Real-World Range Testing By Christopher Hofmeister August, 2011
|
|
- Marcia Robbins
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Real-World Range Testing By Christopher Hofmeister August, 2011 Introduction Scope This paper outlines the procedure for a successful RF range test that provides quantitative data on how the RF link performs in its intended environment. This enables informed decisions about network architecture. The paper also explains subtleties that might be overlooked during a RF range test that can affect performance. Although these principles apply to any radio, we give special attention to features of the standard that can affect range test results. The design of a RF range test is broken down, and specific elements are explained in a realworld range test using LS Research s RF modules. So Many Variables One of the most frequently asked questions about a given radio is How far will this radio transmit? Unfortunately, it is also one of the most difficult questions to answer, as so many variables apply. Besides obvious variables like transmit power and receive sensitivity, a host of other factors come into play. Without careful attention to understanding and controlling as many of these variables as possible, the results of an RF range test will leave more questions than answers. For example, consider this common scenario. An engineer evaluating a radio puts the radio in a spot, walks some distance from it while monitoring an LED that indicates a received packet, and hopes to find a magical line on the ground at which the radio works on one side and doesn t work on the other. In real life the link will become marginal at some point and continue to work intermittently, perhaps even improving at certain points, forcing the engineer to make a judgment call on how far the radio worked. A week later the same test performed by the same or a different individual yields drastically different results. What happened? As we attempt to reconcile the results, questions come up. Even if the test was done outdoors, many factors apply. What antennas were used? How were they oriented? How far off the ground were they? How were the radios powered? If batteries were used, what was their voltage? Was the same version of firmware used? What was the over the air data rate? How many bytes were in the RF packet? What was the RF environment like during each test? How was it determined that the link was bad? Were RF acks and retries used? What obstructions Page 1 of 16
2 were in the path of the radios? The answers to these questions reveal that the trials had little in common, and the results are inconclusive. Add to this the complexities of an office or industrial environment. The RF environment is constantly changing as laptop computers move about and cordless phones or even microwave ovens are operated, affecting the 2.4GHz band in particular. Doors open and close, office equipment is turned on and off, equipment is moved, and so on. Also, the building s physical construction certainly has an effect; an addition may make it appear that an outside wall of concrete, stucco or metal siding is an interior wall. These situations illustrate why it is so hard to answer the question How far will this radio transmit? Clearly, as many variables as possible need to be controlled, and those that cannot be controlled at least need to be understood. When radio manufacturers list a range distance, be sure to ask: How were those results obtained? Is this the environment in which my radios will operate? What was the performance of radios at this distance? Good Range Test Design Specifying Range Most manufacturers specify range in an optimum situation, specifically line of sight outdoors. Besides putting their best foot forward, this enables them to repeatedly reproduce the test conditions and obtain similar results. This does not mean, however, that users of the radio can obtain the same results in a typical environment. Before running the range test, determine the criteria for specifying how far the radio transmits. This is especially important when trying to compare different radios. Some may specify this as the farthest point at which 99% of packets are successfully transmitted. Others may plot out the average receive sensitivity over distance to determine range. A combination of both metrics could also be employed. Write Everything Down It should go without saying, but it s easy to take shortcuts under the premise that we will remember. In reality, hours turn into days, and days into weeks, and we can t recall the details. So take the time to write everything down. You could use the example at the end of this paper to create a form that ensures all important details are noted. Collect Quantitative Data A good range test will collect useful information, such as the number of packets transmitted, the number of packets received, RSSI, LQI, the amount of noise on the channel, and other test conditions such as timestamps on the packets, the number of bytes in the packet, and power Page 2 of 16
3 supply conditions. Such information should be logged into a PC to enable analysis of the data collected. Understand the Difference Between LQI and RSSI RSSI is an acronym for Received Signal Strength Indicator. LQI is an acronym for Link Quality Indicator. Some use the terms interchangeably, but they are different. RSSI is an absolute value that can define the magnitude of the received signal, and it can be converted into units of dbm. LQI is a relative number between 0 and 255 that represents the quality of the received signal. Since there are no official rules on how it is calculated, every stack vendor usually calculates LQI differently. It is generally a function of RSSI and possibly other indicators such as the quality of the modulation on the received signal. When range testing a radio, it is generally good to track both RSSI and LQI and to understand how the LQI is being calculated. A strong RSSI but weak LQI (assuming LQI is factoring in the quality of the modulation) would indicate the presence of RF noise or interference. Understand Acknowledgment Requests and Retries Many radio standards today, such as , employ a RF acknowledgment/retry mechanism. When they are mentioned, it is important to understand that they can exist in the MAC layer and the application layer of software. In , acks/retries can be enabled on a packet bypacket basis in the MAC. If a message is sent with MAC layer ack, the recipient of the message will send a very small RF acknowledgment back to the sender, confirming receipt. If the sender does not receive this ack, it will resend (retry) the message again, up to three times. If you are doing the math, the means that the same message could be transmitted up to four times: the original message and up to three retries. Figure 1: MAC layer acks/retries It is often assumed that if a message is retried, it was not heard by the recipient. In practice, it is not uncommon for the acknowledgment to go unheard by the originator, prompting the originator to resend the message. This means that it s possible for the recipient to hear the same message multiple times. Page 3 of 16
4 RF Message with MAC Ack Request 3 RF Message with MAC Ack Request 2 RF Message with MAC Ack Request 1 ORIGINATOR RECEIPIENT Ack 1 Ack 2 Ack 3 Figure 2 It is important to consider that using MAC layer acks/retries may create a false sense of security regarding RF link quality. For example, if the ack/retry mechanism results in each message being sent two or three times, it may appear that the link is very good when in reality it is on the fringes. A clue that this is happening could be gathered from statistics kept on each side of the link. If the originator side shows 100 packets were sent out and the recipient shows 300 messages were received, this is a sure sign that the network relied heavily on the ack/retry mechanism. Although not the focus of this paper, application layer acks/retries have more practical value in hopping networks or in networks where extremely high reliability is required. The MAC layer acks/retries only guarantee that the message made it to the next hop not the final recipient. Also, even in single hop systems, this method does not guarantee that the message made it to the application. For example, a node could receive an RF message, send the MAC layer ack, and then try to allocate memory to send the message to a PC or display but run out of memory. The message originator would have no knowledge of this problem. Page 4 of 16
5 RF ALARM Message with MAC Ack Request ORIGINATOR RECEIPIENT UART Alarm Msg Attempt NO MEMORY MAC Ack Figure 3: Pitfall of MAC only acks LS Research Range Test LS Research has developed a protocol for evaluating range of its radio modules, and the principles contained therein can be used to conduct a successful range test. One part of the process involves using a simple form, like the one at the end of this paper, to write down important details about the test, including details that are easy to overlook. The second part of the process combines the firmware on the radio module being tested with PC software to display and record the results. The range test is also designed to achieve the following goals: Obtain quantitative range test results ( Error Rate, RSSI, LQI, Background RF Noise). Establish the ability to restart data collection remotely that is, look at performance in various locations without having to walk back to a PC to restart the test. Enable a single user to perform the entire test. Provide a means to log the results. Record as many variables (such as battery voltage) as possible. Use only one PC. Materials for Range Test The range test in this paper was performed with two of the ModFLEX series radios, the ProFLEX01 (2.4 GHz DSSS) and SiFLEX02 (900 MHz DSSS). Development kits for the radios are commercially available. The module firmware and PC software (ModFLEX Test Tool Suite) are available for download from the LS Research website at Page 5 of 16
6 Over the Air Structure Necessary parts of range test results are transmitted over the air to allow either end of the system to collect data. Each time the master transmits a packet, it increments its packet ID. If the application ack is set to 1, the slave device will transmit a packet back to the master, making it a round trip test. The following example shows what these packets would look like. Master to The packet ID indicates how many packets have been transmitted by the master. The power supply voltage of the master is sent to the slave. If the slave receives the packet, these can be determined: 1 packet was transmitted, 1 packet was received (100% success); and RSSI, LQI, and battery voltages. information is 0 as this information needs to be filled in from the slave. MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x Table 1: First master to slave packet to Master The slave appends information into the packet: RSSI and LQI of the master to slave packet; battery voltage. If the master receives the packet, these can be determined: 1 packet was transmitted, 1 packet was received (100% success); RSSI, LQI, and battery voltages of itself and the slave. MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x dBm Table 2: First slave to master packet Missed s If the slave misses several packets, the statistics will correct themselves as soon as another packet is received. For example, if the slave does not hear packets but does hear packet 100, the over the air message would look like the one in Table 3. It would be determined that the master sent 100 messages but the slave heard only 90. MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x dBm Table 3 Page 6 of 16
7 Restarting Test in the Field Smarts are built into the range test application to start/restart the test if the packet ID of the received message is less than the packet ID of the previous message. This would allow a user to restart the packet error rate calculation at distance intervals without having to reset both ends of the test. Table 4 provides an example of how this would look in the over the air packet. MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x x Table 4 RF Acknowledgments and Retries In the LSR range test, application layer acknowledgments can be turned on or off. Turning them off makes the test one dimensional; turning them on creates a round trip test. Application layer acks/retries can be used in conjunction with MAC layer acks/retries. MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x Table 5 Figure 4: Application acks enabled MAC Header Type Id Application Ack Lqi Rssi Rx Pkt Count First Rx'd Pkt Id Voltage Master Voltage Payload CRC 0x Table 6 Page 7 of 16
8 Figure 5: Application acks disabled Host Serial Message Structure Applicable information from the received range test RF packet and additional information is formatted into a serial message and passed on to the PC. The ModFLEX Test Tool Suite uses this information to display and log the results of the range test. More information on the serial message is available in the respective modules Host Protocol Guide at the LS Research website: Figure 6: Range test serial message Page 8 of 16
9 Figure 7: Range test results in the ModFLEX Test Tool Suite Page 9 of 16
10 Sample Range Test Form for SiFLEX02 Testing Date of test June 1, 2010 Name of person performing test Christopher Hofmeister, LS Research Location Star Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin. See Figure 10: Map of test area. Radio tested SiFLEX02 (900 MHz DSSS) Antenna(s) tested Wire antenna, +2dBi dipole (LSR P/N ) Data rate 40kbs Firmware version Hardware version 2.0 Channel tested 5 Output power +24dBm ED results 0 See Figure 14: SiFLEX02 energy scan results MAC level retries Off Application level retries On making this a round trip test in which the results of each side are recorded. Power sources The slave device was powered by two AA batteries. The batteries were verified to be 2.9V or greater at the beginning of the test. Antenna orientation Height of devices off ground Description of test The master device was powered by the USB of a laptop computer. Both the wire and dipole antennas were kept in the vertical position. The slave device was placed on an outbuilding on the edge of the lake, 10' above water level. See Figure 12: device location. The master device was 9' above water level. The tester stood with his arm extended vertically and held the master device in his hand, always pointing toward the slave device. The master device was carried in a boat and connected to a laptop, which allowed viewing and recording the results. Increments of 0.25 mile were marked on a handheld GPS device the length of the lake (1.5 miles). Every 0.25 miles, the boat was stopped, and 500 packets were exchanged between the devices. The goal was to plot RSSI vs. distance in an open air, line of sight environment. See Figure 11: View across lake (1.5 miles) looking toward slave device. Page 10 of 16
11 SiFLEX02 Results Results were graphed for RSSI vs. distance on each antenna type and data rate. The results from each end of the test were graphed: what the slave saw from the master (MS) and what the master saw from the slave (SM). At 40kbs, the SiFLEX02 with the +2dBi dipole antenna had adequate link margin to the end of the lake at 1.5 miles. If the data were extrapolated, it is reasonable to assume the link margin would be adequate to at least 2.0 miles. At 40kbs, the SiFLEX02 with the wire antenna had adequate link margin to the end of the lake at 1.5 miles. If the data were extrapolated, it is reasonable to assume the link margin would be adequate to at least 1.75 miles. Figure 8: RSSI vs. distance for wire antenna and +2dBi dipole antenna Page 11 of 16
12 Sample Range Test Form for ProFLEX01 Testing Date of Test June 1, 2010 Name of person performing test Christopher Hofmeister, LS Research Location Star Lake, Vilas County, Wisconsin. See Figure 10: Map of test area. Radio tested ProFLEX01 (2.4 GHz DSSS) Antenna(s) tested F antenna, +1.2dBi dipole (LSR P/N ) Data rate 250kbs per standard Firmware version Hardware version 2.0 Channel tested 14 Output power +20dBm ED results 0 See Figure 13: ProFLEX01 energy scan results. MAC level retries Off Application level retries On making this a round trip test in which the results of each side are recorded. Power sources The slave device was powered by two AA batteries. The batteries were verified to be 2.9V or greater at the beginning of the test. Antenna orientation Height of devices off ground Description of test The master device was powered by the USB of a laptop computer. The dipole antennas were kept in the vertical position. The F antennas were kept in the horizontal position (pcb plane parallel to the earth). The slave device was placed on an outbuilding on the edge of the lake, 10' above water level. See Figure 12: device location. The master device was 9' above water level. The tester stood with his arm extended vertically and held the master device in his hand, always pointing toward the slave device. The master device was carried in a boat and connected to a laptop, which allowed viewing and recording the results. Increments of 0.25 mile were marked on a handheld GPS device the length of the lake (1.5 miles). Every 0.25 miles, the boat was stopped, and 500 packets were exchanged between the devices. The goal was to plot RSSI vs. distance in an open air, line of sight environment. See Figure 11: View across lake (1.5 miles) looking toward slave device. Page 12 of 16
13 ProFLEX01 Results Figure 9 shows RSSI vs. distance on each antenna type. The graph shows results from each end of the test: What the slave saw from the master (MS) and what the master saw from the slave (SM). The ProFLEX01 unit showed adequate link margin to about 1 mile. Figure 9: RSSI vs. distance for F antenna and +2dBi dipole antenna Page 13 of 16
14 Appendix: Supporting Documentation Figure 10: Map of test area Figure 11: View across lake (1.5 miles) looking toward slave device Page 14 of 16
15 Figure 12: device location Page 15 of 16
16 Figure 13: ProFLEX01 energy scan results Figure 14: SiFLEX02 energy scan results Christopher Hofmeister, a senior software engineer at LS Research, has spent more than 15 years in the low power wireless industry. He has been involved in hardware and firmware design as well as testing of low power RF transmitters, receivers and transceivers for both engineering validation and production testing. Page 16 of 16
The Deeter Group. Wireless Site Survey Tool
The Deeter Group Wireless Site Survey Tool Contents Page 1 Introduction... 3 2 Deeter Wireless Sensor System Devices... 4 3 Wireless Site Survey Tool Devices... 4 4 Network Parameters... 4 4.1 LQI... 4
More informationZigBee Propagation Testing
ZigBee Propagation Testing EDF Energy Ember December 3 rd 2010 Contents 1. Introduction... 3 1.1 Purpose... 3 2. Test Plan... 4 2.1 Location... 4 2.2 Test Point Selection... 4 2.3 Equipment... 5 3 Results...
More informationCatalog
- 1 - Catalog 1. Overview...- 3-2. Feature... - 3-3. Application...- 3-4. Block Diagram...- 3-5. Electrical Characteristics... - 4-6. Operation... - 4-1) Power on Reset... - 4-2) Sleep mode... - 4-3) Working
More informationWiMOD LR Base Plus Firmware
WiMOD LR Base Plus Firmware Feature Specification Version 1.0 Document ID: 4000/40140/0137 IMST GmbH Carl-Friedrich-Gauß-Str. 2-4 47475 KAMP-LINTFORT GERMANY Overview Document Information File name WiMOD_LR_Base_Plus_Feature_Spec.docx
More informationCatalog
- 1 - Catalog 1. Overview... - 3-2. Feature...- 3-3. Application... - 3-4. Block Diagram... - 3-5. Electrical Characteristics...- 4-6. Operation...- 4-1) Power on Reset... - 4-2) Sleep mode...- 4-3) Working
More informationCatalog
- 1 - Catalog 1. Description...- 3-2. Features...- 3-3. Applications... - 3-4. Block Diagram...- 3-5. Electrical Characteristics... - 5-6. Operation... - 5 - Power on Reset... - 5 - Working mode... - 6
More informationDragonLink Advanced Transmitter
DragonLink Advanced Transmitter A quick introduction - to a new a world of possibilities October 29, 2015 Written by Dennis Frie Contents 1 Disclaimer and notes for early release 3 2 Introduction 4 3 The
More informationWireless Communication in Embedded System. Prof. Prabhat Ranjan
Wireless Communication in Embedded System Prof. Prabhat Ranjan Material based on White papers from www.radiotronix.com Networked embedded devices In the past embedded devices were standalone Typically
More informationUSB Port Medium Power Wireless Module SV653
USB Port Medium Power Wireless Module SV653 Description SV653 is a high-power USB interface integrated wireless data transmission module, using high-performance Silicon Lab Si4432 RF chip. Low receiver
More informationApplications. Operating Modes. Description. Part Number Description Package. Many to one. One to one Broadcast One to many
RXQ2 - XXX GFSK MULTICHANNEL RADIO TRANSCEIVER Intelligent modem Transceiver Data Rates to 100 kbps Selectable Narrowband Channels Crystal controlled design Supply Voltage 3.3V Serial Data Interface with
More informationmuse Capstone Course: Wireless Sensor Networks
muse Capstone Course: Wireless Sensor Networks Experiment for WCC: Channel and Antenna Characterization Objectives 1. Get familiar with the TI CC2500 single-chip transceiver. 2. Learn how the MSP430 MCU
More informationAntenna Performance. Antenna Performance... 3 Gain... 4 Radio Power and the FCC... 6 Link Margin Calculations... 7 The Banner Way... 8 Glossary...
Antenna Performance Antenna Performance... 3 Gain... 4 Radio Power and the FCC... 6 Link Margin Calculations... 7 The Banner Way... 8 Glossary... 9 06/15/07 135765 Introduction In this new age of wireless
More informationFeatherweight GPS Tracker User s Manual June 16, 2017
Featherweight GPS Tracker User s Manual June 16, 2017 Hardware Configuration and Installation The dimensions for the board are provided below, in inches. Note that with the antenna installed, the total
More informationEmbedded Radio Data Transceiver SV611
Embedded Radio Data Transceiver SV611 Description SV611 is highly integrated, multi-ports radio data transceiver module. It adopts high performance Silicon Lab Si4432 RF chip. Si4432 has low reception
More informationRM24100A. *Maximum transmit power output levels and local radio frequency regulator bodies must be obeyed in the country of operation.
RM24100A 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) Operating Manual English 1.02 Introduction The RM24100A radio modem acts as a wireless serial cable replacement and
More informationCatalogue
- 1 - Catalogue 1. Description... - 3-2. Features... - 3-3. Applications...- 3-4. Block Diagram... - 3-5. Electrical Characteristics...- 4-6. Operation...- 5 - Power on Reset... - 5 - Working mode... -
More informationRM24100D. Introduction. Features. 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE compliant) Operating Manual English 1.
RM24100D 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) Operating Manual English 1.09 Introduction The RM24100D radio modem acts as a wireless serial cable replacement and
More informationSV-MESH Mesh network series Catalogue
Catalogue 1. Description... 3 2. Features... 3 3. Applications... 3 4. Block Diagram... 4 5. Electrical Characteristics... 5 6. Operation... 5 Power on Reset... 5 Working mode... 6 Router mode... 8 Setting
More informationSV613 USB Interface Wireless Module SV613
USB Interface Wireless Module SV613 1. Description SV613 is highly-integrated RF module, which adopts high performance Si4432 from Silicon Labs. It comes with USB Interface. SV613 has high sensitivity
More informationLow Power with Long Range RF Module DATASHEET Description
Wireless-Tag WT-900M Low Power with Long Range RF Module DATASHEET Description WT-900M is a highly integrated low-power half-'duplex RF transceiver module embedding high-speed low-power MCU and high-performance
More information4. BK2401/BK2421 Module RF test
4. BK2401/BK2421 Module RF test BK2401/BK2421 Module RF performance tests including transmit power (Power) Frequency (Frequency) and sensitivity (Sensitivity) test, and FCC / CE testing major FAIL in the
More informationAW2400iTR USER S MANUAL 2.4 GHz Indoor Wireless Ethernet Radio
USER S MANUAL 2.4 GHz Indoor Wireless Ethernet Radio Industrial-grade, long-range wireless Ethernet systems AvaLAN W I R E L E S S Thank you for your purchase of the AW2400iTR Indoor Wireless Ethernet
More informationDNT900. Low Cost 900 MHz FHSS Transceiver Module with I/O
DEVELOPMENT KIT (Info Click here) 900 MHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceiver Point-to-point, Point-to-multipoint, Peer-to-peer and Tree-routing Networks Transmitter Power Configurable from 1
More informationINSTRUCTION MANUAL R.C. SYSTEMS CO. INC. WaveNet Site Survey Tool
INSTRUCTION MANUAL R.C. SYSTEMS CO. INC. WaveNet Site Survey Tool Warning: Read & understand contents of this manual prior to operation. Failure to do so could result in serious injury or death. PH. 409-986-9800
More informationDNT2400. Low Cost 2.4 GHz FHSS Transceiver Module with I/O
2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceiver Point-to-point, Point-to-multipoint, Peer-to-peer and Tree-routing Networks Transmitter Power Configurable from 1 to 63 mw RF Data Rate Configurable
More informationAT-XTR-7020A-4. Multi-Channel Micro Embedded Transceiver Module. Features. Typical Applications
AT-XTR-7020A-4 Multi-Channel Micro Embedded Transceiver Module The AT-XTR-7020A-4 radio data transceiver represents a simple and economical solution to wireless data communications. The employment of an
More informationThis Antenna Basics reference guide includes basic information about antenna types, how antennas work, gain, and some installation examples.
Antenna Basics This Antenna Basics reference guide includes basic information about antenna types, how antennas work, gain, and some installation examples. What Do Antennas Do? Antennas transmit radio
More informationUNDERSTANDING AND MITIGATING
UNDERSTANDING AND MITIGATING THE IMPACT OF RF INTERFERENCE ON 802.11 NETWORKS RAMAKRISHNA GUMMADI UCS DAVID WETHERALL INTEL RESEARCH BEN GREENSTEIN UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SRINIVASAN SESHAN CMU 1 Presented
More informationTRXQ1 RXQ1 FM NARROW BAND TRANSCEIVERS. RXQ1 Version. Applications. TRXQ1 Version
RF Transceiver or Intelligent Modem Versions Host Data Rate upto 19,200 Baud Data Rates to 20 K baud. 2 Selectable RF Channels Narrowband Crystal Controlled Optimal Range 200m Supply Voltage 3-5V Very
More informationTechnical Note #15. Radio Frequency Modems. GE ED&C Home Search ED&C GE ED&C Power Management Home GE ED&C PMCS Home
1 of 5 GE ED&C Home Search ED&C GE ED&C Power Management Home GE ED&C PMCS Home GE Power Management Control System Description Software Hardware Operation Product Support Operator Interfaces F A Q s App
More informationIndustrial Wireless Systems
Application Considerations Don Pretty Principal Engineer Geometric Controls Inc Bethlehem, PA Sheet 1 Ethernet Dominates on the Plant Floor Sheet 2 Recognize Any of These? Sheet 3 Answers: 10 BASE 2 RG
More informationSMARTALPHA RF TRANSCEIVER
SMARTALPHA RF TRANSCEIVER Intelligent RF Modem Module RF Data Rates to 19200bps Up to 300 metres Range Programmable to 433, 868, or 915MHz Selectable Narrowband RF Channels Crystal Controlled RF Design
More informationBy Ryan Winfield Woodings and Mark Gerrior, Cypress Semiconductor
Avoiding Interference in the 2.4-GHz ISM Band Designers can create frequency-agile 2.4 GHz designs using procedures provided by standards bodies or by building their own protocol. By Ryan Winfield Woodings
More informationAcuMesh Wireless RS485 Network. User's Manual SOLUTION
AcuMesh Wireless RS485 Network User's Manual AN SOLUTION ACUMESH - WIRELESS METERING SYSTEM COPYRIGHT 2015 V1.2 This manual may not be altered or reproduced in whole or in part by any means without the
More informationRF1212 RF1212 Ultra-low Power ISM Transceiver Module V2.0
RF1212 Ultra-low Power ISM Transceiver Module V2.0 Application: Features: Home automation Security alarm Telemetry Automatic meter reading Contactless access Wireless data logger Remote motor control Wireless
More informationCatalog
- 1 - Catalog 1. Description...- 3-2. Features...- 3-3. Application...- 3-4. Block Diagram...- 3-5. Electrical Characteristics... - 4-6. Operation... - 4-1) Power on Reset...- 4-2) Setting Mode... - 5-3)
More informationRFD Modem Support FAQs
RFD Modem Support FAQs RFDesign Pty Ltd 7/1 Stockwell Place Archerfield, QLD 4108 rfdesign.com.au The following guide is primarily designed to address issues when using SiK firmware on the RFD modem products.
More informationChanalyzer 4. Chanalyzer 4 by MetaGeek USER GUIDE page 1
Chanalyzer 4 Chanalyzer 4 by MetaGeek USER GUIDE page 1 Chanalyzer 4 spectrum analysis software Table of Contents Introduction What is a Wi-Spy? What is Chanalyzer? Installation Choose a Wireless Network
More informationBloodhound RMS Product Overview
Page 2 of 10 What is Guard Monitoring? The concept of personnel monitoring in the security industry is not new. Being able to accurately account for the movement and activity of personnel is not only important
More informationHAC-HM Series Data Radios
HAC-HM Series Data Radios - 1 - Catalogue I. Features of HAC-HM Series...3 II. Application of HAC-HM Series...4 III. How to use HAC-HM Series...4 IV. Networking Application of HAC-HM Series... 11 Technical
More informationGetting Started with TrangoLink
Getting Started with TrangoLink Overview: TrangoLink allows you to configure and monitor your EAGLE PLUS, FALCON, or PTZ-900 transmitters and receivers. On the EAGLE PLUS and FALCON transmitters, you can
More informationCellular Infrastructure and Standards while deploying an RDA
Cellular Infrastructure and Standards while deploying an RDA Overview This whitepaper discusses the methods used while deploying an RDA into a field environment and dives into the standards used to judge
More informationZigBit Amp OEM Modules ZDM-A1281-PN
ZigBit Amp OEM Modules ZDM-A1281-PN Application Note Measuring Range Performance of ZigBit Amp Doc. AN-481~05 v.1.3 March 2008 2008 MeshNetics Document Overview Executive Summary This application note
More informationSAE Formula Car Data Acquisition & Display System. Joseph Groe, Michelle Ohlson, & Miles Homler Advisor: Professor Gutschlag
SAE Formula Car Data Acquisition & Display System Joseph Groe, Michelle Ohlson, & Miles Homler Advisor: Professor Gutschlag Agenda Problem Background Problem Statement System Diagram Project Functional
More informationOn Practical Selective Jamming of Bluetooth Low Energy Advertising
On Practical Selective Jamming of Bluetooth Low Energy Advertising S. Brauer, A. Zubow, S. Zehl, M. Roshandel, S. M. Sohi Technical University Berlin & Deutsche Telekom Labs Germany Outline Motivation,
More informationInstallation Manual. Repeater QC0149. Version: Jan17 1.0
Installation Manual Repeater QC0149 Manual Ref: QC0149 Version: Jan17 1.0 System Concept RF Transmitters connect to sensors or meters and send data to the infrastructure internet connected Gateway on site
More informationENGINEERING TEST REPORT # C LSR Job #: C-2411 Compliance Testing of: RM186-SM
W66 N220 Commerce Court Cedarburg, WI 53012 USA Phone: 262.375.4400 Fax: 262.375.4248 www.lsr.com ENGINEERING TEST REPORT # 316062C LSR Job #: C-2411 Compliance Testing of: RM186-SM Test Date(s): 3-28-16
More informationDUAL BAND FM WIRELESS TRANSCEIVER RXQ1. Applications
FM Radio Transmitter & Receiver Low Profile Ceramic DIL Package Data Rates To 20 Kbits/S 433.92 or 433.33MHz Operation 2 Selectable Channels Narrowband Crystal Controlled Optimal Range 200m Supply Voltage
More informationRM868500D. Introduction. Features. 868MHz 500mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 Radio Modem. Operating Manual English 1.01
RM868500D 868MHz 500mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 Radio Modem Operating Manual English 1.01 Introduction The RM868500D radio modem acts as a wireless serial cable replacement and can wirelessly connect various
More informationH-ITT ienable (TX3500) manual V1.1
H-ITT ienable (TX3500) manual V1.1 The TX3500 is a universal input RF remote transceiver designed for limited access users that may find using typical classroom response reporting devices cumbersome or
More informationAAA. Figure 1: Test setup for output power measurement
INTRODUCTION This document describes the different tests that can be done with the nrf24l01+ EVKIT. The tests can be divided into three categories: RF performance tests, Range test and protocol test. It
More informationAntenna Basics. Antennas. A guide to effective antenna use
A guide to effective antenna use Antennas Antennas transmit radio signals by converting radio frequency electrical currents into electromagnetic waves. Antennas receive the signals by converting the electromagnetic
More informationThe Physics of Radio By John White
The Physics of Radio By John White Radio Bands and Channels The use of wireless devices is heavily regulated throughout the world. Each country has a government department responsible for deciding where
More informationera, eric, era-lora, eric-lora & eric-sigfox Evaluation Board with GNSS
This board can be used for the evaluation and range testing of the following LPRS RF Modules: era400, era900, eric4, eric9, era-lora, eric-lora and eric-sigfox. The board is provided with a u-blox GNSS
More informationDNT90MC DNT90MP. Low Cost 900 MHz FHSS Transceiver Modules with I/O
- 900 MHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceivers - Direct Peer-to-peer Low Latency Communication - Transmitter Power Configurable to 40 or 158 mw - 100 kbps RF Data Rate - Serial Port Data Rate
More informationWireless Broadband Solutions for Autonomous Ground Vehicles
Wireless Broadband Solutions for Autonomous Ground Vehicles State-of-the-art wireless MIMO for Command and Control + long range video streaming 2019 Doodle Labs. All rights reserved. 1 Wireless Communication
More informationANT Channel Search ABSTRACT
ANT Channel Search ABSTRACT ANT channel search allows a device configured as a slave to find, and synchronize with, a specific master. This application note provides an overview of ANT channel establishment,
More informationTOP VIEW. 6.75" (171.5mm) Network ID Selector. Input Voltage Selection Jumper 7.285" (185mm) Battery Positive Terminal SIDE VIEW. 6.12" (155.
Installation and Operation Instructions RR2552 Spread Spectrum Repeater TOP VIEW 6.75" (171.5mm) Network ID Selector Ø0.190 (4 PLCS.) Data Link LED 3.5" 4.72" (88.9mm) (119.89mm) Active LED Battery Positive
More informationDRF5150S Wireless Sensor Transmitter Module V1.30
DRF5150S Wireless Sensor Transmitter Module V1.30 Features GFSK Transmitter module ISM frequency bands 81K bps data rate 10dBm output power Baud rate configurable 256 bytes data buffer Standby current
More informationLifetime Power Energy Harvesting Development Kit for Wireless Sensors User s Manual - featuring PIC MCU with extreme Low Power (XLP) Technology
P2110-EVAL-01 Lifetime Power User s Manual - featuring PIC MCU with extreme Low Power (XLP) Technology Overview The Lifetime Power is a complete demonstration and development platform for creating battery-free
More informationSYSTEM SENSOR WIRELESS REPEATER PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
Model name: M200F-RF Introduction: The 200 Series Commercial RF System is designed for use with compatible intelligent fire systems using the System Sensor 200/500 Series CLIP, Enhanced and Advanced communication
More informationPressure Field Unit User Guide
Rev. 0605 Pressure Field Unit User Guide A Division of Adaptive Instruments Corp. 577 Main Street Hudson, MA 01749 U.S.A. TEL: 800-879-6576 978-568-0500 FAX: 978-568-9085 Email: support@accutechinstruments.com
More informationPlanning a Microwave Radio Link
8000 Lee Highway Falls Church, VA 22042 703-205-0600 www.ydi.com Planning a Microwave Radio Link By Michael F. Young President and CTO YDI Wireless Background Most installers know that clear line of sight
More informationG3P-R232. User Manual. Release. 2.06
G3P-R232 User Manual Release. 2.06 1 INDEX 1. RELEASE HISTORY... 3 1.1. Release 1.01... 3 1.2. Release 2.01... 3 1.3. Release 2.02... 3 1.4. Release 2.03... 3 1.5. Release 2.04... 3 1.6. Release 2.05...
More information0.0 FREEWAVE Radios:
0.0 FREEWAVE Radios: Sections Include: 0.1, Frequency Spectrum:,............................. Pg 1 0.2, Reprogramming the Frequency Hopping Table:,......... Pg 1 0.3, Frequency Key Usage / Minimizing Conflict
More informationetatronix PMA-3 Transmitter Tester Manual
etatronix PMA-3 Transmitter Tester Manual TxTester_Manual_rev1.02.docx 1 Version Version Status Changes Date Responsible 1 Release Initial release 01. Apr. 2015 CW 1.01 Release Updated Figure 4 for better
More informationAVR2002: Raven Radio Evaluation Software. Application Note. Features. 1 Introduction
AVR2002: Raven Radio Evaluation Software Features Description of Radio Evaluation Software System components - Hardware RZRAVEN - Firmware TAT RES - PER/Range Characterization Test - RF Characterization
More informationZigBeeNet Software 1.0 Range Measurement Tool Users Guide
ZigBeeNet Software 1.0 Range Measurement Tool Users Guide Doc. P-ZBN-451 v.1.0 March 2008 2008 MeshNetics 2008 MeshNetics. All rights reserved. No part of the contents of this manual may be transmitted
More informationIT-24 RigExpert. 2.4 GHz ISM Band Universal Tester. User s manual
IT-24 RigExpert 2.4 GHz ISM Band Universal Tester User s manual Table of contents 1. Description 2. Specifications 3. Using the tester 3.1. Before you start 3.2. Turning the tester on and off 3.3. Main
More informationRFD900x Radio Modem Data Sheet MHz frequency band
RFD900x Radio Modem Data Sheet 902-928MHz frequency band Product Specifications and Performance Flash Programmer User Manual Features Out of the box RF communications. Air data rate speeds of up to 750kbps
More informationReceiver 10-5 BER -100 dbm Transmitter RF Output Power 1 10 or 63 mw mw Antenna Impedance 50 Ω
- 2.4 GHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceivers - Direct Peer-to-peer Low Latency Communication - Transmitter RF Power Configurable - 10 or 63 mw - Transmitter EIRP 15.8 mw or 100 mw with 2 dbi
More informationDNT90MCA DNT90MPA. Low Cost 900 MHz FHSS Transceiver Modules with I/O
- 900 MHz Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Transceivers - Direct Peer-to-peer Low Latency Communication - Transmitter Power Configurable to 40 or 158 mw - Built-in 0 dbi Chip Antenna - 100 kbps RF Data
More informationWiFi Installations : Frequently Asked Questions
Thank you for downloading our WiFi FAQ, we constructed this guide in order to aid you choosing and selecting the best solution to your WiFi range issues or for setting up a between building or a point
More informationACUMESH - WIRELESS RS485 NETWORK KEY FEATURES ACUMESH - WIRELESS METERING SYSTEM
ACUMESH WIRELESS RS485 NETWORK The AcuMesh wireless metering solution is designed to connect energy meters and any devices by communicating with RS485 wirelessly. AcuMesh is a costeffective solution that
More informationLower Layers PART1: IEEE and the ZOLERTIA Z1 Radio
Slide 1 Lower Layers PART1: IEEE 802.15.4 and the ZOLERTIA Z1 Radio Jacques Tiberghien Kris Steenhaut Remark: all numerical data refer to the parameters defined in IEEE802.15.4 for 32.5 Kbytes/s transmission
More informationInstallation Manual. Ultra RF Analogue Transmitter QC0168. Manual Ref: QC0168. Version: March
Installation Manual Ultra RF Analogue Transmitter QC0168 Manual Ref: QC0168 Version: March 17 1.0 System Concept RF Transmitters connect to sensors or meters and send data to the infrastructure internet
More informationTelecom Training. Why EnGenius Phones are Unique RSSI Signal Tool. Presented by Daniel Koczwara
Telecom Training Why EnGenius Phones are Unique RSSI Signal Tool Presented by Daniel Koczwara 1 Single-Line Cordless Solutions EnGenius DuraFon 1X Up to 12 floors of in building penetration Up to 250,000
More informationRM24100A. Introduction. 1 Features. 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE compliant) Operating Manual English 1.
RM24100A 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) Operating Manual English 1.03 Introduction The RM24100A radio modem acts as a wireless serial cable replacement and
More informationSPECIAL SPECIFICATION 6574 Low Power Wireless Modem
2004 Specifications CSJ 1068-04-126, etc. SPECIAL SPECIFICATION 6574 Low Power Wireless Modem 1. Description. This work shall consist of furnishing and supplying a Low Power Wireless Modem at the locations
More informationPlanning Your Wireless Transportation Infrastructure. Presented By: Jeremy Hiebert
Planning Your Wireless Transportation Infrastructure Presented By: Jeremy Hiebert Agenda Agenda o Basic RF Theory o Wireless Technology Options o Antennas 101 o Designing a Wireless Network o Questions
More informationFTSP Power Characterization
1. Introduction FTSP Power Characterization Chris Trezzo Tyler Netherland Over the last few decades, advancements in technology have allowed for small lowpowered devices that can accomplish a multitude
More informationLoRa1278 Wireless Transceiver Module
LoRa1278 Wireless Transceiver Module 1. Description LoRa1278 adopts Semtech RF transceiver chip SX1278, which adopts LoRa TM Spread Spectrum modulation frequency hopping technique. The features of long
More informationCatalogue
Catalogue 1. Overview... - 3-2. Features... - 3-3. Applications...- 3-4. Electrical Characteristics...- 4-5. Schematic... - 4-6. Speed rate correlation table...- 6-7. Pin definition...- 6-8. Accessories...-
More informationRN-41-SM. Class 1 Bluetooth Socket Module. Features. Applications. Description. Block Diagram. rn-41sm-ds 9/9/2009
RN-41-SM www.rovingnetworks.com rn-41sm-ds 9/9/2009 Class 1 Bluetooth Socket Module Features Socket module 3/5V DC TTL I/O Fully qualified Bluetooth 2.1/2.0/1.2/1.1 module Bluetooth v2.0+edr support Low
More informationRF4432 wireless transceiver module
1. Description www.nicerf.com RF4432 RF4432 wireless transceiver module RF4432 adopts Silicon Lab Si4432 RF chip, which is a highly integrated wireless ISM band transceiver. The features of high sensitivity
More informationRM24100D. Introduction. 1 Features. 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE compliant) Operating Manual English 1.
RM24100D 2.4GHz 100mW RS232 / RS485 / RS422 DSSS Radio Modem (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) Operating Manual English 1.03 Introduction The RM24100D radio modem acts as a wireless serial cable replacement and
More informationContents Introduction...2 Revision Information...3 Terms and definitions...4 Overview...5 Part A. Layout and Topology of Wireless Devices...
Technical Information TI 01W01A51-12EN Guidelines for Layout and Installation of Field Wireless Devices Contents Introduction...2 Revision Information...3 Terms and definitions...4 Overview...5 Part A.
More informationWi-Fi. Wireless Fidelity. Spread Spectrum CSMA. Ad-hoc Networks. Engr. Mian Shahzad Iqbal Lecturer Department of Telecommunication Engineering
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity Spread Spectrum CSMA Ad-hoc Networks Engr. Mian Shahzad Iqbal Lecturer Department of Telecommunication Engineering Outline for Today We learned how to setup a WiFi network. This
More informationTake These Ten Steps to Ensure Wireless Success
The Ten Commandments of Wireless Communications Take These Ten Steps to Ensure Wireless Success 724-746-5500 blackbox.com Table of Contents 1. Thou shalt know thy dbm and recall thy high school logarithms...
More informationDRF5150S Wireless Sensor Transmitter Module V1.20
Wireless Sensor Transmitter Module V1.20 Features GFSK Transmitter module ISM frequency bands 81K bps data rate 10dBm output power Baud rate configurable 256 bytes data buffer Standby current < 2.5uA Supply
More informationThe Basics of Signal Attenuation
The Basics of Signal Attenuation Maximize Signal Range and Wireless Monitoring Capability CHESTERLAND OH July 12, 2012 Attenuation is a reduction of signal strength during transmission, such as when sending
More informationEng.º Domingos Salvador dos Santos.
October 2009 Sistemas e Planeamento Industrial DOMÓTICA RADIO FREQUENCY Eng.º Domingos Salvador dos Santos email:dss@isep.ipp.pt Table of Contents Brief Outline HardwareforKNXRF SoftwareforKNXRF DataTransmissiononKNXRF
More informationCDR-915 Data Radio Module INTEGRATOR S GUIDE
CDR-915 Data Radio Module Coyote DataCom, Inc. 3941 Park Drive, Suite 20-266, El Dorado Hills, CA 95762 Tel. 916-933-9981 Fax 916-913-0951 www.coyotedatacom.com TABLE OF CONTENTS General Information and
More informationRF Wireless Serial Device Server
RF-SDS RF Wireless Serial Device Server The RF-SDS subassembly is a radio transceiver acting as a Serial Device Server, which externally connects a remote serial RF transceiver to an Ethernet network (TCP/IP).
More informationRevision WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R and RK-WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R USER S MANUAL
Revision 1.0.3 WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R and RK-WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R USER S MANUAL RADIOTRONIX, INC. WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R/ RK-WI.232FHSS-25-FCC-R USER S MANUAL Radiotronix 905 Messenger Lane Moore, Oklahoma 73160
More informationBTLE beacon for 8262 DECT handset Engineering Rules
BTLE beacon for 8262 DECT handset Engineering Rules 8AL90346ENAAed01 April 2017 Table of content 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. LIST OF ACRONYMS... 3 3. RECOMMENDED USE CASES... 3 3.1 BEACON EVENT... 3 3.2 LOCATION
More informationSigfox RF & Protocol Test Plan for RC1-UDL-ENC-MONARCH
Version 3.8.0 September 14, 2018 Sigfox RF & Protocol Test Plan for RC1-UDL-ENC-MONARCH Public Use Note: Only the last version of this document available on the Sigfox web sites is official and applicable.
More informationReal-time Distributed MIMO Systems. Hariharan Rahul Ezzeldin Hamed, Mohammed A. Abdelghany, Dina Katabi
Real-time Distributed MIMO Systems Hariharan Rahul Ezzeldin Hamed, Mohammed A. Abdelghany, Dina Katabi Dense Wireless Networks Stadiums Concerts Airports Malls Interference Limits Wireless Throughput APs
More informationJamming Wireless Networks: Attack and Defense Strategies
Jamming Wireless Networks: Attack and Defense Strategies Wenyuan Xu, Ke Ma, Wade Trappe, Yanyong Zhang, WINLAB, Rutgers University IAB, Dec. 6 th, 2005 Roadmap Introduction and Motivation Jammer Models
More informationTECHNICAL GUIDE CARRY OUT A WIRELESS SITE SURVEY
TECHNICAL GUIDE CARRY OUT A WIRELESS SITE SURVEY APRIL 2019 BroadWeigh Wireless Load Monitoring System Designed and Manufactured by INTRODUCTION There are two main parts to a site survey. Firstly, a check
More information