MODERN POWER TRANSFORMER PRACTICE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Transcription

1 354 BIBLIOGRAPHY MODERN POWER TRANSFORMER PRACTICE Bolton, D. J., Electrical Engineering Economics, Chapman and Hall, London, 2nd edn (1936) Brownsey, C. M., 'The Problem of Noise with Particular Reference to Transformers', Mem, No. 3, Central Electricity Research Laboratories (1956) Franklin, E. B., 'Distribution of Water in Transformer Insulation', Electr. Times, 147, 787 and 839 (1965) Ellis, R. M., Transformer Vibration Isolation Materials Central Electricity Research Laboratories (Leatherhead) Report No. RD/1/Rl5ll (1968) Norris, E. T., 'Loading ofpower Transformers', Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng., 114,428 (1967) Sealey, W. C., Paralleling Load-tap-changing Transformers, Allis Chalmers Rev., third quarter (1954) British Electricity Supply Regulations, British Electricity Supply Industry, H.M.S.O., London (1937) Guide to Transformer Noise Measurement, BEAMA Ltd Pub. No. 227, (1968)

2 Index Ampere-turns balance 3, 117 residual, effect on force 136 Breather, dehydrating 219, Buchholz relay (see gas- and pressureactivated protective relay) Bushings, high-voltage Conservator (see oil-expansion vessel) Cooling 7 arrangement, classification 10 of buried transformers of distribution transformers 217 ducts in transformer core 107 enclosure effect on air-cooled transformers firm supply to group of distribution transformers 326 of gas-insulated transformers with class A insulation of generator transformers medium 7 oil flow in disk winding rating increase by adding air-blast fans 278 temperature distribution in ONAN transformer oftransmission transformers Cost of transformer 37 capitalisation 38 at change of distribution type economic aspects of distribution type selection at pre-specification stage economic considerations in distribution type design optimisation 80 Costing of distribution transformer losses , Electric screens in high-voltage winding Electromagnetic forces on series-inductor winding on transformer winding Gas- and pressure-actuated protective relay (Buchholz) 219, 283 Impedance limit on maximum number of parallel transformers percentage 8 voltage 7, 10 zero-sequence, measurement Induction electromagnetic 1 mutual 1 self- 1

3 356 INDEX Inductor, power system cast-in-concrete type 267~9 insulation level of shunt type 264 noise of forced-cooling plant noise of gapped-core type 261 oil-immersed type 269~71 series type shunt type Insulation ageing 7 classification 295~6 of conductors 114 of core laminations 85~9, 97~8 in distribution transformers, highto low-voltage 216 electric strength in air-space transformer gas type 113 level of shunt inductors 265 level of transformers (see voltage testing of transformers) liquid type 113 moisture content 156 resistance, measurement 181~2 solid type 113 ofwinding 22-4, 113~15 Losses capitalisation classification 6 consideration in transformer design 18~22 costing for distribution transformers 327~32, in shunt inductors 264 in transformer core 102~3 in transformer tank 129~30 in transformer winding 127~9 Magnetising current 3, 104 harmonic content 271~3 circulation pumps 277~8 dehydration breather 282 Drycol automatic dryer 282~3 effect of temperature 282 expansion vessels (conservators) 219, maintenance 219, 284~5 monitoring of gas content 12 preservation of insulation property properties required 113 protection temper;ature calculation 132~3, testing 182 Paralleling of distribution transformers choice of inherent impedance limit of maximum number 319~21 mode of operation 321~2 Reactance 5 of distribution transformers 211 of generator transformers 245~6 percentage 8 significance 28~ 30 voltage 7 Resistance of cold winding, final test measurement 168 of cold winding, preliminary test measurement 155 of hot winding, measurement 181 of insulation, measurement 181~2 percentage 8, 22 voltage 7, 22 Short-circuit requirements 134~7, 242~3, 266, 314 Oil Site assembly of transformers 292~3 circulation path in windings 131 ~2 Specification for a transformer

4 customer's 62 designer's 63, 210 of example of calculated design 50, 221 of example of computer-aided calculation 70 of noise level of noise measurement standard (selection) Tank 10 calculated design example of coal-mine transformers configuration 26 design of distribution transformers 217 effect on noise 190 losses of system transformers and inductors Tap changer, on-load basic design considerations 141 diverter switch 141, 145, 150 double-resistor type inductor switching type maintenance 152 motor drive 151 protection single-resistor type tap selector 141, 143, 145, 150 type test 142 Temperature calculated example for distribution transformer distribution in ONAN transformer 24-5 distribution in transformer core 107 effects of enclosure around aircooled transformers gradient in winding 26-7 hot-spot, in dry-type transformer winding 296 hot-spot, in oil-immersed transformer winding 25, 281 INDEX 357 hot-spot, in transformer core 107 measurement in winding by resistance reference, related to insulation class 173 rise in core rise in disk winding, calculation rise in oil, testing 180 rise in winding, testing specified rise limits 26 Transformer auto- 3, buried type classification 1 coal-mine type distribution type 1, , dry type dual-low-voltage type earthing type equivalent circuit 4-5 fault protection faults fittings of distribution type forming purchase decision at prespecification stage gas-filled type gas-insulated type in class A generator type ground-mounted distribution type 219 idealised 3 life expectation liquid-immersed type 113 loading of distribution type main parts 9-11 maintenance 12, 347 oil-expansion vessel (conservator) 219, optimum rating of distribution type pole-mounted distribution type 218 power system type 1, , processing 155-9

5 358 INDEX Transformer (contd.) quadrature booster rectifier type site assembly 11, temperature distribution in ONAN type 24-6 terminal arrangements in distribution type 218 transmission type transportation 11, two-winding type 2, USA practice of distribution type 220 welding type T ran sf ormer cores building factor 103 calculation of internal temperature 107 construction for distribution type cooling ducts 107 cross section frame dimensions, calculated example frame dimensions, estimation frame selection 32-6 hot spot 107 joints 94-6 lamination insulation 85-9, 97-8 lamination preparation 96-7 lamination stacking and clamping losses magnetostrictive vibration 107-9, pattern 92-3 steel used 84-5 temperature rise Transformer design copper loss, consideration customer's specification 62 designer's specification 63 dimensions of core frame, calculated example dimensions of core frame, estimation efficiency and cost, consideration 36-8 electronic computer aid example calculated for distribution type general procedure 8 iron loss, consideration practical constraints principles (theoretical) selection of core frame 32-6, 222 standard specifications (selection) tank 57-60, 217 winding 56-7, Transformer noise 11, , 327 effect of cooling fans effect of core clamping effect of core material 109 effect of tank 190 effect of transformer support 190 noise level anticipation in planning noise level of distribution type noise level measurement noise level reduction measures 195, noise level specifications source 188 Transformer testing 11, 153-5, of accessories 182 of buried type 304 example recorded with a large transformer final stage with induced over-voltage 165 for internal discharge of oil 182 preliminary stage with separate-source voltage on site for commissioning with surge voltage Transformer windings arrangement 22--4, clamp design 137

6 common types conductor material 113 construction for distribution type cooling design 56-7, design economics 137 design requirements 112 design for test at power-frequency voltage design for test with surge voltage disk type , double-concentric 245 electric screen foil, in distribution type forces (mechanical) formation 69, helical type 39, 116, 124 high-voltage, in distribution type hot spot 25 INDEX 359 to improve oil circulation insulation interleaved disk 127 losses low-voltage, in distribution type 214 multi-layer high-voltage 116 space factors 38~1 stabilisation type surge-voltage distribution 124 tapping location m autotransformers 250 tapping in distribution transformers tappings , 142~ transposition of multi-strip conductors 114, Transportation Turns ratio 3 change 3 Units of measurement 16-17