Keyword ( FIR filter, program counter, memory controller, memory modules SRAM & ROM, multiplier, accumulator and stack pointer )

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Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.

ectronics & Telecommunication Jagdambha C.O.E.T, Yawatmal, Maharashtra, India Abstract: In this Module an attempt has been made to develop a simulation model of an FIR filter using VHDL.

The above aim has been furthered by taking a stepwise approach, that is, behavioral as well as dataflow simulation models of less complex devices such as program counter, memory controller, memory

1 Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014 ISSN: X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: Simulation and Synthesis of Fir Filter Design Using VHDL Vishwajit K. Barbudhe Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Jagdambha C.O.E.T, Yawatmal, Maharashtra, India Abstract: In this Module an attempt has been made to develop a simulation model of an FIR filter using VHDL. This simulation model will incorporate a mixture of both Behavioral as well as Structural modeling constructs that were briefly described above. The above aim has been furthered by taking a stepwise approach, that is, behavioral as well as dataflow simulation models of less complex devices such as program counter, memory controller, memory modules (SRAM & ROM), multiplier, accumulator and stack pointer have been developed and these models would be integrated together in the FIR filter model. All FIR filters support low pass, high pass, band pass, and band stop options. The FIR filters Rectangular, Bartlett, Hanning, Hamming, Blackman, Kaiser, and Dolph-Chebyshev are all Window FIR filters. The name "Window" comes from the fact that these filters are created by scaling a sinc (sin(x)/x) pattern with a window to produce the desired frequency effect. Keyword ( FIR filter, program counter, memory controller, memory modules SRAM & ROM, multiplier, accumulator and stack pointer ) I. Introduction The FIR filter performs high speed multiply and accumulate operations. The FIR filter consists of the various sub modules as shown. The ROM contains the coefficients and the SRAM stores the data entered by the user. The memory controller is used to control the ROM and SRAM chip selection logic and the read write logic. It also generates address for the ROM. The stack pointer generates addresses for the SRAM. The data in the SRAM and ROM are multiplied and accumulated to get the final output. This project aims at simulating and synthesizing the above sub systems using VHDL. II. Memory Control Unit This unit has clocks (fsclk_edge and mclk), reset and window select (wnsel) as inputs and also some other inputs sent by different units. It is used to generate ROM address from where the next filter coefficients are fetched and it generates different control signals to perform the other operations such as enabling the memory and accumulator, and to enable the read and write lines of memory. Block Diagram Clock Generator Unit This unit is used to generate clocks that are used by the different modules (FSCLK_ED, MCLK and RCLK). This unit supports the memory control unit for fetching the data and filter coefficients synchronously. Stack pointer The stack pointer is used to generate address for the data coefficients i.e. for the SRAM. 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1011

2 Memory Unit There are two memory modules-rom and SRAM memory. The RAM has a read, a write, and a chip selection signal. The ROM has a read and a chip selection signal. The memory controller sends these signals. In response to the read signal, coefficients are latched into the respective registers and in response to the write signals, the input data of the register is loaded onto the output lines of the memory. Multiplier Both the memory modules hold 16 bit data. The multiplier acts on this data and multiplies the contents from the RAM and ROM. The multiplier operations performed is not the shift and add operation as this makes the process slow. Here in multiplier the data is directly multiplied in single cycle with the help of the multiplier operator. Accumulator This unit gets the multiplied output at its input pins. This unit has two inputs viz. accumulator enable (ACCENB) and accumulator latch (ACCLAT) and one output accumulator out (ACC_OUT). ACCENB is used to enable the accumulator and ACCLAT is used when all the accumulation process cycle is over. It latches the accumulated data and provide it to the output pins. FIR Filter Design The design of FIR filters involves the selection of a finite sequence that best represents the impulse response of an ideal filter. FIR filters are always stable. Even more important, FIR filters are capable of perfectly linear phase (a pure time delay), meaning total freedom from phase distortion. The three most commonly used methods for FIR filter design are window-based design using the impulse response of ideal filters, frequency sampling, and iterative design based on optimal constraints. We are implementing the window-based design technique. Window-Based Design The window method starts by selecting the impulse response h N [n] as a symmetrically truncated version of the impulse response h[n] of an ideal filter with frequency response H(F). The impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency F c is h[n] = 2F c sinc{2nf c ). Its symmetric truncation yields h N [n] =2F c sinc(2nf c ). n 0.5(N-1) III. Characteristics of Window Functions The amplitude response of symmetric, finite-duration windows invariably shows a mainlobe and decaying sidelobes that may be entirely positive or that may alternate in sign. The spectral measures for a typical window are illustrated in Figure Fig. Magnitude spectrum of a typical window The Window Technique The window technique is best described in terms of a specific example. We want to design a symmetric lowpass linearphase FIR filter having a desired frequency response H d ( ) = 1e -j (N-1) / 2, 0 c = 0, otherwise A delay of (N-1) / 2 units is incorporated into H d ( ) in anticipation of forcing the filter to be of length N. The corresponding unit sample response h d (n) is non-causal and infinite in duration. If we multiply h d (n) by the rectangular window sequence, W(n) = 1, n = 0,1,.,N-1 = 0, otherwise we obtain an FIR filter of length N having the unit sample response h(n) N 1 sin c n 2 N 1 n 2,0 n N-1, n (N-1) / , IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1012

Initially the reset is kept asserted for 10ns during which the counters get loaded with the initial value.

3 If M is selected to be odd, the value of h(n) at n = (N-1)/2 is h[(n-1) / 2] = c / IV. SIMULATION AND SYNTHESIS RESULTS Memory Control Unit The simulation of the memory control unit is shown on the next page. Initially the reset is kept asserted for 10ns during which the counters get loaded with the initial value. The window selection signal is kept at 00 and this ensures that the addresses of the first set of coefficients in the ROM are generated. The ROM addresses are generated for the eight coefficients and after the last one it is reset to the first value. As the window selection signal is changed the addresses generated by the memory controller change accordingly. The red line shows the point where the system starts working. Fig Simulation result of the Memory Controller Fig Simulation Result of the Memory Controller (contd.) Clock Generator Unit The clock generator unit has no input and it generates the clocks required by the design. The different duty cycles can be seen from the simulated waveforms. 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1013

Fig simulation result of the Clock Generator Unit SRAM Memory Unit The locations in the SRAM are loaded with values as

After writing the data the data can be read by enabling the RDN signal and specifying the address.

onto the data output lines by specifying the address location.

4 Fig simulation result of the Clock Generator Unit SRAM Memory Unit The locations in the SRAM are loaded with values as shown in the simulation result. After writing the data the data can be read by enabling the RDN signal and specifying the address. Fig Simulation Result of the SRAM ROM Memory Unit The ROM coefficients are stored in the memory and they are loaded onto the data output lines by specifying the address location. Fig Simulation result of the ROM Memory Unit Multiplier Unit The Multiplier Unit performs both signed and unsigned multiplication of two 16-bit numbers. In fig (5) H is multiplied with +2 (2) H and we get +10 (A) H as the result. 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1014

Fig Simulation result of the Multiplier Unit In fig 5 (FFFB) H is

This is actually the twos complement notation of -10.

) The Stack Pointer Unit The Stack Pointer unit generates the SRAM

5 Fig Simulation result of the Multiplier Unit In fig 5 (FFFB) H is multiplied with +2 (2) H and we get -10 (FFFFFFF6) H as the result. This is actually the twos complement notation of -10. Fig Simulation result of the Multiplier Unit (contd.) The Stack Pointer Unit The Stack Pointer unit generates the SRAM addresses which are stored in its memory. Fig Simulation result of the Stack pointer 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1015

The simulation results are shown below. Here data input is fed by a counter incrementing at every 1.

6 The FIR-TOP module The FIR TOP module interconnects the remaining modules. It gets data at the input pins and then final accumulated data is obtained at the output lines. The simulation results are shown below. Here data input is fed by a counter incrementing at every 1.25 ns. Fig Simulation Result of the FIR-TOP Fig Simulation result of the FIR-TOP (contd.) 2014, IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1016

7 Fig Simulation Result of the FIR-TOP (contd.) V. Result Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters are used in every aspect of present day technology because filtering is one of the basic tools of information acquisition and manipulation. Digital filters form an integral part in digital signal processing applications. The FIR filter designed uses a window selection algorithm. The design can be easily modified to change the filter parameters according to the requirement. The different blocks were simulated in Active HDL and the waveforms verified the workability of the sub modules. The sub modules were integrated and the whole 8-tap 16-bit FIR filter was realized. The synthesis results were obtained on Leonardo spectrum for every block and they fit the technology. Renoir Graphics was used to generate the flow chart within the process declarations. Future Modifications Testbenches for all VHDL codes can be developed.the FIR filter can be modified to increase the number of taps and the number of bits used to represent the coefficients.the Stack Pointer Unit can be removed and replaced by an optimal address calculator and shifter. The design can be implemented on an FPGA or CPLD. It can be used as a sub module for a DSP processor. References [1] d. Pellerin and d. Taylor, vhdl made easy, prentice hall, [2] s. Palnitknr, verilog hdl, f rentice hall, 19%. [3] l. Thede, analog and digitalfilter design using c, prentice hdl. 19%. [4] p. Ashenden, the designer.c. Guide to vhdl, morgan kadmam pub. [5] s. Mitra, digital signnl processing: a computer-based approach, Inc., Mcgraw-hill, [6] ma,g-k.; and taylor,f,. "multiplier policies for digital Signal processing." ieee assp mag.,voi.7,no.l,pp.6-20, [7] lm,y.c.;and liu,b.,"design of cascade form fir Filters with discrete valued coefficients." ieee trans. Acousi speech signal pmcessing, vol 36 no 11, pp ,1988. [8] parks, t. W.; and mcclellan, j. H. "chebyshev Approximation for nonrecursiv digital filters with linear Phase." ieee trans. Circuii theory vol 19, pp [9] oppenhaim,a.v.digital signal pmcessing. Prentice Hall, [10] bochnick, h.; anheier, w.. "f'ir filter design usingverilog and vhdl". Pmceedings of ihe nato advanced Study instirule on fundarnenials and standards in Hardware descripfion languages 11, ciocco, barga, Italy [11] khoo, k. Y.; kwentus a.; and willson, a.n. Jr., "an Efficient175 mhz programmablefir digital filter" Pmceeding of the ieee h i. Symp. Circuits and system Pp72-75, [12] laskowski, j; and samueli, h., "a 150mhz 43tap Half-band fe? Digital filter in 1.2p cmos generated by Compiler. Pmceedings of the ieee cusi. Ic conference, [13] evans, j.b., "an efficient fir filter architecture", Proceedings of ihe ieee 1ni.symposiurn on circuits and Systems, pp , , IJARCSSE All Rights Reserved Page 1017

(i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters

FIR Filter Design Chapter Intended Learning Outcomes: (i) Understanding of the characteristics of linear-phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters (ii) Ability to design linear-phase FIR filters according