A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF YD TRANSFORMER IN AC ELECTRIFIED RAILWAY SYSTEMS

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1 OMPEHENSE STUDY ON PEFOMNE OF YD TNSFOME N EETFED WY SYSTEMS Hmed Jfr Kleyr sool Kzemzdeh Deprtment of Eletrl Engneerng, Shnd Unversty of Tehnology, Trz, rn Jfrk.hmed@gml.om, r.kzemzdeh@sut..r Seyed Seed Fzel Deprtment of lwy Engneerng, rn Unversty of Sene nd Tehnology, Tehrn, rn Fzel@ust..r strt: The seleton of pproprte trton trnsformers dereses power qulty prolems nd rtl mpts of Eletrfed lwy System (ES) on the power grd. Usng the Yd trnsformer n ESs s not ommon nd populr lke the power systems. n ths pper, the performne of Yd trnsformer n Trton Power Sustton (TPS) s nvestgted nd ts superorty gnst sngle-phse, / nd Sott trnsformer s sertned. The evluton nd nlyss s sed on eletrl performne, power qulty prmeters nd eonoms ssues. The nlyss s studed under unlned nd lned ondtons onsderng lwy Power Qulty ompenstor (PQ) s the uxlry ompenstor s TPS. The smulton results vldte orretness of theoretl nlyss. Key words: Trton trnsformers, utlzton prmeters, rlwy power qulty ompenstor, pty reduton 1. ntroduton Eletrl rlwy systems re onsdered one of the mn pul trnsportton systems. These systems hve power qulty prolems whh n dversely ffet other onsumers nd equpment n Pont of ommon ouplng (P) [1,]. The lrge mount of Negtve Sequene urrent (NS), low Power Ftor (PF) nd undesrle hrmon urrents re worth mentonng [,4]. These prolems use dverse effets n utlty power systems suh s n nrese n het nd loss n trnsformers nd trnsmsson lnes, d mpt on protetve systems nd flure n performne of relys [5,6]. To lmt forementoned effets, dfferent trton trnsformers lke sngle-phse, /, Yd, Sott, e- ln, mpedne-mthng nd Woodrdge hve een used n ll over the world [7,9]. For exmple, the sngle-phse onneton s used n tln, Frne nd New-Zelnd rlwys [1]. The / onneton s used n Frne, rtsh rl nd Fnnsh stte rlwys [1]. The Yd onneton s used n hn rlwy [1,11]. The Sott onneton s used n Jpnese Shnknsen nd hn [1,1]. The e-ln onneton s used n Twn rlwy nd fnlly the Modfed-Woodrdge onneton s used n Jpn nd hn [1,1,14]. Mnly, trton trnsformers re seleted sed on osts, physl profle of network nd eletrl performne. Usng of these trnsformers s not enough to solve the power qulty prolems of Trton Systems (TS), euse they re unle to fully ompenste forementoned prolems [15,16]. So, n the pst reserhes they were ompred wthout onsderng n uxlry ompenstor n TS. fter yers, lwy Power Qulty ompenstor system (PQ) ws proposed n Jpn s omprehensve deve n TS [17]. Ths system s omprsed of two k-to-k onverters nd t n ompenste NS, hrmons nd retve power smultneously. However, fter ompenstng n TPS, power qulty prmeters nd other mportnt ftors lke Utlzton Ftor (TUF), ne Utlzton Ftor (UF) nd the urrent Unlned to (U) wll e hnged for TS trnsformers. n ths pper, TS trnsformers nd ther performne hve een evluted sed on power qulty prmeters nd utlzton ftors spelly U onsderng PQ s ompenstor n TPS. The evluton results my provde sgnfnt gudne for TS trnsformer seleton n the future. Ths pper s orgnzed s follows. n seton, the populr TS trnsformers re ntrodued nd ther hrtersts nd strutures hve een summrzed. n seton, the U rter of trnsformers, hve een studed n detls for oth ondtons of efore (wthout PQ) nd fter (wth PQ). Seton 4 desres the onfgurton nd operton prnples of PQ. n seton 5, smulton results nd nlyss re presented nd ompred nd fnlly, seton 6 onludes ths pper.. Populr TPS trnsformers Dfferent types of TPS trnsformers (.e. snglephse, /, Yd) re used n eletrl rlwy systems to mprove power qulty prolems. The mn tsk of these trnsformers s to onvert symmetrl threephse voltge to sngle phse voltge supplyng trton lod..1. Sngle-phse onneton n sngle-phse onneton, the prmry sde of the trnsformer s pled etween the two phses, whle the seondry sde onnets to the OS nd rl. ll overhed lnes onneted to the TPS fed y the sme phses. The onfgurton of ths onneton s shown 1

2 n Fg. 1. Ths trnsformer s smpler nd heper thn other knds euse of ts struture [18,19]. Yd11 N1 N Sngle-phse N1 N Fg. 1. onfgurton of sngle-phse trnsformer n TPS.. / onneton Fg. ndtes the struture of / trnsformer. t s omprsed of two sngle-phse trnsformers wth ommon onneton pont etween them. Ths onneton s smpler thn the others three phse trnsformers. s the wekness of ths onneton, t n e ponted to the flure n workng when one of ts phses runs. n ths onneton, the overhed lnes n two djent seton fed y dfferent phses. The / trnsformer s more expensve thn sngle-phse trnsformers n the sme power level of system [18,]. / N1 Fg.. onfgurton of Yd11 trnsformer n TPS s / onneton, the overhed lnes n two djent seton fed y dfferent phses. The struturl smlrty of ths trnsformer wth trnsformers used n power trnsmsson networks s the mn dvntges of ths onneton tht n redue the ost of utlzng nd mnufturng. However, ths onneton s not populr n trton ndustry [11,18]..4. Sott onneton The Sott trnsformer s known s lned trnsformer whh onverts symmetrl three-phse voltge to two sngle phse voltges wth 9 degree ngle etween them. Ths onneton s populr n Jpnese Hgh Speed lwy (HS). Fgure 4 shows the eletrl ruts of ths type of onneton. Due to the omplex struture, ths trnsformer s expensve [1,17]. G N G Fg.. onfgurton of / trnsformer n TPS.. Yd onneton The Yd onneton trnsformers onsst of dfferent vetor groups. Fg. shows the onfgurton of the Yd11 onneton n TPS. The Yd onneton s more populr n hn, ussnd Estern Europe. Sott N 1 N 1 N G N1 N Fg. 4. onfgurton of Sott trnsformer n TPS Tle.1 Tehnl omprson of TS trnsformers ompred tem Sngle-phse / Yd Sott Struture Smple eltvely smple eltvely smple omplex Utlzton ost Hgh Hgh ow Hgh PQ workng plty The retve power requred More More More ess The NS requred More More More ess The mnufturng ost ess eltvely less eltvely less Hgh res of pplton ght lods eltvelyhevy lods eltvely hevy lods Hgh speed rlwys

3 .5. Tehnl omprson Trton trnsformers re spel power trnsformers whh work n 1% overlod ondton. Due to the dfferent strutures of these trnsformers, they re evluted y mny tehnl ftors. The omprson on tehnl performne of TS trnsformers s llustrted n Tle. n terms of nternl struture the sngle-phse trnsformer s smple nd / nd Yd re reltvely smple whle the Sott trnsformer s spel, omplted nd ostly trnsformer whh s not very ommerl n trton systems nd usully used n Hgh Speed lwys (HS). The mnufturng ost of ths trnsformer s hgher thn others too [18,]. s mentoned n Tle 1, the PQ n t ompenstes NS n TPS wth sngle-phse trnsformers, euse they use just one phse nd power trnsferrng etween two djent setons does not lne the prmry sde. Moreover, the mount of tve nd retve power whh should e trnsferred etween two djent setons y PQ s dfferent n TS trnsformers. The lned trnsformers lke Sott hve lower requre for of retve power nd NS. n three-phse unlned trnsformers lke / nd Yd, the mount of retve power nd NS s hgher.. Evluton of TS trnsformers sed on urrent unlned rto prmeter To redue the PQ pty through ompenstng hrmons nd retve power, the uxlry ompenstors (.e. pssve nd tve flters, S, STTOM) n e used. However, the mpts of TS trnsformers on PQ pty re sed on NS. n ths seton, the evluton nd nlyss of TS trnsformers s rred out sed on U ndex nd the PQ pty. These ftors re fflted to lod lne rto, expressed s: l lod left seton Full lod left seton (1) r lod rght seton () Full lodrght seton lght loded seton () hevy loded seton l nd r re the lod lne rto of left nd rght seton of TPS. The vlue of s etween nd 1, nd due to the fst dynmty of trton lods t s lwys hngng..1. urrent unlne rto n eletrl rlwy systems, trton lods re fed y sngle-phse voltges nd urrents n oth setons of TPS. Therefore, the sgnfnt mount of the NS wll e generted whh mkes the power network unlned. The performnes of TS trnsformers n unlned ondtons re dfferent euse of ther struture. They re evluted sed on the urrent unlned rto defned s: (4) U denotes negtve sequene urrent nd s postve sequene urrent.. U lulton wthout PQ n TPS The results of U equtons under unlned ondton (efore y PQ) sed on the lod lne rto re lulted n equtons (5) to (6). n order to lulte the U for sngle-phse trnsformer, the onfgurton of TPS s onsdered s llustrted n Fg. 5. The prmry sde phse voltges re onsdered s: e 4 e e (5) Therefore, lne-to-lne nd seton voltges on seondry sde re: 6 e (6) Where s the effetve vlue of phse voltge nd s the rto of the trnsformer. onsderng PF s lose to 1, the urrent n eh seton n e lulted s: 6 r r e 6 l l e (7) Where s effetve vlue of urrent n seondry sde. ordng to trnsformer fetures, three phse urrents of prmry sde re: ( ) 6 l r e ( ) 6 l r e (8) Usng the Fortesue mtrx, the lod lne rto n e lulted s follows: ( l r) ( ) l r e Thus, the U n e lulted s follows: (9)

4 U sngle-phse 1 (1) n order to lulte the urrent unlne rto for / trnsformer, the seondry sde, lne-to-lne voltges re onsdered s: 6 e e (11) onsderng PF s lose to 1, the urrent n eh seton n e lulted s: 6 r e l e (1) ordng to trnsformer fetures, three-phse urrents of prmry sde re: 6 r e 1 le 6 re le (1) Usng the Fortesue mtrx, the lod lne rto n e lulted s follows: ( r l ) ( re le ) Thus, the U n e lulted s follows: U / r r l l r l (14) (15) To lulte the U for Yd trnsformer, the seondry sde, lne-to-lne voltges re onsdered s: e e So, the urrent n eh seton n e lulted s: r e l e ( ) ( r e l e ) (16) (17) ordng to Yd trnsformer fetures, the urrents n seondry sde wndngs re: (18) Thus, the urrent n prmry sde wndngs n e lulted s follows: l r e e 1 1 l e r e 1 re le (19) Usng of Fortesue trnsformton, the urrent lne rto n e lulted y followng equtons: ( ) r l e re le Thus, the U n e lulted s follows: U Yd r r l l r l () (1) The onfgurton of Sott trnsformer s llustrted n Fg. 5. onsderng the prmry sde phse voltges s (5), lne-to-lne voltges on seondry sde re: e e () onsderng PF lose to 1, the urrent n eh seton n e lulted s: r e l e ( ) ( G r e l e ) () ordng to trnsformer fetures, three-phse urrents of prmry sde re: re re le re le (4) Usng of Fortesue trnsformton, the U n e lulted y followng equtons: 4

5 ( r l ) ( r l ) Therefore, the U n e lulted s follows: U Sott ( r l ) ( r l ) (5) (6). U lulton wth PQ n TPS n lned nd del ondtons (fter full y PQ) the U n three phse trnsformers (/, Yd nd Sott) should e deresed to ner zero. However, the PQ n t ompenste NS n TPS wth sngle-phse trnsformers. Therefore, for the sngle-phse trnsformers the U wll e the onstnt vlue of 1. Ths mens tht PQ s not useful n TPSs wth sngle-phse s. The lulted results of U prmeter re summrzed n Tle..4 PQ pty Sne the pproxmte ost of pssve deve s heper thn the tve deve, vrous reserhes hve een done on usng of tve ompenstor deves, omned wth pssve ones to redue PQ pty [,4]. ut, these methods hve weknesses n performne. The type of TPS trnsformers s the mn ftor n PQ nomnl pty seleton. The mount of tve nd retve power whh should e trnsferred etween two djent setons y PQ s dfferent n TS trnsformers. The lned trnsformers lke Sott hve lower requre for of retve power nd NS. Therefore, n TPSs wth Sott trnsformers the PQs should hve lower pty. n three-phse unlned trnsformers lke / nd Yd, the mount of retve power nd NS s hgher nd the PQs should hve hgher pty. 4. PQ operton The onfgurton of PQ n TPS s llustrted n Fg. 5. The k three-phse hgh-voltge s steppeddown nto two 7.5 k sngle-phse voltges, whh re onneted to the Overhed ontt System (OS) of two setons. s t n e seen n ths fgure, the PQ s omprsed of two k-to-k onverters wth ommon D-lnk ptor. The PQ should rry out the duty for ll trton network lod ondtons ontnuously. Tle. U vlue of trton trnsformers TS s U efore U fter Snglephse 1 / r r l l r l Yd r r l l r l 1 K S 1 k r PQ topology TPS G + - k 7.5 k r Fg. 5. TPS onfgurton wth PQ So, t s onsdered tht there re two trton loomotves n oth sdes of TPS. The lod urrents of rght nd left setons ( nd ) re forwrded to the loomotves through the OS nd pntogrph to supply the power needs of trton motors. n order to ompenste NS, hrmon nd retve power smultneously, the urrents n the seondry sde of TPS (, ) should e ompletely snusodl, symmetrl nd lso n the sme phse of ther voltges (, ). 5. Smulton esults n order to verfy the theoretl nlyss, smultons sed on MT/SMUNK softwre hve een rred out. Sne the low power ftor nd hrmon re sustntl hrterst of rlwy systems, trton lods re modeled s n unontrolled sngle-phse onverter. s llustrted n Fg. 6, loomotve lod s omprsed of two unontrolled hlfrdge onverters whh re onneted n seres. The smulton prmeters of system nd trton lod re shown n Tle. s shown n Fg. 7, wthout PQ, the sngle-phse trnsformer hs the hghest level of the U ndex (U=1) for ll lod, unlned rtos whle the Sott trnsformer hs the lowest level of U ndex. t s the est performne n omprson to the others. Menng the rte of NS njeted to the three-phse system s lower n Sott trnsformer. The Yd nd / trnsformers hve the smlr performne of U whh s not s good s Sott trnsformers. Fg. 6. Trton lod model K S 1 k 5

6 PQ pty (M) Network-sde three-phse urrents() Network-sde three-phse urrents() Network-sde three-phse urrents() Journl of Eletrl Engneerng Tle. Prmeters of smulton system nd trton lod Prmeter lue TPS trnsformer rto (K T ) :7.5 Step-down trnsformer rto (K S ) 7.5:1 nterfe ndutne ( ).5 mh D-lnk ptor () 4 mf Trton lod ndutne ( u ) 9. mh Trton lod ndutne ( f ) 4 mh Trton lod ptor ( f ) 4 uf Trton lod resstor ( 1 ) 1 Trton lod ndutne ( 1 ) 4 mh n order to evlute the mpts of the TS trnsformer type on PQ performne nd ts pty the proposed system s smulted for /, Yd11 nd Sott trnsformers seprtely. s represented n Fg. 8, efore the network-sde three-phse urrents re sgnfntly unlned nd symmetrl. t n e seen from the smulton results llustrted n Tles nd tht the U s out 55% nd 99% for ζ =.5 nd ζ = respetvely. fter turnng on of PQ t t =.1 s, y trnsferrng power etween setons, the network-sde three-phse urrents eme symmetrl nd lned. Thereupon, U s detrted to less thn %. Fg. 9 demonstrtes the PQ pty. The power rtngs of PQ nd ts k-to-k onverters depends on the mount of trnsferrng nd ompensted tve nd retve power. t s ovous from ths fgure tht, for the Sott trnsformer the PQ pty s lower. t mens tht, the PQ n e used wth lower nomnl pty of equpment. The fgure lso shows mnor superorty of the Yd trnsformer gnst / trnsformer Phse Phse Phse Tme(s) () Tme(s) () Tme(s) () Fg. 8. Network-sde three-phse urrents for ) / trnsformer ) Yd trnsformer ) Sott trnsformer / Yd Sott Fg. 9. PQ pty Fg. 7. U vlue wthout PQ 6

7 Tle. 4 U vlue of trton trnsformers Sngle-phse / Yd Sott U% efore U% fter PQ pty (M) Tle. 5 U vlue of trton trnsformers Sngle-phse / Yd Sott U% efore U% fter PQ pty (M) onluson n ths pper, the performne of populr ommerl TS trnsformers (Sngle-phse, /, Yd, Sott) nvestgted wth the presene of PQ s the uxlry ompenstor n TPS. n the egnnng, fter ref desrpton out PQ performne, the strutures nd onnetons of TS trnsformers re presented. Then, tehnl omprson onsderng mnufturng nd utlzton osts, the volume requred nd res of pplton omplshed. Usng the voltges nd urrents equtons, the mthemtl equtons of U lulted onsderng vrous lod unlned rto. The equtons lulted wth nd wthout PQ seprtely. To vldte the theoretl nlyss, smultons rred out. The smulton results showed tht n se wthout PQ, the sngle-phse nd Sott trnsformers hve the hghest nd lowest level of U ndex respetvely. The results show tht PQ pty s lower for Sott trnsformer nd lso they llustrte mnor superorty of the Yd trnsformer gnst / trnsformer. t s demonstrted tht unlke the pst rtles relted to PQ systems whh threephse / trnsformers were wdely used n trton systems Yd trnsformers re more ommon, heper nd populr n ndustry omprng to / trnsformers; s result, due to the hgh ost of Sott trnsformers, the Yd trnsformer re etter hoe to put nto operton wth PQ n TPS. eferenes 1. P. E. Sutherlnd, M. Wlwk, M. F. MGrnghn, System mpts evluton of sngle-phse trton lod on 115-kv trnsmsson system, EEE Trns. Power Delvery, vol. 1, no., pp , pr Terynl,. çık,. Çetn, M. Erms,. Çdırı,. Erms, T. Demr nd H. F. lgn Power qulty solutons for lght rl pul trnsportton systems fed y medum-voltge underground les, EEE Trns. nd. ppl., vol. 487, no., pp , My/Jun. 1.. Jfrkleyr H, Kzemzdeh, Frshd S, Power rtng reduton of rlwy power qulty ompenstor usng Stenmetz theory,. n: EEE nterntonl onf. Power eletrons, Drve systems & Tehnology; -4 Ferury 15; Tehrn, rn. pp H. ee,. ee, G. Jng, nd S. Kwon, Hrmon nlyss of the Koren hgh-speed rlwy usng the eght-port representton model, EEE Trns. Power Del., vol. 1, no., pp , pr Terynl,. çık,. Çetn, M. Erms,. Çdırı,. Erms, T. Demr, H. F. lgn Power qulty solutons for lght rl pul trnsportton systems fed y medum-voltge underground les, EEE Trns. nd. pp., vol. 487, no., pp , My/Jun., Wu,. uo, J. Shen, F. M,S. Peng negtve sequene method sed on two-phsed three-wre onverter for hgh-speed rlwy trton power supply system, EEE Trns. Power Eletron., vol. 7, no., pp , Fe Z. Zhng,. Wu, J. Kng, nd. uo, mult-purpose lned trnsformer for rlwy trton ppltons, EEE Trns. Power Del., vol. 4, no., pp , pr h. P. Hung, h. J. Wu, Y. S. hung, Sh. K. Peng, J.. Yen, M. H. Hn odng hrtersts nlyss of spelly onneted trnsformers usng vrous power ftor defntons, EEE Trns. Power Del., vol. 1, no., pp , Jul K. hen nd.-s. Guo, Three phse models of spelly onneted trnsformers, EEE Trns. Power Delvery, vol. 11, pp., Jn Z. Shu, S. Xe, nd Q., Sngle-phse k-to-k onverter for tve power lnng, retve power, nd hrmon flterng n trton power system, EEE Trns. Power Eletron., vol. 6, no., pp. 4 4, Fe Z. Sun, X. Jng, D. Zhu, nd G. Zhng, novel tve power qulty ompenstor topology for eletrfed rlwy, EEE Trns. Power Eletron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp , Jul H. Sy-uen nd. ng-nn, Hrmon study of the lelne trnsformer for Twn rlwy s eletrfton system, EEE Trns. Power Del., vol. 17, no., pp , pr.. 1. K. Hung-Yun nd. Ts-Hsng, gorous evluton of the voltge unlne due to hgh-speed rlwy demnds, EEE Trns. eh. Tehnol.,vol. 47, no. 4, pp , Nov M. Klntr, M. J. Sdegh, S.Frshd, S.S. Fzel, Modelng nd omprson of trton trnsformers sed on the utlzton ftor defntons nt. J. evew on Modelng nd Smultons, vol.4, no.1, pp 4-51,Fe

8 15. F. M,. uo, X. Xu, H. Xo, h. Wu, W. Wng, Smplfed power ondtoner sed on hlf-rdge onverter for hgh-speed rlwy system, EEE Trns. nd. Ele., vol. 6, no., pp , Fe H. Jfrkleyr, S. Frshd, M. sd, nd. Jlln, Multfuntonl ontrol strtegy of hlf-rdge sed rlwy power qulty ondtoner for trton system, n Pro. 1th nt. onf. Envronment. nd Ele. Eng. (EEE), 1, pp Y. Mohng, Y. Hsmzu, M. Tked, T. Mysht, nd K. Hsuke, Stt power ompenstor usng GTO onverters for eletr rlwy, n Pro. Power onvers. onf., 199, pp Hu Yu, Yun Yue, hen Zhe, hen Zhfe, To Ye, eserh on the seleton of rlwy trton trnsformer Pro. PE 1, Sngpore, 7-9 Ot. 1, pp T. H. hen nd H. Y. Kuo, Network modelng of trton sustton trnsformers for studyng unlne effets, Pro. nst. Elet. Eng., vol. 14, no., pp. 1 18, uo,. Wu, J. Shen, Z. Shu, nd F. M, lwy stt power ondtoners for hgh-speed trn trton power supply systems usng three-phse / trnsformers, EEE Trns. Power Eletron., vol. 6, no. 1, pp , Ot Z. Sun, X. Jng, D. Zhu, nd G. Zhng, novel tve power qulty ompenstor topology for eletrfed rlwy, EEE Trns. Power Eletron., vol. 19, no. 4, pp , Jul. 4.. H. Q. Wng, Y. J. Tn nd Q.. Gu, Evluton of negtve-sequene urrent njetng nto the pul grd from dfferent trton sustton n eletrl rlwys, n Pro. th nt. onf. Exh. Elet. Dstr., Prgue, zeh epul, Jun. 9, pp Y. Zhng,. uo, h. Wu nd F. M, The eletrl model nd prmeter desgn of hyrd rlwy unfed power qulty ontroller (UPQ), n Pro. Ele. dstr. onf., Nnjng, hn, sep. 1, pp W. Guo,. Enen nd T. Mngxng, hyrd tve method for urrent lne sed on yd11 onneton trton trnsformer, n Pro. Power Eletron. ntel. Trnsport. System onf., ug. 8 pp

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