Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11ac Wireless Networks. Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer

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2 Understanding RF Fundamentals and the Radio Design for 11ac Wireless Networks Brandon Johnson Systems Engineer

3 Agenda Physics - RF Waves Antenna Selection Spectrum, Channels & Channel widths MIMO & Spatial Streams Cisco ac features Beyond ac

Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio waves Micro waves Infrared Radiation Visible Light Ultraviolet Radiation X-Rays Gamma Rays Colour Frequency Wavelength Violet

5 Electromagnetic Spectrum Radio waves Micro waves Infrared Radiation Visible Light Ultraviolet Radiation X-Rays Gamma Rays Colour Frequency Wavelength Violet THz nm Blue THz nm Green THz nm Yellow THz nm Orange THz nm Red THz nm

6 Radio Frequency Fundamentals Frequency and Wavelength f = c / λ c = the speed of light in a vacuum 2.45GHz = 12.3cm 5.0GHz = 6cm Amplitude Phase * ϕ λ 1 λ 2 A 1 A 2

7 Radio Frequency Fundamentals Signal Strength Gain and Amplification Loss and Attenuation Wave Propagation Attenuation and Free Space Loss Reflection and Absorption Wavelength

8 Physics of Waves In phase, reinforcement Out of phase, cancellation

9 RF Mathematics db is a logarithmic ratio of values (voltages, power, gain, losses) We add gains We subtract losses dbm is a power measurement relative to 1mW dbi is the forward gain of an antenna compared to isotropic antenna

10 Now we know that. How?

11 CSMA / CA Listen before talk Carrier sense, multiple access / open spectrum (open, low-power ISM bands) no barrier to entry Energy detection must detect channel available Clear Channel Assessment On collision, random back off timer before trying again. Clear channel is very important.

12 Wireless Is Always A Two-Way Conversation

13 Interference and Signal to Noise Ratio Any RF signals other than what we want is interference SNR is a ratio The signal strength is a result of: Transmit power Receive sensitivity Increase the signal, or decrease the noise

14 Two way communication - Example Point A 20 Distance Point B

15 Antennas

16 Antenna Fundamentals Omni-Directional Antennas Azimuth Elevation

17 Omnidirectional Antenna Radiation Pattern 3D Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only

18 Antenna Fundamentals Patch Antennas Azimuth Elevation

19 Panel Azimuth and Elevation in 3D Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only

20 Panel EM field in 3D (Hypothetically) Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only

21 Antenna Fundamentals Internal Antennas

22 Antenna Fundamentals High-Gain Antennas Azimuth Elevation

23 Waveguide Azimuth and Elevation in 3D Not accurate or to scale; conceptual only

24 Antenna Fundamentals High-Gain Antennas First Null is Filled In Second Null is not as deep Low signal regions occur close to tower to minimise the impact Low Signal Low Signal

25 Antenna Design Cisco 2.4GHz Antenna Combined 2.4 and 5GHz Antenna

26 Multipath Propagation Direct

27 Channels

28 2.4GHz Channels really only 3; not used -11ac

Understanding 802.11ac 5GHz only Channel Bonding 80 and 160MHz Channels 80MHz Channel and 3 SS = 1.

29 Understanding ac 5GHz only Channel Bonding 80 and 160MHz Channels 80MHz Channel and 3 SS = 1.3Gbps 80MHz Channel and 2 SS = 866.6Mbps 80MHz Channel and 1 SS = 433.3Mbps Modulation 256-QAM Spatial Streams Support for up to 8

30 5GHz Channel Allocation

31 Channel widths

32 Resolution

33 20MHz 1SS

34 80MHz 1SS

35 Resolution

36 Modulation, SNR and Data Rates 4-QAM SNR=6 SNR=10

37 Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics 4-QAM 16-QAM 64-QAM

38 Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics 256-QAM

39 Rate vs Range and the Laws of Physics

40 Pop-Quiz

44 Multi In Multi Out MIMO

45 Antenna Diversity

46 Diversity Combining

47 Multiple Input Multiple Output Maximal Ratio Combining Combined Effect (Adding all Rx Paths) 3 Antennas Rx Signals

48 Multiple Input Multiple Output Implicit Transmit Beamforming

49 Multiple Input Multiple Output Implicit Transmit Beamforming

50 Multiple Input Multiple Output ClientLink a/g/n/ac 1SS 1SS 2SS 3SS

51 Multiple Input Multiple Output Spatial Multiplexing Data The quick brown fox The Data The Data The quick brown fox quick Data The quick

52 Multiple Input Multiple Output Spatial Multiplexing Data The quick brown fox The quick Data The quick Data The quick brown fox brown fox Data The quick brown fox

53 80MHz 1SS

54 80MHz 3SS

55 Channel Bonding 20-MHz 20-MHz Gained Space 40-MHz Gained Space Gained Space 80-MHz 40-MHz Gained Space

56 Channel Bonding 1SS 1SS 2SS 3SS 80-MHz 80-MHz Gained Space 160-MHz 80-MHz 160-MHz 80-MHz

57 5GHz Channel Allocation

58 Engineer in a Can Features

Enhanced HDX Turbo Performance Improves radio efficiency for higher throughput and

CleanAir 80MHz Mitigates interference and improves channel capacity Cisco ClientLink 3.

11ac Client performance Dynamic BW Selection Extends DCA to automatically select ideal

60 Enhanced HDX Turbo Performance Improves radio efficiency for higher throughput and client density Optimised Roaming Intelligently determines the optimum time to roam Cisco CleanAir 80MHz Mitigates interference and improves channel capacity Cisco ClientLink 3.0 Improves legacy and ac Client performance Dynamic BW Selection Extends DCA to automatically select ideal channel widths AirTime Fairness Optimises medium access as allocation of airtime not bitrate Cross-AP Management* Directs Wireless Signal for Better Coverage

61 Spectrum Intelligence CleanAir and ibeacon ibeacons use Bluetooth Low-Energy to send advertising signals Smart phone applications using simple RSSI information figure out microlocation & apps then fetch relevant advertising content BLE /ibeacons can be used to improve the way finding experience

62 Radio Resource Management Dynamic Channel Assignment / Dynamic Bandwidth Selection Transmit Power Control Coverage Hole Detection and Mitigation and more What It Does Dynamically balances infrastructure and mitigate changes Monitor and maintain coverage for all clients Provide the optimal throughput under changing conditions What It Does NOT Do Substitute for a site survey Correct a poor design Manufacture spectrum or otherwise counteract the laws of physics

63 Optimised Roaming

64 DCA and ac Channel Width Selection of 20 MHz all AP s set to 20 Mhz Selection of 40 MHz All 40 MHz capable AP s set to 40 MHz 20 MHz only AP s will be left on 20 Mhz Selection to 80 MHz all 80 MHz capable AP s set to 80 MHz Others n will be at 40 Mhz, and a at 20 Mhz Wireless=>802.11a/b=>RRM=>DCA

65 802.11AC and the OBSS and Coexistence Using the example of an 80 MHz OBSS (Overlapping BSS) AP-AC wins contention on my primary channel and will send data on that channel and 3 other bonded channels. The VHT header tells all AC stations that I m using an 80 MHz OBSS and even tells what 20 MHz sub channels it s using But What of the lowly a station, or the n (HT) station who don t speak ac and it s fancy VHT language?

66 802.11AC and the OBSS (Overlapping BSS) Protocol Primary Secondary 20 MHz Secondary 40 MHz a -82 dbm n -82 dbm -62 dbm (20 db liberty) ac -82 dbm -72 dbm (10 db liberty) -76 to -79 (3-6 db liberty) Never Fear LBT (Listen before Talk) to the rescue CCA! (Clear Carrier Assessment) CCA thresholds where adjusted in the ac specification to allow Overlapping BSS and IBSS stations coexist by adjusting the contention requirements for Sub Channels In the table above you can see that all 3 protocols have equal contention on the primary. Any primary operating within a secondary 20 or 40 will loose contention Any secondary 20 operating in a secondary 40 will win contention over other secondary's!

67 Awesome, so what? More co-channel interference models to worry about So What? It s still fast right? TCP downlink testing using 80 MHz channel width on channel 36. Interference AP set on channel MHz in the secondary 40 Mhz If you had set an ac radio to 80 MHz, that radio will wait until all 80 MHz is free before it will transmit It will not roll back and use 40 MHz or 20 MHz TCP Down MBA MBA MBA Interfereing MBA Without With

68 Enter Cisco Dynamic Bandwidth Selection Before Complex configuration and inefficient use of spectrum After Automatic and intelligent use of spectrum 80 MHz Channel 52/56/60/64 Primary 20 Secondary 20 Secondary 40 Interference impacts 80 MHz what can I use? MHz channel 52/56/60/64 Interference is impacting only channel 60 3x20 MHz channels still available or 1x40 MHz and 1x20 MHz Radio Resource Management (RRM) selects channel only Difficult to find nonoverlapping channels RRM selects channel and channel width Automatic detection of non-overlapping channels

69 Cisco Features (802.11ac)

52 56 60 64 52 56 60 64 Cisco Dynamic Bandwidth Selection Before Complex configuration and inefficient use of spectrum After Automatic and

52 56 60 64 80-MHz channel 52/56/60/64 Interference is impacting only channel 60 3x20 MHz channels still available or 1x40 MHz and 1x20 MHz Radio

70 Cisco Dynamic Bandwidth Selection Before Complex configuration and inefficient use of spectrum After Automatic and intelligent use of spectrum 80 MHz Channel 52/56/60/64 Primary 20 Secondary 20 Secondary 40 Interference impacts 80 MHz what can I use? MHz channel 52/56/60/64 Interference is impacting only channel 60 3x20 MHz channels still available or 1x40 MHz and 1x20 MHz Radio Resource Management (RRM) selects channel only Difficult to find nonoverlapping channels RRM selects channel and channel width Automatic detection of non-overlapping channels

Quality Performance Rogues seen as security threat only Non-Wi-Fi interference prioritized Wi-Fi and non-wi-fi aware Dynamic

71 Cisco CleanAir Before Rogue Wi-Fi interference decreases reliability and performance until next dynamic channel assignment (DCA) cycle Improved Client Performance After Mitigated RF interference for improved reliability and performance Air Quality Performance Air Quality Performance Rogues seen as security threat only Non-Wi-Fi interference prioritized Wi-Fi and non-wi-fi aware Dynamic mitigation ED-RRM Granular spectrum visibility and control Complete Automatic Interference Mitigation Solution for Rogues and Non-Wi-Fi Interference

Cisco Air Time Fairness Before Rate limiting can only specify a bit rate (throughput) limit. There is no way to limit the duration that the bit rate will use.

72 Cisco Air Time Fairness Before Rate limiting can only specify a bit rate (throughput) limit. There is no way to limit the duration that the bit rate will use. Gain the Ability to Meet SLAs After Air time is allocated per SSID, per realm, per client. There is now better control over how air time is shared. SSID 2 48% SSID 1 52% SSID 2 30% SSID 1 70% Bandwidth rate unpredictable Timebased Clientdependent fluctuation Not timebased Automatic calculation on availability Ongoing recalculation Improved Predictability and Performance

73 Air Time Fairness Phase 1(ATF) 8.1 MR2 8.1 MR2 Air Time Fairness Allocation is applied per SSID Applies to Downstream only Can be configured in WLC GUI/CLI and PI Total Air Quality (% usable time) per AP Wi-Fi traffic aggregrate (or individual) Total Air Time Wi-Fi Interference Non-Wi-Fi Interference (Bluetooth, Wireless phones) ATF Modes Disable Monitor Mode Enforce-Policy Mode Can be applied to all APs on a Network, AP Group, or AP Data Frames Data (down) Zero, one, multiple retries, abandoned, dropped Data (up) Discarded, error, duplicate SSID #1 X% allocation Management Frames Beacons (down) Probe Responses (up/down) Control Frames CTS (down) RTS (up) ACKs Total airtime (data) Total airtime (mgmt) Total airtime (ctrl) SSID #2 SSID #3 Y% allocation Z% allocation Supported on: AP1260, 1570, 1700, 2600, 2700, 3500, 3600, 3700 Local and Flex-connect mode Client #1 A% allocation Client #2 B% allocation X = A+B+C+D Client #3 C% allocation Client #4 D% allocation

74 Air Time Fairness Phase 2 (ATF) Total Air Time 8.2 code Total Air Quality (% usable time) Wi-Fi Interference Non-Wi-Fi Interference (Bluetooth, Wireless phones) 8.2 Air Time Fairness Allocation is applied per SSID Per Client w Applies to Downstream only Can be configured in WLC GUI/CLI and PI per AP Wi-Fi traffic aggregrate (or individual) Data Frames Data (down) Zero, one, multiple retries, abandoned, dropped Data (up) Discarded, error, duplicate SSID #1 X% allocation Management Frames Beacons (down) Probe Responses (up/down) Control Frames CTS (down) RTS (up) ACKs Total airtime (data) Total airtime (mgmt) Total airtime (ctrl) SSID #2 Y% allocation SSID #3 Z% allocation X = A+A+A+A Client #1 A% allocation Client #2 A% allocation Client #3 A% allocation Client #4 A% allocation

75 Your Turn

environmentals Characterise the -67dBm edges For location a minimum of three AP should be able to

76 Site Surveys AP and Antenna Placement Consider underlying requirements Number of Users Application Types Data Voice Video Location accuracy AP placement considerations Consider environmentals Characterise the -67dBm edges For location a minimum of three AP should be able to hear the device with a a signal strength of -75dBm or higher Understand existing spectrum use Interference mitigation

Always verify predicted coverage with an actual measurement Always remain conservative with power Middle to lower end of the range

77 Planning Tools All models are wrong Some of them are useful A planning tool can be very useful for developing a preliminary design and solving deployment problems The model MUST be calibrated to ensure what you see is what you get These recommendations should be followed Always verify predicted coverage with an actual measurement Always remain conservative with power Middle to lower end of the range should be selected Many tools default to high power and can be very misleading. Coverage and capacity should be balanced

spread across a larger area, connecting at lower data rates

78 Channel Utilisation One simple change reduced the utilisation to 5% Remove the low rates Large cells = Low density More users spread across a larger area, connecting at lower data rates Small cells = High density Removing lower data rates constrains cell size

79 Wait a minute Whats Next?

80 Going Beyond ac Wave 2

Cisco Aironet Portfolio Positioned to Capture the 802.

Forming 1 GE Port uplink 3 GE Local Ports, including 1 PoE out Local ports 802.

or Two Local Ports can be tunneled back to corporate 1830 3x3:2SS 80MHz; 867Mbps Spectrum Analysis* Internal antenna Tx Beam

7 Gbps Spectrum Analysis* Internal or External antenna Tx Beam Forming 2 GE Ports USB 2.

4, 5GHz or Dual 5GHz 2 GE Ports Internal or External antenna Smart Antenna Connector Enhanced Location* (External Antenna)

81 Cisco Aironet Portfolio Positioned to Capture the ac Wave 2 Transition Enterprise Class Mission Critical Best in Class Wall Plate 2x2:2SS 80 MHz; 867 Mbps Tx Beam Forming 1 GE Port uplink 3 GE Local Ports, including 1 PoE out Local ports 802.1x ready Integrated BLE Gateway* 1810 Teleworker 2x2:2SS 80 MHz; 867 Mbps 3 GE Local Ports downlink, including 1 PoE out One or Two Local Ports can be tunneled back to corporate x3:2SS 80MHz; 867Mbps Spectrum Analysis* Internal antenna Tx Beam Forming 1 GE Port USB 2.0 Centralized, FlexConnect and Mobility Express x4:3SS 80Mhz; 1.7 Gbps Spectrum Analysis* Internal or External antenna Tx Beam Forming 2 GE Ports USB 2.0 Centralized, FlexConnect and Mobility Express x4:3SS 160 MHz; 5 Gbps 2.4, 5GHz or Dual 5GHz 2 GE Ports Internal or External antenna Smart Antenna Connector Enhanced Location* (External Antenna) CleanAir 160MHz ClientLink 4.0 USB 2.0 Centralized, FlexConnect and Mobility Express* 4x4:3SS 160 MHz; 5 Gbps 2.4, 5GHz or Dual 5GHz 1 GE + 1 mgig (5G) Internal or External antenna Smart Antenna Connector Enhanced Location* (External Antenna) CleanAir 160 MHz ClientLink 4.0 StadiumVision USB 2.0 Modularity Centralized, FlexConnect and Mobility Express* * Future availability

Security and Spectrum Analysis 3G and LTE Offload Other Directional Antennas Hyperlocation Antenna

82 Meet Any Wi-Fi Use Case Expandability and Investment Protection PRIMARY ANTENNAS Bluetooth Beacon Other Self-Discover / Self-Configure Potential Future Expandability Other Stadium Panel Antenna Adv. Security and Spectrum Analysis 3G and LTE Offload Other Directional Antennas Hyperlocation Antenna SMART ANTENNA PORT MODULE PORT Custom Application Using Linux Future Wi-Fi Standard Video Surveillance

Next-Generation Wave 2 802.11ac Access Points Cisco Aironet 3800 Series Industry leading 4x4 MIMO:3 spatial streams (SS) Wave 2 802.11ac access points Dual radio, 802.

83 Next-Generation Wave ac Access Points Cisco Aironet 3800 Series Industry leading 4x4 MIMO:3 spatial streams (SS) Wave ac access points Dual radio, ac Wave 2, 160 MHz Combined Data Rate of 5.2Gbps 2 x 5 GHz: 4x4: 3SS supporting - SU-MIMO / MU-MIMO - Flexible Radio Assignment: 2.4GHz, Dual-5GHz, Wireless Security Monitoring, or Wireless Service Assurance Gigabit Ethernet and multi-gigabit Ethernet (1G, 2.5G, 5G) HDX Technology USB 2.0 Internal and external antenna models Smart Antenna Connector - 2 nd Antenna Connector Modularity: Side Mount Modular Gigabit Wi-Fi has fully arrived. * Planning New

84 Next-Generation Wave ac Access Points New Cisco Aironet 2800 Series Industry leading 4x4 MIMO:3 spatial streams (SS) Wave ac access points Dual radio, ac Wave 2, 160 MHz Combined Data Rate of 5.2Gbps 2 x 5 GHz: 4x4: 3SS supporting - SU-MIMO / MU-MIMO - Flexible Radio Assignment: 2.4GHz, 5GHz, Wireless Security Monitoring, or Wireless Service Assurance 2 x Gigabit Ethernet HDX Technology USB 2.0 Internal and external antenna models Smart Antenna Connector - 2 nd Antenna Connector Gigabit Wi-Fi has fully arrived. * Planning

85 Next-Generation Wave ac Wall Plate Access Point Simultaneous Wired and Wireless Access Dual Radio, Dual Band with ac Wave 2 Integrated Bluetooth Low Energy radio* Designed for ease of mounting to numerous global wall junction standards. Accessories available to mount directly on a wall or have it desk mounted Sleek design in a small form factor: 165 x 114 x 41 mm (6.5 x 4.5 x 1.6 in) 3 x Local GigE Ethernet Ports + 1 x uplink GigE port + 1 x passive pass-through RJ45 Powered over Ethernet (PoE) or with AC Adapter Cisco Aironet 1810w Series PoE out on LAN 3 port, up to 803.af Class 0 (depending on powering options) * Future availability

86 Next-Generation Wave ac OfficeExtend Access Point Target for Teleworker or Micro-branch deployments, providing wired and wireless corporate access to remote workers Simultaneous Dual Radio, Dual Band 2x2:2 with ac Wave 2, including MU-MIMO Vertical mount to optimize wireless coverage with integrated antennas. Shipping with included mounting cradle purposefully designed for optimal mounting and cable management. Accessories available to mount onto a junction box or directly on a wall 3 x GigE Ethernet Ports, 1 x uplink GigE port Up to 2 ports can be tunneled back to Wireless LAN Controller Powered over Ethernet (PoE) or with included AC Adapter Cisco Aironet OEAP1810 Series PoE out on LAN 3 port, up to 803.af Class 0 (depending on powering options)

Innovations Only Cisco Delivers Radio Frequency Excellence for High-Density Environments Zero Impact AVC Hardware Based Application

Multi-Gigabit Uplinks Free Up Wireless With Faster Gb+ Wired Network Offload Cisco CleanAir Remediates Device Impacting Interference

Connects the Proper Access Point as People Move Turbo Performance Scales to Support More Devices Running High Bandwidth Apps.

87 Innovations Only Cisco Delivers Radio Frequency Excellence for High-Density Environments Zero Impact AVC Hardware Based Application Visibility and Control without Impact to Performance. Multi-Gigabit Uplinks Free Up Wireless With Faster Gb+ Wired Network Offload Cisco CleanAir Remediates Device Impacting Interference Flex Dynamic Frequency Selection Automatically Adjusts So Not to Interfere With Other Radio Systems Optimized Roaming Intelligently Connects the Proper Access Point as People Move Turbo Performance Scales to Support More Devices Running High Bandwidth Apps. Flexible Radio Assignment Adjust Radio Bands to Better Serve the Environment. Cisco ClientLink Improves Performance of Legacy and ac Devices. Expandability Add Functionality Via Module, Smart Antenna Port or USB Port

88 The World s Most Versatile Access Points All The Benefits of ac Wave 2 Highest Wi-Fi Performance Ever Better End Device Efficiency Higher Data Rate Wider Channels Simultaneous Data Delivery Better Battery Life NEW: Cisco Aironet 2800 NEW: Cisco Aironet 3800 Plus Cisco Innovations for High Density Environments Self-Optimizing Network Optimized Mobile User Experience New Flexible Radio Assignment New Multi-Gigabit Uplinks Improved Modularity Improved ClientLink Turbo Performance Improved CleanAir New Zero Impact AVC Flexible Dynamic Frequency Selection New Smart Antenna Improved Enhanced Location* Optimized Roaming

89 What is an XOR Radio? 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz on the same silicon Allows serving of either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz channel Allows Serial scanning of all 2.4 and 5 GHz channels Role selection is manual or Automatic RRM Not new in production (WSSI/WSM modules)

90 AP2800/3800 I series antenna system (cover removed) Previously in the controller Access Point radios were defined as Radio 0 = 2.4 GHz Radio 1 = 5.0 GHz Using Flexible Radio Assignment Radio 0 can be configured as 2.4 GHz (default) or as an additional 5 GHz radio. If configured as a 5 GHz radio the 2.4 GHz radio is disabled and the 5 GHz micro-cell antennas are used. Micro-cell antenna is 7 5 GHz Macro-cell antenna is 5 5 GHz

with different channels & Tx RF power BOTH radios can co-exist internally Smaller AP

91 Difference in antenna designs allow RF co-exist Conventional AP footprint (Macro-Cell) uniform 360 degree coverage By using spatially-efficient and compact antenna design along with different channels & Tx RF power BOTH radios can co-exist internally Smaller AP footprint (Micro-Cell) uniform 360 Degree but for smaller coverage area (high density) deployments

93 Flexible Radio Assignment 5GHz Serving 2.4GHz Serving Default operating mode Serve Clients on both 2.4GHz and 5GHz 5GHz Serving 5GHz Serving Dual 5GHz Support, both radios serving clients on 5GHz Maximum over the air data rate up to 5.2Gbps 5GHz Serving Wireless Security Monitor Wireless Security Monitoring Scan both 2.4GHz and 5GHz for security threats Serve Client of 5GHz 5GHz Serving 5GHz Serving Wireless Service Assurance* Enhanced Location* Wireless Service Assurance* Proactively monitors the network performance Serve Client of 5GHz Enhanced Location* Improves the client location accuracy Serve Client of 5GHz * Denotes feature availability post-fcs

94 What is a Macro/Micro cell Architecture? Not new, implemented for years in Cellular Method for addressing Non Linear Traffic requirements Allows more bandwidth and efficiency to be applied to an area within a larger coverage cell Used in Wi-Fi today i.e. Convention centers - Macro coverage of the whole floor area from Ceiling, while individual locations requiring more bandwidth/capacity may be covered by on the floor AP-700W 2800/3800 will support from single access point it s about Airtime Efficiency and Capacity

95 Self Optimizing Network Flexible Radio Assignment CleanAIr 5GHz. Serving 2.4GHz Serving 5GHz. Serving 2.4GHz Serving! CleanAIr CleanAIr 5GHz. Serving 2.4-5GHz Monitoring

96 Self Optimizing Network Flexible Radio Assignment 5GHz. Serving 2.4GHz 5GHz Serving 5GHz. Serving 2.4GHz 5Hz Serving 5GHz. Serving 2.4-5GHz 2.4GHz Monitoring Serving

97 Self Optimizing Network Flexible Radio Assignment 5GHz. Serving 5GHz 2.4GHz Serving 5GHz. Serving 5Hz 2.4GHz Serving 5GHz. Serving 2.4GHz 2.4-5GHz Serving Monitoring

Dual 5GHz Improves Client Performance and Capacity Micro Macro Improves the Effective Spectrum Usage of the Cell Micro-Radio 802.

98 Dual 5GHz Improves Client Performance and Capacity Micro Macro Improves the Effective Spectrum Usage of the Cell Micro-Radio ac Clients near the AP High Performance Wi-Fi Clients at ac data rates Excellent speed and performance Macro-Radio All legacy Clients join macro-cell Future of wireless Users have a better overall experience on a Dual 5GHz Access Point

99 Dual 5GHz 2x the Coverage Area and Capacity Provide 2x the coverage area from a single Access Point Improve the total Network Performance Utilizes Smart Antenna Connector Mix and match all Cisco Supported Antennas

Redundant Radio Identification 5GHz Serving 2.4 GHz 8 dbm TX 2.4GHz Serving If you have designed a network for dense 5 GHz coverage, then you have too many 2.4 GHz radios 2.

Disabling the radio provides no value other than making the 2.4 GHz spectrum manageable, but no location, rogue or other information is gathered.

100 Redundant Radio Identification 5GHz Serving 2.4 GHz 8 dbm TX 2.4GHz Serving If you have designed a network for dense 5 GHz coverage, then you have too many 2.4 GHz radios 2.4 GHz has 1/7 th the channels of 5 GHz spectrum in the A regulatory and it propagates roughly 1.5x farther Prior to the 2800/3800 and 8.2 MRs release, your only option was to disable these radios. Disabling the radio provides no value other than making the 2.4 GHz spectrum manageable, but no location, rogue or other information is gathered. New in RRM is a redundant radio Identification algorithm to identify and manage locating redundant radios, and assign 1 of multiple roles it can play that and value to the equation. In the future - 5 GHz will also be crowded with Bonded channels as well - 3 db wall 400 Feet 5 GHz 8 dbm TX 3 db wall 268 Feet 200 feet 200 feet

101 Redundant Radio Identification Per RF Neighborhood Coverage Analysis First and RF Neighborhood (different than an RF Group) is selected to solve Using reciprocal NDP messages, each AP is located relevant to one another another in RF Distance NDP operates at MAX power Coverage area is represented by a circle around each AP Then Overlap will be assessed based on multiple points within each AP s coverage area In this way, the coverage of any Given AP can be evaluated for % of redundancy or percentage of coverage another AP(s) could cover without it Current Power is evaluated, and AP s with a high degree of redundancy are selected for other roles for the XOR radio to fill 5GHz Serving 2.4GHz Serving

102 Macro/Micro Dual 5 GHz cell Instant Capacity Cells must be isolated overlap in RF Frequency = shared airtime = lost efficiency Begins in the Silicon design Extends to the AP/Antenna selections Frequency Diversity Critical RRM knows and manages this 5GHz Serving 5GHz Serving

2800/3800 Dual Band The further a client is from the AP, the lower the data rate will used Data Rate is a function of SNR The higher the SNR The higher the data Rate will be 1 x5 GHz cell has a

103 2800/3800 Dual Band The further a client is from the AP, the lower the data rate will used Data Rate is a function of SNR The higher the SNR The higher the data Rate will be 1 x5 GHz cell has a finite amount of Air Time available Capacity is the sum of all clients within the cells Air Time You can t get more than a second out of 1s of Air time - period Single 5 GHz cell -75 dbm -73 dbm -68 dbm -63 dbm -71 dbm Channel Utilization = 60% -51 dbm -60 dbm -58 dbm 5GHz Serving 2.4GHz Serving -63 dbm = Client RSSI at AP

2800/3800 Macro/Micro Dual 5 GHz Creating two RF diverse 5 GHz cells Doubles the Air Time available Optimizing Connections (Macro vs Micro) keeps like performing clients together, rather than have

104 2800/3800 Macro/Micro Dual 5 GHz Creating two RF diverse 5 GHz cells Doubles the Air Time available Optimizing Connections (Macro vs Micro) keeps like performing clients together, rather than have one drag down the other RRM will optimize, based on received RSSI only at FCS Other possibilities exist (protocol, SS Capability) Macro/Micro 5 GHz cell -75 dbm -73 dbm -68 dbm -63 dbm -71 dbm -51 dbm -60 dbm 5GHz Serving CU Chnl 36= 20%! CU Chnl 108=24%! -58 dbm 5GHz Serving -63 dbm = Client RSSI at AP

105 Intra-cell Roaming Macro to Micro The most likely scenario is a client will associate to the Macro cell first since we have higher power and bigger footprint In this case, a client that has RSSI at the AP above the Micro cell threshold of -55 dbm will be moved into the Micro cell -55 dbm default, configurable by user For an v client on association we will send an 11v BSS Transition request with the Micro Cell BSSID as the only candidate For a non 11V client, we will send an 11K neighbor list and a disassociate Mechanism such as BandSelect is being investigated -51 dbm 5GHz Serving Macro=Big Micro=small -51 dbm 5GHz Serving

106 Intra-cell Roaming Macro to Micro If a client associates to the Micro cell first less likely but possible based on device scan and channels heard - In this case, a client that has RSSI at the AP below the Macro cell threshold of -65 dbm will be moved into the Micro cell -65 dbm default, configurable by user For an v client on association, we will send an 11v BSS Transition request with the Macro Cell BSSID as the only candidate For a non 11V client, we will send an 11K neighbor list and a disassociate Mechanism such as BandSelect is being investigated -65 dbm 5GHz Serving Macro=Big Micro=small -65 dbm 5GHz Serving

Dual 5 GHz E Model Macro/Macro 2 4 1 Using the DART connector on the E Model enables Dual 5 GHz cells with Discrete external antenna s Doubles the effective coverage

107 Dual 5 GHz E Model Macro/Macro Using the DART connector on the E Model enables Dual 5 GHz cells with Discrete external antenna s Doubles the effective coverage for the cost of one additional antenna mgig provides throughput investment Existing conference centers Double capacity on existing cable plan 5GHz Serving 5GHz Serving

108 Best Practices & Advanced RF Sessions BRKEWN-2670 Best Practices for Configuring Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers BRKEWN-3010 Improve Enterprise WLAN Spectrum Quality with Cisco's Advanced RF Capacities (RRM, CleanAir, ClientLink, etc)

109 Q & A

Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback and receive a Cisco 2016 T-Shirt by completing the Overall Event Survey and 5 Session Evaluations.

110 Complete Your Online Session Evaluation Give us your feedback and receive a Cisco 2016 T-Shirt by completing the Overall Event Survey and 5 Session Evaluations. Directly from your mobile device on the Cisco Live Mobile App By visiting the Cisco Live Mobile Site Visit any Cisco Live Internet Station located throughout the venue T-Shirts can be collected Friday 11 March at Registration Learn online with Cisco Live! Visit us online after the conference for full access to session videos and presentations.

111 Thank you

112

Client Roaming in a Micro and Macro Cell

Client Roaming in a Micro and Macro Cell Understanding Macro and Micro Cells, page 1 Understanding Macro and Micro Cells In areas where the AP traditionally has a wide-area coverage clients connected close to the AP are the most spectrum efficient