9 Moisture Monitoring
|
|
- Lambert Stewart
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 9 Moisture Monitoring Microwave techniques have been considered for moisture sensing in many food processing and agriculture-related industries (Trabelsi, et al. 1998b). Chapter 7 highlighted the strong dependence of dielectric properties for organic materials on the moisture content of the material. Both bound water and free water have much higher dielectric properties than dry organic materials; therefore RF and microwave technologies have been used to automatically monitor moisture content. 9.1 Free-Space Moisture Detection The previous chapter introduced the idea of using a free-space transmission technique for detecting decay in wood. The same technique can be used for measuring moisture in various materials. As the microwaves propagate through a layer of organic material, they will be attenuated and experience a phase shift (Kim, et al. 2002, Kim, et al. 2006), as illustrated in Figure 8.5 in the previous chapter. The attenuation and phase shift can be compared to an empty sample holder between two antennae (Kim, et al. 2002, Kim, et al. 2006). The change in RF and microwave field attenuation is given by (Kim, et al. 2002, Kim, et al. 2006): D " A = p k d l k ' (9.1) o where DA is the difference between the attenuation, with and without samples, in db, l o is the free space wave length, k and k are the real and imaginary parts of the relative permittivity of the material, and d is the thickness of the material under test. The phase delay is given by (Trabelsi, et al. 1998a, Kim, et al. 2006): ( k ' 1) 360 DF = - d (9.2) l o Where DF is the difference between the phase, with and without samples, in degrees. As illustrated in equation (9.1), the change in attenuation depends on the dielectric properties of the samples under test when the frequency and sample thickness are constant. Because the dielectric properties are closely linked to moisture content, it is possible to measure the moisture content by detecting the peak voltage of the microwave signal from the receiving antenna (Kim, et al. 2002); however, with
2 Free-Space Moisture Detection 123 particulate materials, bulk density fluctuations cause significant errors in moisture content determination (Trabelsi, et al. 1998b). k" k ' Trabelsi et al. (1998b) demonstrated that plotting r against r for varying moisture content, where r is the bulk density of the material, resulted in a straight line of the form: k" æk' ö = a - b r ç çèr ø (9.3) Slope (a) and intercept (b) values for hard red winter wheat of different moisture contents are listed in Table 9.1. All the lines cross the axis at a common point, which corresponds to the coordinates, in the complex plane, of the dielectric properties of a totally dry kernel mixture (Trabelsi, et al. 1998b). The slope factor (a) depends solely on frequency (in GHz) such that (Trabelsi, et al. 1998a): a= f (9.4) Table 9.1: Slope and intercept values for hard red winter wheat of different moisture contents as a function of frequency (Source: Trabelsi, et al. 1998b). Frequency (GHz) a - measured a calculated from equation (9.3) b - measured r Provided a and b are known for any given material, the bulk density can be determined from the dielectric properties at any given moisture content and temperature (Trabelsi, et al. 1998a):
3 124 Moisture Monitoring r ak' -k" ab = (9.5) The slope and intercept values (a and b) must be determined experimentally for each material to be tested. A density-independent function can also be defined (Trabelsi, et al. 1998a): k" x = k' k' k" ( a - ) (9.6) The square root of x varies linearly with moisture and is ultimately independent of bulk density: x = am + b (9.7) where a and b are constants, and m is the moisture content of the sample Practical Applications Various free-space systems moisture detection systems have been developed for use in agriculture for monitoring the moisture of grains and hay going into storage (Figure 9.1). For example, a commercially available moisture detection system for quickly measuring the moisture content of hay bales has been developed (Figure 9.1). Analysis of this commercial microwave hay moisture meter showed a close relationship of the meter s readings compared to the lab results (R 2 = 0.867) (Keith, et al. 2013). Similar RF and microwave based free-space systems are available for measuring moisture of other agricultural products that are susceptible to moisture related degradation, including: grain, sugar, and cotton. In all cases, the dielectric properties of the dry material are very low compared with the dielectric properties of bound and free water; therefore moisture detection is moderately easy to achieve. Free-space moisture monitoring relies on transmitting a RF or microwave field through a material under test. Although this arrangement is ideal for monitoring many agricultural and forestry products, such as grains and sawn timber, it is not always possible to have access to both sides of a material. Under these circumstances, microwave emissions from the material or radar assessments are better.
4 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture 125 Figure 9.1: Microwave system for monitoring moisture in hay bales mounted on the outlet of a large square baler (Source: Anonymous 2013). Other moisture monitoring techniques rely on close range radar analysis. These also respond to changes in the dielectric properties due to changes in the moisture content of the material being monitored. In particular these changes in the dielectric properties change the reflectivity of the material, which therefore enhances the reflections that the radar system detects. One commercial example of a radar-based moisture detection system was developed for the measurement of moisture and temperature in rotating pan, static and planetary mixers (Hydronix Limited 2004). The main sensor has a simple temperature sensor and a compact modular microwave radar system mounted on an arm. This can be inserted into a mixer system, such as an animal feed mixer, and monitors the moisture content of the material as it passes by the radar module. Changes in the moisture content correspond to changes in the output voltages from the radar module. 9.2 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture Heat is transferred through space by conduction, convection and radiation. Radiative heat transfer refers to the transfer of energy by broad spectrum electromagnetic radiation from some adjacent hot object (or from a hot environment) to the heated object. Any object that is above zero degrees Kelvin will radiate energy in the form of electromagnetic photons. The German physicist, Max Planck ( ), deduced that the ideal radiation spectral density (r ideal ) given off from a hot object depended on the wavelength of interest and the temperature of the object. This spectral density can be described by:
5 126 Moisture Monitoring r ideal 2phc = hc 5 æ ö kt l e l -1 ç çè ø (9.8) Where h is Planck s constant ( J s), c is the speed of light, l is the electromagnetic wavelength of interest, k is Boltzmann s constant ( J K -1 ), and T is the temperature in Kelvin. A typical set of spectral distributions is shown for different temperatures are shown in Figure 9.2. Although the peak emissions occur in the infra-red part of the spectrum for ambient temperatures, some energy is emitted in the RF and microwave bands. Real objects radiate slightly less energy in different parts of the spectrum. The ratio of the real emission at any given wavelength and the ideal emission is defined as the emissivity (e) of the surface: e r r ideal = (9.9) The spectral emissivity of a material is directly related to its reflection coefficient (G) at the wavelength of interest (Lakshmi 2013): real e = 1-G (9.10) This is the same as the transmission coefficient defined in equation (4.40) in Chapter 4. Combining and manipulating equations (4.33) and (4.40) yields: 2 k e = (9.11) 1 + k where k is the complex relative dielectric constant of the material. It has already been demonstrated in Chapter 7 that the relative dielectric constant of organic materials and soils in the RF and microwave bands is strongly linked to the moisture content of the material while the influence of moisture on the dielectric properties of these materials in the infra-red part of the spectrum is negligible; therefore monitoring natural electromagnetic emissions from organic materials and soils using duel band sensors (thermal infra-red and microwave) can remotely determine the moisture content of these materials (Lakshmi 2013), as illustrated in Figure 9.3.
6 Microwave Emissions as a Measure of Moisture 127 Figure 9.2: Ideal radiative spectral density at different temperatures as a function of temperature and wavelength. Figure 9.3: Estimated microwave emissions from bare clay soil as a function of frequency and soil moisture content at 25 C. Although the electromagnetic power emissions from soil at microwave are very small, radiometers that measure microwave emission brightness from the earth s surface have been deployed in satellites for some time and are routinely used to determine the moisture content of soils on a large scale (Lakshmi 2013). Close range systems, mounted on farm machinery, could also be developed; however the requirement for dual band monitoring makes these systems expensive.
7 128 Moisture Monitoring 9.3 Radar Moisture Measurement The reflection coefficient of surface is also dependent on the dielectric properties of the material: 1 G = 1 + k k (9.12) Therefore the radar cross section of an object, which was introduced in Chapter 8, also depends on the dielectric properties of the surface material of an object. If radar is directed at an organic material or the soil, changes in moisture content will affect the reflection coefficient of the surface (Figure 9.4). Figure 9.4: Reflection coefficient of bare clay soil as a function of frequency and soil moisture content at 25 C. Comparing figures (9.3) and (9.4) suggests that reflection provides better discrimination between soil moisture status than emissions, therefore research into remote moisture measurements using radar is being actively pursued (Zhan, et al. 2006). Mass produced radar modules at fixed frequencies have been available for some time. These can be deployed on agricultural machinery to measure the moisture content of soil and produce in real time. Aerial and satellite radar systems can also be employed to assess large areas of the landscape. These large scale radar systems will be explored in the next chapter.
8 References 129 References Anonymous Gazeeka Moisture Gauge. International Stock Foods Hydronix Limited Hydro-Probe Orbiter User Guide Keith, E. W., Mathew, D., Jeff, A. and Drew, S Production Scale Single-pass Corn Stover Large Square Baling Systems. Proc Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, Kim, K., Kim, J., Lee, S. S. and Noh, S. H Measurement of Grain Moisture Content Using Microwave Attenuation at 10.5 GHz and Moisture Density. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 51(1): Kim, K. B., Kim, J. H., Lee, C. J., Noh, S. H. and Kim, M. S Simple instrument for moisture measurement in grain by free-space microwave transmission. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 49(4): Lakshmi, V Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture. ISRN Soil Science. 2013: Trabelsi, S., Kraszewski, A. W. and Nelson, S. O. 1998a. A Microwave Method for On-line Determination of Bulk Density and Moisture Content of Particulate Materials. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 47(1): Trabelsi, S., Krazsewski, A. W. and Nelson, S. O. 1998b. New Density-Independent Calibration Function for Microwave Sensing of Moisture Content in Particulate Materials. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 47(3): Zhan, X., Houser, P. R., Walker, J. P. and Crow, W. T A Method for Retrieving High-Resolution Surface Soil Moisture From Hydros L-Band Radiometer and Radar Observations. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 44(6):
Microwave Moisture Measurement Technique In Industrial Application Dr. T. Jayanthi 1, B.Shiny Navya 2, K.Vanitha 3
Microwave Moisture Measurement Technique In Industrial Application Dr. T. Jayanthi 1, B.Shiny Navya 2, K.Vanitha 3 2,3 UG Students, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Panimalar Institute
More informationPassive Microwave Sensors LIDAR Remote Sensing Laser Altimetry. 28 April 2003
Passive Microwave Sensors LIDAR Remote Sensing Laser Altimetry 28 April 2003 Outline Passive Microwave Radiometry Rayleigh-Jeans approximation Brightness temperature Emissivity and dielectric constant
More informationHIGH VOLTAGE INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL MONITORING WITH X- BAND MICROWAVE RADIOMETER
HIGH VOLTAGE INSULATOR CONTAMINATION LEVEL MONITORING WITH X- BAND MICROWAVE RADIOMETER Yan JIANG, Alistair REID, Azam NEKAHI, Scott G MCMEEKIN Martin JUDD Alan WILSON Glasgow Caledonian University-UK
More informationMODULE 9 LECTURE NOTES 1 PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
MODULE 9 LECTURE NOTES 1 PASSIVE MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING 1. Introduction The microwave portion of the electromagnetic spectrum involves wavelengths within a range of 1 mm to 1 m. Microwaves possess all
More informationSolid State Science and Technology, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2004) DUAL FREQUENCY MULTI-PURPOSE MOISTURE SENSOR BASED ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA
DUAL FREQUENCY MULTI-PURPOSE MOISTURE SENSOR BASED ON MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA M.M.Ghretli a, K.B.Khalid a, M.H.Sahri b, I.V.Grozescu a and Z.Abbas a a Department of physics, Faculty of Science and environmental
More informationOptimal control of lint moisture in cotton gins has
The Journal of Cotton Science 9:135 144 (25) http://journal.cotton.org, The Cotton Foundation 25 135 ENGINEERING AND GINNING Multi-path Interference Mitigation for Cotton Bale Microwave Moisture Sensing
More informationDETERMINA TION OF COMPLEX DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY OF LOSS MATERIALS AT MICROWA VE FREQUENCIES
MathematicaL & ComputationaL AppLications, Vol. 8, No.3, pp. 39-326, 2003 Association for Scientific Research DETERMNA TON OF COMPLEX DELECTRC PERMTTVTY OF LOSS MATERALS AT MCROWA VE FREQUENCES U.c. Hasar,
More informationMicrowave Remote Sensing
Provide copy on a CD of the UCAR multi-media tutorial to all in class. Assign Ch-7 and Ch-9 (for two weeks) as reading material for this class. HW#4 (Due in two weeks) Problems 1,2,3 and 4 (Chapter 7)
More informationChapter 4 The RF Link
Chapter 4 The RF Link The fundamental elements of the communications satellite Radio Frequency (RF) or free space link are introduced. Basic transmission parameters, such as Antenna gain, Beamwidth, Free-space
More informationMethodology for Analysis of LMR Antenna Systems
Methodology for Analysis of LMR Antenna Systems Steve Ellingson June 30, 2010 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 System Model 2 2.1 Receive System Model................................... 2 2.2 Calculation of
More informationMicrowave-Radiometer
Microwave-Radiometer Figure 1: History of cosmic background radiation measurements. Left: microwave instruments, right: background radiation as seen by the corresponding instrument. Picture: NASA/WMAP
More informationMicrowave Radiometer Linearity Measured by Simple Means
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Sep 27, 2018 Microwave Radiometer Linearity Measured by Simple Means Skou, Niels Published in: Proceedings of IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
More informationA Method for Gain over Temperature Measurements Using Two Hot Noise Sources
A Method for Gain over Temperature Measurements Using Two Hot Noise Sources Vince Rodriguez and Charles Osborne MI Technologies: Suwanee, 30024 GA, USA vrodriguez@mitechnologies.com Abstract P Gain over
More informationReza Zoughi and Timothy Vaughan. Electrical Engineering Department Colorado State University Ft. Collins, CO INTRODUCTION
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN ARRAY OF SQUARE MICROSTRIP PATCHES FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENT OF INNER MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS STRUCTURES USING SWEPT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES Reza Zoughi and Timothy
More informationWaveguides. Metal Waveguides. Dielectric Waveguides
Waveguides Waveguides, like transmission lines, are structures used to guide electromagnetic waves from point to point. However, the fundamental characteristics of waveguide and transmission line waves
More informationLecture 02. Introduction of Remote Sensing
Lecture 02. Introduction of Remote Sensing Concept of Remote Sensing Picture of Remote Sensing Content of Remote Sensing Classification of Remote Sensing Passive Remote Sensing Active Remote Sensing Comparison
More informationMicrowave permittivity and moisture prediction of sunflower seeds using non resonant Ag thick film microstripline as a sensor
Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Advances in Applied Science Research, 2010, 1 (2): 92-101 ISSN: 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Microwave permittivity and moisture prediction of sunflower
More informationAGRON / E E / MTEOR 518 Laboratory
AGRON / E E / MTEOR 518 Laboratory Brian Hornbuckle, Nolan Jessen, and John Basart April 5, 2018 1 Objectives In this laboratory you will: 1. identify the main components of a ground based microwave radiometer
More informationHigh power microwave antenna design using infrared imaging techniques by NORGARD J.", SADLER J. 0, BACA E. 0, PRATHER W. SEGA R. + and SEIFERT R.... US Air Force Academy & University of Colorado, Colorado
More informationExercise 1-4. The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS
Exercise 1-4 The Radar Equation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the different parameters in the radar equation, and with the interaction between these
More informationReceiver Design for Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) Imaging
Introduction Receiver Design for Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) Imaging Millimeter Wave Systems, LLC Passive Millimeter Wave (PMMW) sensors are used for remote sensing and security applications. They rely
More informationSources classification
Sources classification Radiometry relates to the measurement of the energy radiated by one or more sources in any region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As an antenna, a source, whose largest dimension
More informationEMG4066:Antennas and Propagation Exp 1:ANTENNAS MMU:FOE. To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas.
OBJECTIVES To study the radiation pattern characteristics of various types of antennas. APPARATUS Microwave Source Rotating Antenna Platform Measurement Interface Transmitting Horn Antenna Dipole and Yagi
More information7. Experiment K: Wave Propagation
7. Experiment K: Wave Propagation This laboratory will be based upon observing standing waves in three different ways, through coaxial cables, in free space and in a waveguide. You will also observe some
More informationChapter 15: Radio-Wave Propagation
Chapter 15: Radio-Wave Propagation MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Radio waves were first predicted mathematically by: a. Armstrong c. Maxwell b. Hertz d. Marconi 2. Radio waves were first demonstrated experimentally
More informationJ/K). Nikolova
Lecture 7: ntenna Noise Temperature and System Signal-to-Noise Ratio (Noise temperature. ntenna noise temperature. System noise temperature. Minimum detectable temperature. System signal-to-noise ratio.)
More informationFrequency Dependence of Dielectric Properties of Four Cultivars of Apple at Microwave Frequencies
J. Environ. Nanotechnol. Volume, No.4 pp. 68-7 ISSN (Print) : 79-0748 ISSN (Online) : 319-5541 doi : 10.13074/jent.013.1.13035 Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Properties of Four Cultivars of Apple at
More informationMITIGATING INTERFERENCE ON AN OUTDOOR RANGE
MITIGATING INTERFERENCE ON AN OUTDOOR RANGE Roger Dygert MI Technologies Suwanee, GA 30024 rdygert@mi-technologies.com ABSTRACT Making measurements on an outdoor range can be challenging for many reasons,
More informationMicrowave Radiometry Laboratory Experiment
Microwave Radiometry Laboratory Experiment JEFFREY D. DUDA Iowa State University Department of Geologic and Atmospheric Sciences ABSTRACT A laboratory experiment involving the use of a microwave radiometer
More informationDesign and Development of a Ground-based Microwave Radiometer System
PIERS ONLINE, VOL. 6, NO. 1, 2010 66 Design and Development of a Ground-based Microwave Radiometer System Yu Zhang 1, 2, Jieying He 1, 2, and Shengwei Zhang 1 1 Center for Space Science and Applied Research,
More informationNon Invasive Electromagnetic Quality Control System
ECNDT 2006 - Tu.4.6.2 Non Invasive Electromagnetic Quality Control System Jérôme DREAN, Luc DUCHESNE, SATIMO, Courtaboeuf, France Per NOREN, SATIMO, Gothenburg (Sweden) Abstract. The quality control of
More informationSHIELDING EFFECTIVENESS
SHIELDING Electronic devices are commonly packaged in a conducting enclosure (shield) in order to (1) prevent the electronic devices inside the shield from radiating emissions efficiently and/or (2) prevent
More informationInt n r t o r d o u d c u ti t on o n to t o Remote Sensing
Introduction to Remote Sensing Definition of Remote Sensing Remote sensing refers to the activities of recording/observing/perceiving(sensing)objects or events at far away (remote) places. In remote sensing,
More informationDescription of the Instruments and Algorithm Approach
Description of the Instruments and Algorithm Approach Passive and Active Remote Sensing SMAP uses active and passive sensors to measure soil moisture National Aeronautics and Space Administration Applied
More informationELEC4604. RF Electronics. Experiment 1
ELEC464 RF Electronics Experiment ANTENNA RADATO N PATTERNS. ntroduction The performance of RF communication systems depend critically on the radiation characteristics of the antennae it employs. These
More informationessential requirements is to achieve very high cross-polarization discrimination over a
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER-1 1.1 BACKGROUND The antennas used for specific applications in satellite communications, remote sensing, radar and radio astronomy have several special requirements. One of the essential
More informationPolitecnico di Torino. Porto Institutional Repository
Politecnico di Torino Porto Institutional Repository [Proceeding] Integrated miniaturized antennas for automotive applications Original Citation: Vietti G., Dassano G., Orefice M. (2010). Integrated miniaturized
More informationPhysics 4C Chabot College Scott Hildreth
Physics 4C Chabot College Scott Hildreth The Inverse Square Law for Light Intensity vs. Distance Using Microwaves Experiment Goals: Experimentally test the inverse square law for light using Microwaves.
More informationEffect of Open Stub Slots for Enhancing the Bandwidth of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
International Journal of Electronics Engineering, 3 (2), 2011, pp. 221 226 Serials Publications, ISSN : 0973-7383 Effect of Open Stub Slots for Enhancing the Bandwidth of Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
More informationDesign of Z-Shape Microstrip Antenna with I- Slot for Wi-Max/Satellite Application
Journal of Communication and Computer 13 (2016) 261-265 doi:10.17265/1548-7709/2016.05.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Design of Z-Shape Microstrip Antenna with I- Slot for Wi-Max/Satellite Application Swarnaprava
More informationCOMPACT PLANAR MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR GPS,DCS,2.4/5.8 GHz WLAN APPLICATIONS
Appendix -B COMPACT PLANAR MULTIBAND ANTENNA FOR GPS,DCS,2.4/5.8 GHz WLAN APPLICATIONS Contents 1. Introduction 2. Antenna design 3. Results and discussion 4. Conclusion 5. References A compact single
More information3D radar imaging based on frequency-scanned antenna
LETTER IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.14, No.12, 1 10 3D radar imaging based on frequency-scanned antenna Sun Zhan-shan a), Ren Ke, Chen Qiang, Bai Jia-jun, and Fu Yun-qi College of Electronic Science
More informationSystem Noise Power 1
System Noise Power 1 System Noise Power 1 Performance of system is determined by C/N ratio. Most systems require C/N > 10 db. (Remember, in dbs: C N > 10 db) Hence usually: C > N + 10 db We need to know
More informationFig.: Developed Hand Held cavity Detector (Ground Penetrating Radar) with the type of display of results
Major Research Initiatives (12-13 to 1-16) by Prof. Dharmendra Singh, Microwave Imaging and Space Technology Application Lab, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee-247667
More informationWireless Ad hoc and Sensor Network Underground with Sensor Data in Real-Time
Wireless Ad hoc and Sensor Network Underground with Sensor Data in Real-Time Emmanuel Odei-Lartey, Klaus Hartmann Center for Sensor Systems, University of Siegen Paul-Bonatz-Str. 9-11, 57068 Siegen, Germany
More informationFig On Fig. 6.1 label one set of the lines in the first order spectrum R, G and V to indicate which is red, green and violet.
1 This question is about the light from low energy compact fluorescent lamps which are replacing filament lamps in the home. (a) The light from a compact fluorescent lamp is analysed by passing it through
More informationA Reconfigurable Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Various Wireless and Cognitive Radio Applications
A Reconfigurable Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Various Wireless and Cognitive Radio Applications Ganesh Babu T.V.J. #1, Rajesh Kumar V.R.S. *2 #1St.Martin s Engineering College, Hyderabad, #2 Sri Devi
More informationR. A. Abd-Alhameed and C. H. See Mobile and Satellite Communications Research Centre University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 17, 121 130, 2010 HARMONICS MEASUREMENT ON ACTIVE PATCH ANTENNA USING SENSOR PATCHES D. Zhou Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH,
More informationA Circularly Polarized Planar Antenna Modified for Passive UHF RFID
A Circularly Polarized Planar Antenna Modified for Passive UHF RFID Daniel D. Deavours Abstract The majority of RFID tags are linearly polarized dipole antennas but a few use a planar dual-dipole antenna
More informationFor the mechanical system of figure shown above:
I.E.S-(Conv.)-00 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PAPER - I Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks : 0 Candidates should attempt any FIVE questions. Some useful data: Electron charge : 1.6
More informationPractical Considerations for Radiated Immunities Measurement using ETS-Lindgren EMC Probes
Practical Considerations for Radiated Immunities Measurement using ETS-Lindgren EMC Probes Detectors/Modulated Field ETS-Lindgren EMC probes (HI-6022/6122, HI-6005/6105, and HI-6053/6153) use diode detectors
More informationDesign of Frequency and Polarization Tunable Microstrip Antenna
Design of Frequency and Polarization Tunable Microstrip Antenna M. S. Nishamol, V. P. Sarin, D. Tony, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan, K. Vasudevan Abstract A novel compact dual frequency microstrip antenna
More informationAntennas and Propagation
CMPE 477 Wireless and Mobile Networks Lecture 3: Antennas and Propagation Antennas Propagation Modes Line of Sight Transmission Fading in the Mobile Environment Introduction An antenna is an electrical
More informationA Pin-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna with the Ability to Suppress Surface Wave Excitation
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 62, 131 137, 2016 A Pin-Loaded Microstrip Patch Antenna with the Ability to Suppress Surface Wave Excitation Ayed R. AlAjmi and Mohammad A. Saed * Abstract
More informationExperiment 19. Microwave Optics 1
Experiment 19 Microwave Optics 1 1. Introduction Optical phenomena may be studied at microwave frequencies. Using a three centimeter microwave wavelength transforms the scale of the experiment. Microns
More informationActive And Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
We have made it easy for you to find a PDF Ebooks without any digging. And by having access to our ebooks online or by storing it on your computer, you have convenient answers with active and passive microwave
More informationSTACKED PATCH MIMO ANTENNA ARRAY FOR C-BAND APPLICATIONS
STACKED PATCH MIMO ANTENNA ARRAY FOR C-BAND APPLICATIONS Ayushi Agarwal Sheifali Gupta Amanpreet Kaur ECE Department ECE Department ECE Department Thapar University Patiala Thapar University Patiala Thapar
More informationUltra-Wideband Patch Antenna for K-Band Applications
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering Vol. x, No. x, July 214, pp. 1 5 DOI: 1.11591/telkomnika.vXiY.abcd 1 Ultra-Wideband Patch Antenna for K-Band Applications Umair Rafique * and Syed
More informationA NOVEL DUAL-BAND PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN COMMUNICATION. E. Wang Information Engineering College of NCUT China
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 6, 93 102, 2009 A NOVEL DUAL-BAND PATCH ANTENNA FOR WLAN COMMUNICATION E. Wang Information Engineering College of NCUT China J. Zheng Beijing Electro-mechanical
More informationRetrodirective Antenna Array Using High Frequency Offset
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 21, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2012 1013 Retrodirective Antenna Array Using High requency Offset Pavel ŠINDLER, Michal POKORNÝ Dept. of Radio Electronics, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova
More informationGround Penetrating Radar
Ground Penetrating Radar Begin a new section: Electromagnetics First EM survey: GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) Physical Property: Dielectric constant Electrical Permittivity EOSC 350 06 Slide Di-electric
More informationI.E.S-(Conv.)-1996 Some useful data:
I.E.S-(Conv.)-1996 ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING PAPER - I Time allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks : 200 Candidates should attempt question ONE which is compulsory and any FOUR of the remaining
More informationAnalytical Study of Tunable Bilayered-Graphene Dipole Antenna
1 Analytical Study of Tunable Bilayered-Graphene Dipole Antenna James E. Burke RDAR-MEF-S, bldg. 94 1 st floor Sensor & Seekers Branch/MS&G Division/FPAT Directorate U.S. RDECOM-ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal,
More informationA DUAL-PORTED PROBE FOR PLANAR NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS
A DUAL-PORTED PROBE FOR PLANAR NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS W. Keith Dishman, Doren W. Hess, and A. Renee Koster ABSTRACT A dual-linearly polarized probe developed for use in planar near-field antenna measurements
More informationChapter 41 Deep Space Station 13: Venus
Chapter 41 Deep Space Station 13: Venus The Venus site began operation in Goldstone, California, in 1962 as the Deep Space Network (DSN) research and development (R&D) station and is named for its first
More informationFigure 1 The switched beam forming network.
THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FERRITE COMPONENTS FOR BEAM FORMING NETWORKS Imtiaz Khairuddin, ComDev Europe Ltd. ABSTRACT In the rapidly evolving global telecommunications industry, switching and routing
More informationKULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING ANTENNA AND WAVE PROPAGATION LABORATORY (ECE 4103) EXPERIMENT NO 3 RADIATION PATTERN AND GAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DISH (PARABOLIC)
More informationA modified Bow-Tie Antenna for Microwave Imaging Applications
Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications, Vol. 7, No. 2, December 2008 115 A modified Bow-Tie Antenna for Microwave Imaging Applications Elizabeth Rufus, Zachariah C Alex,
More informationChapter 2 Analysis of RF Interferometer
Chapter 2 Analysis of RF Interferometer In this chapter, the principle of RF interferometry is investigated for the measurement of the permittivity and thickness of dielectric as shown in Figs..2,.3, and.4
More informationStudy of Microstrip Slotted Antenna for Bandwidth Enhancement
Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Volume 2 Issue 9 Version. Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc.
More informationThe Effects of PCB Fabrication on High-Frequency Electrical Performance
As originally published in the IPC APEX EXPO Conference Proceedings. The Effects of PCB Fabrication on High-Frequency Electrical Performance John Coonrod, Rogers Corporation Advanced Circuit Materials
More informationNoise Temperature. Concept of a Black Body
Noise emperature In the last lecture, we introduced the Link Equation, which allows us to determine the amount of received power in terms of the transmitted power, the gains of the transmitting and receiving
More informationEssential Thermal Mechanical Concepts Needed in Today s Microwave Circuit Designs. John Coonrod, Nov. 13 th, 2014
Essential Thermal Mechanical Concepts Needed in Today s Microwave Circuit Designs John Coonrod, Nov. 13 th, 2014 1 Outline Page Basic overview of heat flow for PCB s (Printed Circuit Board) Understanding
More informationFully Integrated Solar Panel Slot Antennas for Small Satellites
Fully Integrated Solar Panel Slot Antennas for Small Satellites Mahmoud N. Mahmoud, Reyhan Baktur Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University, Logan, UT Robert Burt Space Dynamics
More informationActive and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing
Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing Passive remote sensing system record EMR that was reflected (e.g., blue, green, red, and near IR) or emitted (e.g., thermal IR) from the surface of the Earth.
More informationA Two-Dimensional Electronically-Steerable Array Antenna for Target Detection on Ground
Purdue e-pubs Birck and NCN Publications Birck Nanotechnology Center 2011 A Two-Dimensional Electronically-Steerable Array Antenna for Target Detection on Ground Dowon Kim, kim62@purdue.edu Xiang Cui Ankith
More informationNoise generators. Spatial Combining of Multiple Microwave Noise Radiators NOISE ARRAY. This article reports on. experiments to increase the
From April 2008 High Frequency Electronics Copyright 2008 Summit Technical Media LLC Spatial Combining of Multiple Microwave Noise Radiators By Jiri Polivka Spacek Labs Inc. Noise generators This article
More informationAM BASIC ELECTRONICS TRANSMISSION LINES JANUARY 2012 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MILITARY AUXILIARY RADIO SYSTEM FORT HUACHUCA ARIZONA
AM 5-306 BASIC ELECTRONICS TRANSMISSION LINES JANUARY 2012 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for Pubic Release. Distribution is unlimited. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY MILITARY AUXILIARY RADIO SYSTEM FORT HUACHUCA
More informationA COMPACT MULTIBAND MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR WLAN/WIMAX APPLICATIONS
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 23, 147 155, 2011 A COMPACT MULTIBAND MONOPOLE ANTENNA FOR WLAN/WIMAX APPLICATIONS Z.-N. Song, Y. Ding, and K. Huang National Key Laboratory of Antennas
More informationA Log Periodic Series-Fed Antennas Array Design Using A Simple Transmission Line Model
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering ISSN 0974-66 Volume, Number (009), pp. 6 69 International Research Publications House http://www.irphouse.com A Log Periodic Series-Fed
More informationIntroduction to Radio Astronomy!
Introduction to Radio Astronomy! Sources of radio emission! Radio telescopes - collecting the radiation! Processing the radio signal! Radio telescope characteristics! Observing radio sources Sources of
More informationPARAMETRIC NONLINEAR LOCATOR
MATEC Web of Conferences 155, 01010 (018) IME&T 017 https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/01815501010 PARAMETRIC NONLINEAR LOCATOR Vladimir Antipov 1,*,Sergey Shipilov 1 Siberian Physicotechnical Institute
More informationLecture Notes Prepared by Prof. J. Francis Spring Remote Sensing Instruments
Lecture Notes Prepared by Prof. J. Francis Spring 2005 Remote Sensing Instruments Material from Remote Sensing Instrumentation in Weather Satellites: Systems, Data, and Environmental Applications by Rao,
More informationSAR REDUCTION IN SLOTTED PIFA FOR MOBILE HANDSETS USING RF SHIELD
SAR REDUCTION IN SLOTTED PIFA FOR MOBILE HANDSETS USING RF SHIELD T. Anita Jones Mary 1 and C. S. Ravichandran 2 1 Department of Electronics and Communication, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India 2 SSK
More informationHot S 22 and Hot K-factor Measurements
Application Note Hot S 22 and Hot K-factor Measurements Scorpion db S Parameter Smith Chart.5 2 1 Normal S 22.2 Normal S 22 5 0 Hot S 22 Hot S 22 -.2-5 875 MHz 975 MHz -.5-2 To Receiver -.1 DUT Main Drive
More informationThe Effects of PCB Fabrication on High-Frequency Electrical Performance
The Effects of PCB Fabrication on High-Frequency Electrical Performance John Coonrod, Rogers Corporation Advanced Circuit Materials Division Achieving optimum high-frequency printed-circuit-board (PCB)
More informationThermal Johnson Noise Generated by a Resistor
Thermal Johnson Noise Generated by a Resistor Complete Pre- Lab before starting this experiment HISTORY In 196, experimental physicist John Johnson working in the physics division at Bell Labs was researching
More informationMm-wave characterisation of printed circuit boards
Mm-wave characterisation of printed circuit boards Dmitry Zelenchuk 1, Vincent Fusco 1, George Goussetis 1, Antonio Mendez 2, David Linton 1 ECIT Research Institute: Queens University of Belfast, UK 1
More informationMutual Coupling Reduction of Micro strip antenna array by using the Electromagnetic Band Gap structures
Mutual Coupling Reduction of Micro strip antenna array by using the Electromagnetic Band Gap structures A.Rajasekhar 1, K.Vara prasad 2 1M.tech student, Dept. of electronics and communication engineering,
More informationEMC Amplifiers Going Beyond the Basics to Ensure Successful Immunity Tests
EMC Amplifiers Going Beyond the Basics to Ensure Successful Immunity Tests Paul Denisowski, Application Engineer Broadband amplifiers are used to generate the high field strengths required by EMC radiated
More informationSoil Moisture Observation Utilizing Reflected GNSS Signals
Soil Moisture Observation Utilizing Reflected GNSS Signals GNSS-R Tech in Soil Moisture New Data Processing Method Prof. Dongkai YANG Joint African/Asia-Pacific UN-Regional Centers and International Training
More informationCOMPACT DUAL-BAND CIRCULARLY-POLARIZED AN- TENNA WITH C-SLOTS FOR CNSS APPLICATION. Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong , China
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 40, 9 18, 2013 COMPACT DUAL-BAND CIRCULARLY-POLARIZED AN- TENNA WITH C-SLOTS FOR CNSS APPLICATION Maowen Wang 1, *, Baopin Guo 1, and Zekun Pan 2 1 Key
More informationBroadband Circular Polarized Antenna Loaded with AMC Structure
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 76, 113 119, 2018 Broadband Circular Polarized Antenna Loaded with AMC Structure Yi Ren, Xiaofei Guo *,andchaoyili Abstract In this paper, a novel broadband
More informationAbsentee layer. A layer of dielectric material, transparent in the transmission region of
Glossary of Terms A Absentee layer. A layer of dielectric material, transparent in the transmission region of the filter, due to a phase thickness of 180. Absorption curve, absorption spectrum. The relative
More informationCHAPTER 2 MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
43 CHAPTER 2 MICROSTRIP REFLECTARRAY ANTENNA AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 2.1 INTRODUCTION This work begins with design of reflectarrays with conventional patches as unit cells for operation at Ku Band in
More informationBrought to you by James Cook University Authenticated Download Date 5/18/16 3:58 AM
Graham Brodie, Mohan V. Jacob, Peter Farrell Microwave and Radio-Frequency Technologies in Agriculture An Introduction for Agriculturalists and Engineers Graham Brodie, Mohan V. Jacob, Peter Farrell Microwave
More informationMulti-Band Microstrip Antenna Design for Wireless Energy Harvesting
Shuvo MAK et al. American Journal of Energy and Environment 2018, 3:1-5 Page 1 of 5 Research Article American Journal of Energy and Environment http://www.ivyunion.org/index.php/energy Multi-Band Microstrip
More informationAn Investigation of Wideband Rectennas for Wireless Energy Harvesting
Wireless Engineering and Technology, 2014, 5, 107-116 Published Online October 2014 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/wet http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wet.2014.54012 An Investigation of Wideband Rectennas
More informationAntenna Measurement Uncertainty Method for Measurements in Compact Antenna Test Ranges
Antenna Measurement Uncertainty Method for Measurements in Compact Antenna Test Ranges Stephen Blalock & Jeffrey A. Fordham MI Technologies Suwanee, Georgia, USA Abstract Methods for determining the uncertainty
More informationDesign of a full-band polariser used in WR-22 standard waveguide for satellite communications
Design of a full-band polariser used in WR-22 standard waveguide for satellite communications Soon-mi Hwang, Kwan-hun Lee Reliability & Failure Analysis Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute,
More information