Manual Robot kit for experimentation. Mobile all-rounder Analog control Without programming For beginners and experts cm

Transcription

1 Manual Robot kit for experimentation Mobile all-rounder Analog control Without programming For beginners and experts AGE 14+ SIZE 1cm CONSTRUCTION2-4h PARTS 15

2 Introduction We are pleased that you have decided for this high-quality robot kit. tibo opens up a new and exciting access to analog amplifier circuits. You will certainly have fun and experience various possibilities to experiment and tinker about with tibo for a long time. tibo gains his sensory impressions with the help of light sensitive sensors. With the patented combination of sensors, he can navigate precisely and react sensitively to its environment. tibo's brain cells consist of two operational amplifiers. They control the motors and can be wired variably with resistors, capacitors, or diodes via numerous slots. tibo is capable of a lot: Surprising driving maneuvers through sensitive reaction to light and shadow Avoiding obstacles and collisions Following dark or bright lines Following different objects Remote controlling via flashlight Interaction with other robots via infrared light Combination of different functions Two additional operational amplifiers control tibo's infrared LEDs. Via these LEDs, he can react to reflective barriers in different ways and can communicate with other robots.

3 Content 1) Setup All necessary steps are described in detail in the construction manual and are documented with numerous illustrations: p. 4-5 Introduction to soldering p. 6-8 Composition of the basic board p. 9 Function test of the basic board p Composition of the control board p Preparation and first commissioning 2) Experiments The experimental instruction describes the setup of three basic circuit arrangements, explains their function with diagrams, and offers exercises for further experiments. We encourage you to read the explanations carefully and to stick to the indicated order: p Introduction to the operational amplifier p tibo as line follower p tibo as light follower p tibo in interaction p. 36 Be creative Starting with the three basic circuits, you can explore tibo's diverse and surprising behavior patterns and realize more complex controls on your own. PAGES 2 3

4 Introduction to soldering Tools Soldering iron: 2 to 3 W, 3 to 35 C, respectively Solder:.5 to.7 mm diameter Damp, heat-resistant sponge Possibly desoldering wick or desoldering bulb for corrections Procedure 1. Install the components at the indicated locations. Soldering is done on the other side of the circuit board. 2. Clean the soldering tip lengthwise with a damp sponge. 3. Press the soldering tip for approx. one second simultaneously to the soldering pad and the connecting wire of the component so that both are well heated. 4. Now feed the solder into the gap between the soldering pad, the component wire, and the soldering tip while holding the soldering tip in place. Use just enough solder, to cover the whole soldering pad.

5 5. Keep the soldering tip in place on the solder joint for about one second until the applied solder is spread evenly and a silvery metallic cone forms around the wire. 6. Then shorten protruding wires with a small side cutter. In case it did not work: Remove solder with desoldering bulb or desoldering wick and start over. The second time it will work better! Tips Heat up sufficiently and do not dab with the soldering iron Do not heat up too long the solder will turn sticky Right False False Do not use too much solder, otherwise there will be thick chunks PAGES 4 5

6 Composition of the basic board 1. Loosen two 1 Ω resistors with the color code from the strip and bend their connecting wires by 9 directly at the resistor body. Their direction of installation is not relevant. 2. Solder the following components in the indicated order on the basic board in accordance with the markings: 2 x 1 Ω resistors R1 and R2 retaining plate H3 Switch S1 (horizontal) 2 x 2-pin sockets for the LEDs L1 and L2 Charging socket J1 3. Press the 4 soldering pins (for the connection of motors M1 and M2) with the tip ahead into the holes of the square soldering pads as far as possible and solder them on the bottom. Solder the self-resetting fuse F1 (flat yellow housing). Polarity is not relevant.

7 4. Place the motors M1 and M2 on the soldering pins and ensure the [+] markings on the motor connections match those on the circuit board. Slide the motor holders H1 and H2 onto the gearing of the motors according to the imprint. Place the 4 small nuts into the recesses of the motor holders from above and fasten them from below with the 4 small screws. When soldering the motor connections, be sure not to damage the plastic. 5. Place the battery holders B1 and B2 and fasten them with 2 screws from above and the 2 nuts from below. When soldering the battery contacts, make sure to heat them up sufficiently (approx. 2-3 seconds). Use appropriately robust pincers to shorten the contact pins. 6. Install the 4 hexagonal spacer bolts with 4 screws on the contacts [+], [ ], MR, and ML of the circuit board. Tighten the screws well. Continue on the next page PAGES 6 7

8 7. Diagonally insert the ball holder while pressing it together lightly. Then turn the holder by 9, so that the open side is facing towards the middle of the circuit board and insert the steel ball. 8. Mount the tires onto the wheels and plug them onto the motor shaft with the flat side ahead (note the flattening of the motor shaft). 12 mm K A 9. Shorten the connecting wires of 4 of the red LEDs to 12 mm according to the true to scale illustration. Insert two of these LEDs into the sockets L1 and L2. Pay attention to the correct polarity. Note: The rectangular soldering pad marks the cathode (K). The housing of the LED is flattened and it has a shorter pin on this side.

9 Function test of the basic board 1. Equip the battery holder with 1.5 V AAA batteries or with 1.2 V NiMH rechargeable batteries. With one charge, tibo can operate for up to 5 hours. Charge rechargeable batteries via the charge socket J1 using an external charger with DC connector ( Ø 3.5 mm / 1.3 mm,.9 A max). Always use 4 equally charged cells to avoid overloading individual batteries. Caution: Never use a power supply with constant voltage for charging. Never try to recharge normal batteries. Both can lead to the destruction of the cells. 2. Switch on S1 (slide to the right) to test whether LEDs L1 and L2 light up. Note: LEDs L1 and L2 indicate the corresponding charge state of battery units B1 and B2. If possible, charge the batteries before one of the LEDs extinguishes (at about.9 V per cell). 3. To test the proper installation of the motors, connect the spacer bolts MR with [+] and ML with [ ], using a piece of wire or solder each. When you turn on the switch S1, tibo should move forward. Note: To move forward, the right motor requires a positive voltage at MR and the left motor requires a negative voltage at ML. PAGES 8 9

10 Composition of the control board 1. Place four 14-pin, four 6-pin, six 8-pin IC sockets, and eight 2-pin sockets according to the illustration. Pay attention to the semi-circular notch when inserting the IC sockets. Turn around the circuit board on the sockets e.g. using a flat piece of cardboard, and solder them on the bottom. 2. Then solder the switch S2 (vertical) and the two 3-pin potentiometers P1 and P2 (variable resistors with 1 MΩ). 3. Put the two 8-pin IC components IC1 and IC2 into the IC socket according to the small semi-circular recess. If necessary, slightly bend the IC pins together on a flat surface before inserting them. Caution: If you have been charged with electricity, ICs (integrated circuits) may be damaged by simply touching them. Therefore, you should discharge yourself by touching a grounded heater system or a metallic case of equipment.

11 Note: IC1 includes the two operational amplifiers OP1R and OP1L (triangular circuit symbols). They control the motors and form the heart of tibo. IC2 includes OP2R and OP2L. These control the infrared LEDs. 4. Insert two 3-pin and two 2-pin sockets at the indicated locations on the back of the board and solder them on the top. 5. The 5 photo transistors (tibo's light sensors) have a transparent housing with a red marker and legs of different lengths. The curved lenses must be looking outward. Solder three of these photo transistors T1, T3, and T5 at the corresponding markings. 6. Insert the two remaining, already shortened red LEDs L2R and L2L into the 2-pin sockets. Pay attention to correct polarity again. 7. Finally, put the two circuit boards together fitting the 4 LEDs into the corresponding holes in the opposite circuit board. Connect the circuit boards at the spacer bolts using 4 screws and tighten them well. PAGES 1 11

12 Preparation and first commissioning 1. Cut two 18 mm long pieces from the shrink hose. Then push each hose piece together, making sure that the possible fold edges (shown dotted in figure a) are located in the middle and cut off the upper end at a 3 angle. This will result in a V-cut out (figure b) in the original state. 12 mm 18 mm a b Now put the hoses through the slits of the basic board onto the sensors T1 and T5 with the V-cut out ahead, with the result that the lenses of the sensors are barely visible. This way, you can later adjust their exposure to light. 2. Shorten the pins of the remaining two photo transistors T2 and T4 (red marking) according to the illustration. Then plug the two sensors through the slits of the basic board into the 3-pin socket of the E C control board ensuring that the contacts located towards the center of the board remain free and that the curved lenses are directed forward.

13 3. Now loosen all remaining resistors (R) from the strip and bend their connection wires by 9 directly at the ceramic body. Check the distance (7.5 mm) and shorten the wires afterwards according to the illustration. 4 R D C K 7.5 A 4. The 4 diodes (D) consist of a small, round glass body with a black ring on the cathode (K). Carefully bend their connections with small pointed pliers. 5. Shorten the connecting wires of the blue capacitors (C) and the six infrared LEDs (transparent housing without red marking) to 4 mm. 4 4K IR A 6. Sort the following resistors (R) and capacitors (C) in the assortment box to make them ready for later experiments: resistor color-code capacitor marking Ω 1 nf 1nK4 1 MΩ 22 nf 22nK MΩ 47 nf 47nK1 4.7 MΩ 1 nf µ1k1 1 MΩ 22 nf µ22k1 1 MΩ (Mega-Ohm) = 1 6 Ω 1 nf (Nano-Farad) = 1-9 F You can keep the remaining components in a foil bag for the time being. Continue on the next page PAGES 12 13

14 7. The test circuit shown in the illustration allows you to adjust the speed of the motors via a series resistor if necessary. For this adjustment, the operational amplifiers OP1R and OP1L are set to maximum gain. Use the 14-pin sockets to connect the [+] and [ ] inputs of the OPs according to the illustration, each via a 1 MΩ resistor and a Ω resistance bridge to the supply voltage (square solder pads with [+] or [ ] marking). Note: The right motor rotates forward if the voltage at the [ ] input of OP1R is lower than at the [+] input. The left motor, however, rotates forward if the voltage at the [ ] input of OP1L is higher than at the [+] input.

15 8. Initially, connect both motor connections MR and ML directly via a Ω resistance bridge with the outputs of OP1R and OP1L according to the illustration. Now turn on tibo with the S1 switch. If he drives in a slight curve, replace the Ω bridge before the faster of the two motors with the 4.7 Ω resistor or the 1 Ω resistor, ensuring tibo drives in a line as straight as possible. The installed resistor then stays in place for all circuits. 9. Now shorten the connections of the two remaining red LEDs L1R and L1L according to the illustration and bend them by 9 at the dotted line towards the front (pay attention to polarity). Then put on the two white LED holders and plug the LEDs into the appropriately labeled sockets. a b Note: 17 mm K A K A The two LEDs L1R and L1L as well as L2R and L2L, will indicate how strong the corresponding three right or left infrared LEDs (short: IR-LEDs) light up. It is advisable to remove the LEDs L1R and L1L during the setup of the respective circuits to avoid them hindering you while working. PAGES 14 15

16 Introduction to the operational amplifier An operational amplifier (OP) has a [ ] input, a [+] input, an output, as well as two connections [+/ ] for the power supply. It amplifies the voltage difference between the [+] input and the [ ] input. However, as this amplification is far too high for most applications, a resistor (R1) is installed before the [ ] input and the output signal Out is returned to the [ ] input via another resistor (R2). Note: Via this feedback, the amplifier controls the output Out to align the voltage at the [ ] input with the voltage at the [+] input. The supply voltage (B2, B1) in the diagram is U = +/ 3 V. With rechargeable batteries, it would be approx. +/ 2.4 V. The signals of the circuit (In+, In, and Out) are displayed as voltage arrows relative to GND ( V) and are connected via the red bar. For example, input voltages In = 2 V and In+ = 1 V result in output voltage Out = 1 V. The horizontal position of the arrow In+ is determined by the ratio of the resistors R2/R1 (2MΩ/1MΩ) and determines the amplification A as follows: a) If e.g., In is increased by 1 V (and In+ remains constant), Out decreases by 2 V. In this case, this results in a negative amplification A = R2/R1 = 2. You will use this connection later for tibo as light follower. b) However, if In remains constant and In+ is increased by 1 V instead, Out increases by 3 V. The amplification A = 1+R2/R1 = 3 is now positive. You will use this connection for tibo as line follower in the following.

17 + U [V] +3 U [V] +3 a) +1 V + B2 + In R1 1M b) +1 V In+ R2 2M b) A=1+R2/R1= b) +3 V GND + B In R1 In+ - + R2 + Out a) A= R2/R1= Out a) 2 V 3 3 PAGES 16 17

18 tibo as line follower With this first simple circuit, you can let tibo follow a line. The serially wired sensors T2 and T4 supply the voltage signal InM, which is amplified by OP1R and OP1L and controls both motors (round circuit symbol). 1. Adapt tibo's circuit according to the wiring diagram (2M2 signifies 2.2 MΩ, 1n signifies the two 1 nf capacitors). For simple orientation, all slots are marked by letters from A to E and numbers from 1 to 8. Ensure that the components are connected by the traces on the circuit board according to the diagram. 2. Use a bright surface with consistent and sufficiently strong lighting from above. Make sure that no direct light influences the sensors T2 and T4. 3. Tape a desired lane for tibo on the surface with the black electrical tape. 4. Place tibo on the line and off he goes! 5. If tibo does not drive in the middle of the lane, you can adjust T2 and T4. Note: If tibo drives e.g., too far on the right of the lane or even strays from it completely, the left sensor T2 is getting too much light. Screen it a little from the light by pushing it further into the blue circuit board. If necessary, shorten its connecting wires a little.

19 1n 8 1M 2M2 OP1R - 4M7 MR MR = [+] > forward MR = [ ] > backward + T4 InM T2 + 1M A B C 1M + D GND GND Note: The light from LED lights or fluorescent lamps has a low percentage of infrared and is barely noticeable for tibo's sensors M 2M2 OP1L 4M7 ML ML = [+] > backward ML = [ ] > forward 1n 8 PAGES 18 19

20 tibo as line follower Explanations The diagram illustrates the connection of the sensor signal InM and the motor signals MR and ML. A photo transistor (sensor) has a variable resistance that decreases with increasing brightness. The two sensors T2 and T4 divide the supply voltage depending on the brightness ratio between +3 V and 3 V. If the black lane is rather located under the left sensor T2, this sensor only receives e.g. about half as much light as T4. Therefore, there are 2 V at T4 and 4 V at T2, which results in + 1 V for InM. InM (In+) controls the [+] inputs of both amplifiers making the red (right) and blue (left) bars cross at this voltage level. The input ends of the bars (In ) are fixed for OP1R at 3 V (red bar) and for OP1L at +3 V (blue bar). For InM = +1 V, the output voltages 1.9 V for ML and +3 V for MR are shown in the diagram. OP1R is over-amplified because its output voltage has reached the value of the supply voltage. tibo turns slightly to the left towards the black lane. For the case of InM = V (thin red and blue lines cross at V) both amplifiers are set to maximum output and tibo drives straight on. The amplification A of the circuit is: A = 1 + R(C7+D7) / R(A6+B7) = = MΩ / 3.2 MΩ 2.5 The 1 nf capacitors prevent sudden changes of MR and ML. This damping is determined by the time constant T: T = R(A6+B7) C(E8) = 3.2 MΩ 1 nf = = Ω F =.32 s

21 T MR +1 A6 1M B7 2M2 C7 D7 4M7 +1 InM GND 1 1 ML 2 2 T2 3 3 PAGES 2 21

22 tibo as line follower Exercises 1. Test how tibo behaves when confronted with lines of different widths, intersections, or even branching. 2. Determine the area for InM, in which tibo drives straight. (This dead zone prevents tibo from swinging left or right on the lane.) Add this to the diagram by drawing two lines for MR = +3 V and ML = 3 V and determine their points of intersection with the vertical line. 3. Test different amplifications and damping by varying the resistors R(A6), R(B7), R(D7), or the capacitors C(D8). 4. Let tibo push small dark objects ahead of him instead of letting him follow lines. 5. Place T2 and T4 on the inner slots of the corresponding 3-pin socket to make tibo follow a bright line (e.g., a strip of paper) on a dark background. Use the table and the empty diagram to record and analyze interesting circuits (best copy them before) T4 1 A B C D P1

23 T GND T2 3 3 PAGES 22 23

24 tibo as light follower This circuit enables tibo to navigate autonomously with the help of the three sensors T1, T3, and T5. The two sensor signals InR and InL control the motors via OP1R or OP1L. As tibo always responds to relative lighting conditions, he can navigate in variable lighting without having to send out light by himself. 1. Adapt the circuit according to the wiring diagram and set the potentiometer P1 to center position at 5 MΩ with a small screwdriver. 2. Turn on tibo and observe how he behaves. Adjust the relative incidence of light on the sensors by moving the two hoses on T1 and T5. Note: With this circuit, tibo follows the light. If tibo e.g., mostly turns to the right (the right motor rotates backwards), the right sensor T5 is receiving too much light. Cover T5 a little more with the hose. If tibo does not move forward at all even though his path is free, screen both T1 and T5 from the light a little more. But not too much! Otherwise, tibo will be blind. 3. Now observe how tibo reacts to light and different obstacles. What roles do the brightness and the size of the obstacles play? What influence does the potentiometer P1 have?

25 + 47n 8 InR T5 1M OP1R - + 2M2 MR MR = [+] > forward MR = [ ] > backward Note: InL + T3 T1 2M2 P 1 1 M A B C 2M2 1M + - OP1L D 2M2 GND GND ML If the resistance of P1 is reduced (potentiometer turned to the left), tibo tends to move backwards or to change direction. If P1 is increased, tibo rather moves forwards and maybe is not able to turn on the spot. ML = [+] > backward ML = [ ] > forward 47n 8 PAGES 24 25

26 tibo as light follower Explanations The diagram illustrates the connection of the sensor signals InR, InL, and the motor signals MR and ML. In this circuit, three sensors T1, T3, and T5 are connected in series resulting in two sensor signals InR and InL. In the case shown in the diagram, all 3 sensors are equally lit. Therefore, the supply voltage is evenly divided between the three sensors (2 V each), resulting in InR = +1 V and InL = 1 V. The two sensor signals InR and InL (In ) control the [ ] inputs of OP1R or OP1L. The [+] inputs (In+) of the two amplifiers (OPs) are determined by the resistors in series R(A2), P1, R(A2) at +1.6 V and 1.6 V. The red and blue bars indicate the output voltages MR =+2.9 V and ML = 2.9 V. So in consistent brightness, tibo moves forward almost at maximum speed. The more light hits the right sensor T5, the further InR moves towards + 3 V. InR = 2.6 V (thin red line) would result in e.g., an output voltage of.6 V for MR. The right motor would run backwards slowly and turn tibo to the right towards the light. The higher P1 is set, the further the voltages on the [+] inputs move apart from each other and the less tibo reacts to differences in brightness. The amplification A of the circuit is: A = R(D7) / R(A4) = 2.2 MΩ / 1 MΩ = 2.2 The damping is determined by: T = R(A4) C(D8) = 1 MΩ 47 nf = = Ω F =.47 s

27 T5 +2 A4 1M A2 2M2 D7 2M2 +2 MR InR T3 P1 5M GND InL M A4 2M2 D7 2 ML T1 A2 2M2 3 3 PAGES 26 27

28 tibo as light follower Exercises 1. How do InR and InL consequently MR and ML change, if T1 is lit half as bright as T3 and T5? 2. How does tibo react, when the sensor T3 receives less light than T1 and T5? 3. Determine the respective value for P1 in the diagram to make tibo turn on the spot (MR = ML = 3 V) at InR = 2.6 V (and InL =.2 V). Draw a red line with the appropriate endpoints and determine their intersection with the series connection R(A2), P1, R(A2). 4. Which resistor values R(D7) must be chosen to achieve the same (MR = ML = 3 V) for P1 = 5 MΩ? Test and compare both versions with tibo. 5. Test different amplifications and damping by varying the resistors R(C7) or R(D7) and the capacitors C(D8). Use the table and the empty diagram to record and analyze interesting circuits (best copy them before) A B C D P1

29 T T3 GND T1 3 3 PAGES 28 29

30 tibo in interaction The output signals of OP1R and OP1L now control tibo's right and left IR LEDs with the help of OP2R and OP2L. 1. Expand the circuit according to the wiring diagram. Place the two 47 Ω (47R) resistors at positions E9. 2. Plug the six IR-LEDs (IR1R, IR2R, IR3R, IR1L, IR2L, IR3L) with the lenses outward into the corresponding 2-pin sockets. 3. Set the potentiometer P2 to center position at about 5 MΩ and switch S2 to [=]. Note: If S2 is set in position [=], OP2R controls the right and OP2L the left LEDs. In position [x], it is exactly the other way around. 4. Switch on tibo and check whether the red LEDs (L1R, L2R and L1L, L2L) are lit while driving. Their brightness indicates the intensity of the corresponding three IR-LEDs. 5. Observe when the LEDs turn on or off. What influence does the potentiometer P2 have? 6. How does tibo react, when he drives towards (reflective) objects? Try to adjust P2 so that tibo tracks objects, stops before them (until the IR-LEDs go out), then turns away, and drives on. Note: The weaker the lighting, the stronger tibo reacts to its own or external infrared light.

31 - + OP1R - + OP1L 47n A B C 1M 2M2 47n D T5 T1 T3 2M2 2M2 2M2 1M MR ML 4M7 4M7 1M 1M OP2R S2 - + OP2L 22n E E9 47R E9 47R 22n 4M7 4M7 + + IR3R L2R L1R IR2R IR1R IR1L L1L L2L IR2L IR3L IR_R IR_L P 1 1 M P 2 1 M InR InL 31 3 PAGES

32 tibo in interaction Explanations The diagram illustrates the connection between the motor signals MR, ML, and the voltages at the IR-LEDs. IR_R = IR1R+IR2R+IR3R and IR_L = IR1L+IR2L+IR3L. Suppose MR = 2 V and ML = 1 V for the inputs of OP2R and OP2L (In ). The LED groups IR_R and IR_L are now not at V (like the motors), but at + 3 V or 3 V. Resulting in IR_R = 3.8 V and IR_L = 2.8 V. As the IR-LEDs only start to light at about 3 1 V = 3 V, the left ones are off in this case. Because the operational amplifiers limit the output current to max 8 ma, a conventional series resistor is unnecessary. About V = 4.2 V are available at the IR-LEDs at full brightness. Hence, they can only be controlled between 3 V and 4.2 V. The [+] inputs (In+) of the two amplifiers are set to +.6 V and.6 V by the series connection R(D2), P2, R(D2). The smaller P2 is chosen, the sooner the LEDs remain on when tibo reduces his speed. Note: The voltages In+ at the [+] inputs of the amplifiers can be replaced by each other (inverted) by relocating the resistors R(D2) to R(D1). The amplification A of the circuit is: A = R(E7) / R(D4) = 4.7 MΩ / 4.7 MΩ = 1 The damping (delay) results in: T = R(D4) C(E8) = 4.7 MΩ 22 nf 1 s

33 D2 1M +2 MR +1 4M7 D4 E7 4M7 +1 IR_R P2 5M ML 1 D4 4M7 4M7 E7 1 2 D2 1M 2 IR_L 3 3 PAGES 32 33

34 tibo in interaction Exercises To control the left LEDs with MR and the right LEDs with ML, remove the capacitors C(E8) and displace the 1 MΩ resistors from D2 to D3, so that both In as well as In+ are now controlled. Determine the voltages In+, IR_R, and IR_L in the diagram for different cases: e.g., MR = +3 V, ML = 1 V, and P2 = Ω To control all 6 IR-LEDs at the same time with MR and ML (IR_R = IR_L), complement the circuit with 1 MΩ resistors at position D2. Determine the voltages In+, IR_R, and IR_L in the diagram again (for professionals). Set S2 to [x], so that the LEDs turn on when reversing (instead of while driving forward). Investigate tibo's behavior. To switch the LEDs on or off with S2 regardless of MR and ML, bring the voltages In+ accordingly far apart: e.g., R(D1) or R(D2) = 1 MΩ and P2 = 1 MΩ A B C D E P1 P2 S2

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36 Be creative By now, you got to know three basic control circuits for tibo and probably experimented with some variations, too. Perhaps you have come to wonder what the remaining slots could be used for. It is beyond the scope of these instructions, however, to show and explain all possible variations of the circuit in detail. Therefore, we want to encourage you to give your own ideas a try and to individualize tibo's behavior even more: Try to combine all 5 sensors in a circuit so that tibo e.g., can dodge obstacles and at the same time follow small (dark) objects at a certain distance. Different amplifications can be combined with the help of parallel connections via the diodes. Thus, you can e.g., make tibo move forward faster but turn more slowly (or vice versa). By installing additional capacitors between the sensors and the inputs of the OPs, tibo will react more complex to changes in his environment. Finally, it gets really exciting if you have the opportunity to let several tibos interact with each other. They dodge each other, follow one another, or drive towards each other while keeping a certain distance. Curious and surprising scenarios can be observed by a skillful control of the IR-LEDs. Have fun! Your Tino Werner

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38 Components overview

39 Electronics 1 horizontal switch (S1) tibo on/off 1 vertical switch (S2) IR-mode =/x 1 self-resetting fuse.9 A (F1) 1 charging socket Ø 3.5mm/1.3mm (J1) 5 photo transistors (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5) 6 IR-LEDs (IR1R - IR3R, IR1L - IR3L) 6 LEDs 5 mm (L1, L2, L1R, L2R, L1L, L2L) 2 dual operational amplifiers (IC1, IC2) Mechanics 2 boards (basic/blue, control/red) 2 metal gear motors (M1, M2) 2 motor holders (H1, H2) 2 battery holders 2xAAA (B1, B2) 2 wheels & tires (Ø 32 mm) 1 ball holder & steel ball (1/2") 1 black electrical tape 1 resistor 4.7 Ω 1 resistor 1 Ω 2 resistors 47 Ω 2 resistors 1 Ω 6 resistors 1 MΩ 6 resistors 2.2 MΩ 6 resistors 4.7 MΩ 6 resistors 1 MΩ 1 retaining plate (H3) 4 screws (N2-56 x 4.8 mm) & nuts 1 screws (M 2.5 x 6 mm) 2 nuts (M 2.5) 4 spacer bolts (M 2.5 x 15 mm) 1 shrink hose (3.2 mm) 1 assortment box 2 potentiometers 1 MΩ (P1, P2) 1 resistance bridges Ω 2 capacitors 1 nf 2 capacitors 22 nf 2 capacitors 47 nf 2 capacitors 1 nf 2 capacitors 22 nf 4 diodes 4 soldering pins 12 sockets 2-pin 2 sockets 3-pin 4 IC-sockets 6-pin 6 IC-sockets 8-pin 4 IC-sockets 14-pin 2 white LED-holders PAGES 38 39

40 Necessary tools (not in the scope of delivery) SN 1 EN v Soldering iron and solder pointed pliers side cutter small cross and slotted screwdrivers 4 x AAA/R3 (rechargeable) batteries Infos and videos at variobot.com 215, Tino Werner, VARIOBOT VARIOBOT Inh. Tino Werner Mannheimer Straße Leopoldshafen, Germany Please note: Only suitable for the age of 14 and above. Use under adult supervision recommended. Please read instructions before use, follow and keep them at your disposal for further consultation. Please keep the packaging. Caution! Please keep away from children under 3 years of age. There is a risk of suffocation from swallowing small parts. Danger of injury from sharp tips and edges of individual components. Subject to technical changes. Made in Germany