS and China relations in 1959 design of an improved version of the V-2, known as the R-2 Dong Feng (East Wind). Tsien vonkarman

14 First Issue Astronautica Acta 1955 Later Renamed Acta Astronautica The Journal of the International Academy Of Astronautics

15 The International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) Founded in Stockholm August 16, 1960 Theodore von Karman First IAA President and Frank J. Malina Second IAA President, GALCIT project before historic JATO flights in 1941 (JPL).

16 1955 von Karman at Princeton 1963: JF Kennedy presenting the first National Medal of Science to von Karman 1955 von Karman in a group with Pope Pius XII after receiving appointment to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences

17 A Few More Coincidences Prof. Zhuang Fenggan A world Known Chinese Space Pioneer, was in Caltech University in late fifties, was a member of the Board of Trustees for more than 10 years, was awarded Engineering Award of the International Academy of Astronautics in 2006 The past President Ed. Stone is a Professor at Caltech University and a former Director of JPL May 2010

18 April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin IAA Honorary Member First Man in Space

19 International Academy of Astronautics 1963 F. Malina and Theodore von Karman 1962 Creation of the IAA Manned Research on Celestial Bodies Committee 1961 IAA Lunar International Laboratory Committee

20 16 June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova IAA Honorary Member On board Vostok 6 First Women Cosmonaut March 1965 Alexei Leonov IAA member First Space Walk 2009 in Moscow

21 1964 The Soviet Union start the N1 Manned Program to the Moon First Launch is a failure in Feb 1969 as well as the three following launches Program abandoned in 1974

22 Athens 1965 with Leonov and Belayev Stark Draper, MIT Inventor of the Gyroscope, President of the Academy from 1963 until 1982

23

24 Andrew Haley, Founding Member and IAA Legal Counsel Von Braun takes the floor during the 3 rd IAA Regular Meeting 1965, Athens,

25 Tikhonravov J. A. Van Allen, Guggenheim Award 1962 Some Famous IAA Academician Names Leonid Ivanovitch Sedov Valentin Glushko Gerard Kuiper Antoni Oppenheim Harry Guggenheim Hugh L Dryden Roald Sagdeev Maxime Faget Carl Sagan John Glenn Ulf von Euler M. V. Keldysh Guggenheim Award 1965

26 First Man on the Moon George E. Mueller former President IAA NASA Administrator Head Manned Space Programs July 1969 May 2010

27 Apollo 11, July 16-24, 1969, Neil Armstrong, IAA Member (left) commander, Buzz Aldrin, IAA Member, (right) lunar module pilot. Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969, completed a 2-hour and 15 minute lunar EVA

28 Last Mission Apollo 17 in the area of the Taurus- Littrow region December 1972

29 Moscow June 2009 World Record The Soviet program was focusing on manned flight long duration experiment as exemplified by Mir crew member Valeri Polyakov, IAA member: 240 days in 1988 and a record 437 days 17 hours and 58 minutes Soyuz TM-18 / Soyuz TM-20 January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995

30 8th IAA Man in Space Tashkent 1989 Soyuz Launch Pad at Baikonur with Cosmonauts, Astronauts and IAA Officers

31 1988: L. Broglio, von Karman Award with Hubert Curien, George Mueller M. Yarymovych 1985: IAA General Meeting, Stockholm, Sweeden

32 Albert A. Galeev, Receiving from George E. Mueller IAA President the von Karman Award 1995 Arthur C. Clarke von Karman Award 1996 Vladimir Kotelnikov Vice-President IAA

33 Successful Entry of China: 2003 Shenzhou V carrying China's first human in space, Yang Liwei, Academician Moscow 2009

34 IAA an independent international community of 1200 active leading experts (1700 from 89 nations) recognized by the UN in membership access based on highly competitive election

35 IAA leadership high ranking Board of Trustees (7 Heads of Space Agencies) Six commissions covering all aspects of space activities, Offers the missing forum where the best experts in all domains can meet, know each other and exchange their opinions.

36 IAA Board of Trustees President Dr. Madavan Nair, India Vice-Presidents Dr. Stanislav Konyukhov, Ukraine Prof. Liu Jiyuan, China Prof. Hiroki Matsuo, Japan Dr. Yannick d Escatha, France Secretary General Dr. Jean-Michel Contant, France

37 IAA President Dr. Madavan Nair, India Elected Oct 2009 after 50 years of uninterrupted sequence of US Presidents

38 Publications: Acta Astronautica Prof. Liu Jyuan Vice-President Publications & Communication 1 st SEA LAUNCH time a Vice- President from China 2000 pages a year. Covers space science, engineering, life science and social science Acta Astronautica first appeared in 1955, is in the top ten space journals

39 Scientific Programs Stanislav Konyukhov Vice-President General Designer Zenit Rocket Ukraine SEA LAUNCH IAA Scientific Programs Leaded by 6 Commissions - Program Committees - Study Groups - Permanent Cttee

40 Finance Hiroki Matsuo Vice-President Former Chair Space Commission Supporting Donors Platinum+ EADS Astrium, Lockheed Martin Platinum SEA LAUNCH ESA, CNES, JAXA (Japan), CALT (China), ISRO (India) DLR (Germany), Gold Aerospace Corp, Arianespace, Polet (Russia), Yuzhnoye (Ukraine), Eutelsat, Roma University La Sapienza Silver Dassault (France), IHI (Japan), NASRDA (Nigeria)

41 IAA Awards Basic Science Award Engineering Science Award Life Science Award Social Science Award Basic Science Book Award Engineering Science Book Award Life Science Book Award Social Science Book Award Yannick d Escatha Chairman Space Commission Japan Vice-President Awards & Membership

42 IAA: to recognize individuals who have distinguished themselves in a branch of science or technology related to astronautics IAA Membership Evolution Number of Members Year Total M Total CM Total M+CM

43 Top Ten IAA Membership USA % Russia % France % Germany % China % Japan % Italy % UK % India % Ukraine % Buzz Aldrin, Nov 2009 at IAA Paris

44 IAA Membership in Africa Nigeria 8 Tunisia 3 Morocco 3 Cameroon 1 Egypt 1 Ethiopia 1 Ivory Coast 1 Burkina Faso 1 Senegal 1 South Africa 1 Congo 1 Algeria 1 As August 2009

45 Membership: Access by Election About 50 new members elected each year from all over the world Corresponding Member (<5 years) Member (Lifetime) IAA is arranged in four sections to reflect the major disciplines: Basic Sciences, Engineering Sciences, Life Sciences and Social Sciences.

46 THE THEODORE VON KARMAN AWARD The premier and the most prestigious award of the Academy. Given annually to recognize outstanding lifetime achievements in any branch of science. Honors the memory of the Academy's founder and first President, a scientist of the highest international reputation: Charles S. Draper, USA Luigi Broglio, Italy Arthur c. Clarke, UK Reimar Luest, Germany Jacques Blamont, France Minoru Oda, Japan Hubert Curien, France Oleg Gazenko, Russia U. R. Rao, India K. Kasturirangan, India R. Akiba, Japan R. Bonnet, France

47 The MIR Station Laurels for Team Achievement Award March 2001 Mir 135-tons re-entered the Earth's atmosphere near Nadi, Fiji

48 2002 US Space Shuttle Laurel for Team Achievement Award

49 Laurels for Team Achievements Hubble Team 2004 VLBI Team 2005 Cassini Huygens 2006 Spirit Opportunity 2007 Soho Team 2003

50 LAURELS 2009: SEA LAUNCH

51 14 to 16 IAA Conferences Yearly Bejing Bangalore Fukuoka Moscou

52 2009 IAA stand alone conferences 5th European co-sponsored Conference on Space Debris Darmstadt, (March) 3 nd IAA Conference on Impact of Space on Society, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (April) 2 snd IAA International Conference on Advanced Space Technologies for the Humankind Prosperity, Ukraine (April) 7 th IAA Symposium on Small Satellites for Earth Observation, Berlin (April) 1 st IAA Planetary Defense Conference, Granada, (April) 17 th IAA Human in Space Symposium, Moscow, (June) 6 th Low Cost Planetary Missions Symposium, Goa, India, IAA Symposium on Realistic Near Term Advanced Scientific Missions, Aosta, Italy (July) IAA Solar Power Satellite Workshop, Ontario, Canada (Sept) UN co-sponsored Symposium on the Use of Small Satellites for Sustainable Development, Graz, Austria (Sept) First IAA Space & Global Safety of Humanity Conference, Cyprus, (Nov) 3 rd IAA Regional Conference, Path to Knowledge and Development, Abuja, Nigeria (Dec)

53 16 th IAA Man in Space Symposium, Beijing, China

54 IAA Conference in Ukraine

55 IAA in Africa: Conference in Nigeria

56 IAA in Africa: Conference in Tunisia Tunisian Minister

57 Regional Meeting in Romania

58 First Planetary Defense Conference, Granada, Spain

59 IAA at United Nations The International Academy of Astronautics Made several presentations of the IAA studies Distributed studies to each delegation

60 20 Heads Space Agencies as today

61 Head of Space Agencies Summit November 2010 in Washington on the occasion of IAA 50 th Anniversary To reach consensus on international cooperation: Robotic Space Exploration Disaster Management / Natural Hazards Human Spaceflight Climate change/green Systems

62 New IAA Communication Strategy Beijing UN Vienna March09 Space Debris French TV Antenne2 April 09

63 Space Dictionaries free of charge

64 35 studies in preparation New IAA Study Center open in Beijing in 2010 IAA Studies

65 IAA Nuclear Space Power and Propulsion Studies Nuclear Propulsion Strategies, Nuclear Thermal Rockets, Nuclear Reactors for Electric Propulsion, Nuclear Safety, Legal aspects & Policies Recommendations, including for instance safety assessment for additional risk posed by Lunar & Mars Base mission scenarios. The study indicates that Space Reactors systems can be used safely and effectively on the surface of other celestial bodies.

66 Four IAA Studies Related to the Space Debris

67 IAA Study Dealing with the Threat to Earth from Asteroids and Comets This report addresses: - the nature of the threat, expected future impacts, consequences from various size - reviews current programs to detect, track, characterize NEOs, and future improvements required - identifies techniques to alter NEO s orbit and avoid impact - addresses organizational aspects if serious international capability is to be developed - addresses behavioral factors, sociological, psychological aspects of the threat - examines some international policy implications

68 Medical Safety and Liability Issues in Space Tourism Space: Entrepreneur Technological innovation Space tourism Private/commercial initiative

69 PSYCHOLOGY AND CULTURE DURING LONG-DURATION SPACE MISSIONS Behavior and Performance of Astronauts Recommendations for Future Human Space Flights Earth orbit, Lunar surface Mars and beyond

70 IAA Introduced the Small Satellites Concept in 1984 KITSat (Korea) BIRD 200 (Germany) FASAT (Chili) REIMEI (Japan) GENESAT 2 (USA)

71 Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985) Large science programs of Great Space Agencies - 10 years of development - Expensive budgets ESA Cornerstones (*) Herschel Space Observatory, largest infrared space observatory LISA, gravitational wave observatory ROSETTA, Comet Nucleus Sample Return FIRST Far Infrared Space Telescope BepiColombo, Exploration of Mercury GAIA, Global Astrometric Interferometer for Astrophysics Darwin, Search for extra-solar terrestrial planets (*) ESA's total budget for science is still only about 12.5 percent of NASA's science spending

72 Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985) In reaction to the large science programs Introduce concept of - 2 to 4 years of development - Inexpensive budgets Inexpensive Scientific Satellite Missions: -must fill the gaps between the major programs of the great space agencies, - be developed with short lead-times, -rules of management and technical implementation differ considerably from those applied in the major programs.

73 Small Satellites Concept (Bordeaux 1985) Advantages: - Higher flight frequencies and shorter times in implementing new technological developments - Ideally lead-times should correspond with educational cycle of space science - For many countries, no other than "inexpensive" satellites conceivable for budgetary constraints. - Commonality between programs of such nations and those which have the possibility of sending man into space and explore planets.

74 IAA and Small Satellites at IAC IAA SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL SATELLITE MISSIONS UN/IAA WORKSHOP ON SMALL SATELLITE AT THE SERVICE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 1997 Turin, Italy 1998 Melbourne, Australia 1999 Amsterdam, The Netherlands 2000 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2001 Toulouse, France 2002 Houston, USA 2003 Bremen, Germany 2004 Vancouver, Canada 2005 Fukuoka, Japan 2006 Valencia, Spain 2007 Hyderabad, India 2008 Glasgow, UK 2009 Daejon, Korea

75 And also Low Cost Planetary Missions IAA First Conference on Low Cost Planetary Missions 1993 John Hopkins University

76 The Small Mission Equation Satellite Launch Operations but also a scientific community to be proud of

77 IAA Study Cost-Effective Earth Observation Missions (

78 IAA Symposium on Small Satellites For Earth Observation Berlin

79 A Small Satellite Scientific Community A Success Story - 3 to 5 new IAA members yearly from community - R Sandau, H Stoewer former Trustees - H P Roeser, A Valenzuela IAA Trustees - Ibrahim Hussein, IAA Regional Secretary

80 A Small Satellite Scientific Community Current Study in Progress

81 A Small Satellite Scientific Community Space Systems Cross-Compatibility Chair: Jaime Esper, Co-Chairs: L. Herrel & M. d'errico leveraging PnP interfaces, modularity and other concepts with a goal of reducing mission costs Integrated Applications Services Chair M. Grimard Promote Space as a key element to provide Integrated Applications Services for the benefit of Earth citizens. Knowledge Management of Space Systems Chair J Holm Propose a set of recommendations to improve/harmonize the knowledge management in space activities and avoid major failures

82 Axis of Development in the World Opening IAA Secretariat new Branches Bangalore (February 2010) in charge of the IAA conferences, software development phase. Beijing (May 30, 2010) in charge of the IAA studies preparation and new Study Center creation Bangalore Signature Feb 6, 2010

83 Axis of Development in the World After two Regional Association of IAA members Russia (1995) and Ukraine (2003) Opening IAA Nodes (Regional Centers) Tunis (Tunisia) Government decree under publication, 2 Ministers and a State Secretary having given formal acceptance. Yaoundé (Cameroon) Regional Center approved, installation started, Regional Secretary having trained in Paris office for one month. Damascus (Syria) Governmental acceptance obtained, formal opening next October.

84 Axis of Development in the World New Organization Under Vice-President Stanislav Konyukhov, Vice-Chair Kai-Uwe Schroegl for studies Vice-Chair Byrana Suresh for conferences Under Secretary General Jean-Michel Contant Dr. Rainer Sandau appointed IAA Technical Director, Satellites and Space Applications as May 26 th, 2010 Dr. Claudio Maccone appointed IAA Technical Director Scientific Space Exploration as July 1 st, 2010

85 Axis of Development in the World Among new projects of global scale in Disaster Management, Data Exchange in Remote Sensing, Earthquake prediction, Life Science spinoff Telemedicine for Africa - IAA Sustainable Program for small satellites: Phase 1 - Tunisia - Syria - Cameroon

86 Sustainable Development Program of IAA small satellites an opportunity for space emerging countries to enter Earth observation and applications. to operate small satellite Earth observation missions and utilize the data at low costs, to develop and build application-driven missions to participate in Earth observation missions and associated launches, ground stations, data distributions structures, and space system management approaches

87 Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity To do more with less. To meet local and global needs. To focus infrastructure development of a country High education for science, technology and management Greater involvement of local and small industry,

88 Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity variety of missions and diversification of users expansion of technical/scientific knowledge base, Independence in space Earth Observation /defence capability, without relying on inputs from the major space-faring nations),

89 Sustainable Development Program of IAA Small Satellites an opportunity infrastructure to develop/conduct space missions is major point coming up from dealing with space missions. development of small ground station networks connected with rapid and cost-effective data distribution methods is of high priority. Installation of an institution to coordinate the different space related activities (space agency?)

90 Categories of small satellite missions for remote sensing Commercial Requiring a profit to be made from satellite data or services Scientific/Defense Requiring new scientific/defense data to be obtained New technology Developing or demonstrating a new level of technology Competency demonstration Developing and demonstrating a space systems competency Space technology transfer/training Space conversion by already competent engineering teams Engineering competency growth Developing engineering competence using space as a motivation Education - Personal growth of students via course projects or team project participation Science competency growth (assessment & monitoring of resources & environment)

91 Microsatellites: high mobility due to compactness Small mass essential for observing: weather phenomena like hurricanes lightning or polar lights spectacular fires volcano eruptions floods earth quakes ship, plane or railway accidents or any other event with short delay. Area of interest: a few square kilometres large Spatial resolution: as high as possible.

92 Small Satellite Missions IndependancySmall Industry High Education International Infra-structure Science Collaboration Industry

93 Sustainable Development Program of IAA Peer Reviewed Web Portal on Small Satellites International Reference and Standard - IAA Peer Validation of the true multilingual information on the subject worldwide (*) - Databank on small satellites including - Technical information - Economical information - IAA Studies and other studies - Standardization (*) IAA Study Center in Beijing, China and external cooperation

94 Sustainable Development Program of IAA critical enablers missing: local key expertise IAA will provide the key expertise organize/co-ordinate processes from the wish to the operational phase having the first small satellite system in orbit Goal: to establish, conduct and monitor related projects

95 Sustainable Development Program of IAA To encourage/coordinate new IAA studies dealing with small satellite missions Standardization to facilitate studies Studies as first step towards a small satellite International Data Bank Translation in main languages (Chinese, Hindi, Arabic, etc.) Creation of an international networking among universities Publications web portal Cost, Sponsorship

96 Sustainable Development Program of IAA To make presentations and workshops worldwide especially developing and space emerging countries To facilitate participation to specialized conferences such as AIAA/USU Conference To make small satellites an integral part of university science and engineering curricula. To help establishing project plans with its related work, time and cost constituents

97 Sustainable Development Program of IAA To set up cooperative activities with other international organizations having similar goals such as USU To develop personal growth of students via course projects or team project participation To initiate Awards and Recognitions to encourage successful students, professors, universities for their achievements in small satellite area.

98 Trends for the Coming Decade Users community Major Space Countries Civil Defense Space Emerging Countries Advanced Young Technology Budgetary Perspectives

99 Trends for the Coming Decade Major space countries Community very active that should expand with new private entrepreneurs (similarly to new entrepreneurs in space transportation) Surrey like young organizations to emerge Young new comers may capture markets usually owned by large space companies like SSTL did Small satellites should gradually increase share against large programs Responsive small satellites on the shelf for urgent needs will become significant business

100 Community very active Small Satellite Projects USA 42 Small Satellites 4.6 to 500 kg University of Surrey/SSTL 22 Small Satellites (15%) Rest of the World 83 missions from 25 countries

101 Nb of cubesat missions launched by year

102 Trends for the Coming Decade Major space countries (including Russia) In defense area small satellites are still emergent Significant increase anticipated for responsive character inside budget constraints - Small launchers availability - Design, Production and Launch within a week - Sensors adaptation to new problem - Adapted responsive temporal resolution with multiple satellites - Spatial or spectral resolution re-focusable - Emergence of radar

103 Trends for the Coming Decade Advanced Space Emerging Countries Latin America, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions Ex: Nigeria can buy medium/heavy communication satellites and have a major long term customer training with the Chinese satellite manufacturer. Leap frog possible but still challenge to build a national space infrastructure Those countries will embark in home made small satellites during the decade in addition to their large programs

104 Trends for the Coming Decade Advanced Space Emerging Countries New European countries, Latin America, Africa and Asia-Pacific regions Some space emerging countries in advanced status (having a significant budget, a space agency, small, medium and large satellite programs) Challenges: - to move to home made satellite/technology - to develop local labs and space tech industry - to install space in local educational system - to keep a leading role with neighbors Small satellite will be an appropriate way to respond and steadily slow increase is anticipated

105 Young Space Emerging Countries New European countries, Latin America, Africa and Asia- Pacific regions Many new countries are ready for being a space emerging countries Challenges Trends for the Coming Decade - Political support and positive image - Enthusiasm but difficult to start - Financial support possible but difficult to break reticence - Existing educational system but unaware Small satellite should emerge in a large number of new countries if international cooperation at university level develop and manufacturers support (ex Belarus)

106 More and More Technology Transfer (customer-team training, cooperative agreeements) CRTS, Morocco, & TU Berlin, Germany 1995 Maroc-TUBSAT ATSB, Malaysia, & SaTReCI, Korea 2001 RazakSat NARSS, Egypt, & Yushnoye, Ukraine 2001 EgyptSat-1 LAPAN, Indonesia, & TU Berlin, Germany 2003 LAPAN-TUBSAT GISTDA, Thailand, & EADS Astrium 2004 THEOS ASAL/CNTS, Algeria, & EADS Astrium 2004 AlSat-2

107 Future Trend in Spatial Resolution Spatial resolution is steadily increasing the GSD is decreasing. Example: camera PIC-2 on EROS-B (Israel) GSD = 0.70 m. EROS-B (290 kg) launched in 2006 by Russian START-1 launcher into 500 km sun synchronous orbit (SSO).

108 Future Trend in Spectral Resolution Spectral resolution steadily increasing ex: hyperspectral imager 14 kg/9w CHRIS (ESA) onboard PROBA micro satellite <100 kg GSD = 18 m Provides up to 19 out of 62 spectral bands in the VIS/NIR spectral range ( nm) Launch PSLV-C3 in 2001 with DLR Germany micro satellite BIRD & TES (India)

109 Future Trend in Temporal resolution Unique opportunity for affordable small satellite constellations to improve temporal resolution. ex of 5 small satellites constellations: DMC (Disaster Monitoring Constellation) RapidEye, the first commercial constellation Small satellites constellations able to serve increasing demands for RS data cost-effectively

110 Future Trend Small Satellite Obstacles Main obstacles: mass and volume restrictions power consumption and data rates Application specific instrument components (high resolution optics, RADAR antennas) Technology and application developments encouraging. NigeriaSat-2, a 2,5m imaging small satellite (SSTL) will provide a real-time X-band downlink with 300 Mbps (launch 2010)

111 Future Trend in Radar Missions RADAR missions, starting from the SAR-Lupe constellation (5 satellites of 720kg) The developments in terms of technologies and techniques (e.g. cartwheel configurations) point in the direction of increased possibilities in the use of small satellites.

112 Future Trend in Radar Missions Next decade: the number of small satellite missions applications covered by using active and passive remote sensing systems will be steadily increasing. The importance of remote sensing is increasing - increasing world population - decreasing resources While asking for an ever increasing number of cost-effective space systems to provide quality and timely information.

113 Future Trend and Budgetary Perspectives The space budget perspectives in the major space countries are not going to increase significantly for the coming decade but stability is expected Growth of the private market of Earth observation, challenged by the North-South need for free data, will have steadily slow increase Defense budgets for small satellites will steadily increase globally Urgent prediction, rescue and reconstruction needs for disaster, climate change, will take more importance, will be funded and are privileged small satellite applications

114 The next decades Further strategy will be elaborated with YOU Thank you Photo Credit IAA, NASA, D. Prunariu, Tom Tschida, Carla Thomas, ESA, S. Corvaja, UCLA, JPL, CNES, Roscosmos, Malina, Cherne, Contant, Vernikos, Hinghofer- Szalkay, J Tiziou/Sygma, CBS News, AIA, Jaxa, CALT, Peenemunde Museum, Beijing Tianjin Museum,