LITES and GROUP-C on the ISS
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1 LITES and GROUP-C on the ISS Collaboration Opportunities with ICON and GOLD See also poster by Budzien et al. Andrew Stephan, Scott Budzien (NRL) Susanna Finn, Tim Cook, Supriya Chakrabarti (UMass Lowell) Steve Powell, Dave Hysell (Cornell) Rebecca Bishop (The Aerospace Corp) ICON-GOLD-GEO September 2016
2 Overview LITES + GROUP-C form a Combined Ultraviolet and Radio Ionospheric Observation suite (CURIO?) that will operate from the International Space Station (ISS) The two experiments together comprise a suite of sensors uniquely suited to perform global ionospheric tomography at 20 km vertical and horizontal resolution in the orbital plane of the ISS. Launch on SpaceX CRS-10 ISS resupply mission; launch date is pending but likely in early 2017 Two year mission (minimum) Mission Objectives (1) LITES will demonstrate an ultraviolet single-element imaging spectrograph for remotely sensing the composition and density of the thermosphere and ionosphere day and night using spectral limb imaging. (2) GROUP-C will demonstrate a second-generation UV nightside ionosphere photometer to characterize horizontal ionosphere gradients, along with a 1U-size software-based GPS occultation receiver for measuring slant TEC to derive vertical electron density profiles day and night. LITES and GROUP-C are DoD Space Test Program remote sensing technology demonstrations. Geospace scientific objectives are not part of the current mission. LITES & GROUP-C 2
3 Complementary Science Capabilities GEO GOLD 800 km COSMIC 600 km Application Measurement Sensor ICON Ionosphere (night) 91.1 nm, nm LITES, GROUP-C Ionosphere (day) 83.4 nm and 61.7 nm LITES TEC (day + night) GPS RO GROUP-C 400 km LITES & GROUP-C Thermosphere O, N 2 (day) nm and N 2 LBH nm LITES Scintillation GPS GROUP-C 3 LITES & GROUP-C 3
![4 nm and passes 135.6 nm nearly unattenuated. Updated version of the TIP sensors [Kalmanson et al., 2004] that flew on the COSMIC constellation in 2006 [Budzien et al., 2009].](/docs-images/76/73260147/images/4-4.jpg "(GROUP-C) Fast Orbital TEC, Observables, and Navigation (FOTON) Measurement: Ionospheric TEC (line of sight), altitude profiles, and scintillation events Technique: Radio occultation using carrier")
4 Sensor Descriptions (GROUP-C) Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) Measurement: Horizontal ion gradients and plasma bubbles Technique: O nm ionospheric nightglow, viewing nadir Advantages: High-sensitivity (1200 C s -1 R -1 ), enabled by heated 100 C SrF2 window that eliminates an unwanted oxygen emission line at nm and passes nm nearly unattenuated. Updated version of the TIP sensors [Kalmanson et al., 2004] that flew on the COSMIC constellation in 2006 [Budzien et al., 2009]. (GROUP-C) Fast Orbital TEC, Observables, and Navigation (FOTON) Measurement: Ionospheric TEC (line of sight), altitude profiles, and scintillation events Technique: Radio occultation using carrier phase difference and amplitude of GPS L1 (1575 MHz) and L2C (1227 MHz) at 100 Hz as satellites are tracked past the horizon as the ISS orbits. Advantages: The ground plane array of three patch antennas allow assessment of any multipath noise from structures in the ISS environment. (LITES) Limb-imaging Ionospheric and Thermospheric EUV Spectrograph Measurement: Vertical profiles of daytime ions and neutrals, and nighttime line-of-sight TEC for tomographic reconstruction of the 2D ionosphere Technique: One-dimensional, vertical (altitude) profiles of EUV/FUV airglow in a nm passband from Earth s limb, in the aft direction. Ionospheric emission features: O and 83.4 nm (day) and O 91.1 and nm (night). Advantages: Toroidal grating images the airglow scene vertically (10 field of view) and the mm wide slit in the horizontal dimension [Cotton et al.,1994; Cotton et al., 2000] with sufficient throughput for high sensitivity (~15 C s -1 R -1 ), < 1.7 nm spectral resolution, and 0.25 imaging resolution LITES & GROUP-C 4
5 STP-H5 Location on ISS Wake view Ram STP-H5 ELC-1 LITES & GROUP-C 5
![[2009] 10 10 150 km](/docs-images/76/73260147/images/6-6.jpg "(Collapsed scene)")
6 Imaging Observations in ISS Orbit Plane 350 km 0.25 LITES Ground-based image from Martinis, et al. [2009] km (Collapsed scene) Spectrum GROUP-C LITES & GROUP-C 6
7 Operating Zones and Restrictions GROUP-C/FOTON has no restrictions LITES always on GROUP-C/TIP: Night-only GROUP-C/TIP can only operate at night LITES cannot operate when the Sun will enter the field of view (daytime, small ISS solar β-angle) LITES and GROUP-C/TIP: Night-only LITES and TIP have Sun-sensors and HV trips to provide backup instrument safety Timed On/Off schedules are uploaded to autonomously operate LITES and TIP as necessary ISS real-time commanding and telemetry offers option for man-in-the loop capability for specific campaigns near restricted zones LITES & GROUP-C 7
8 Ground-Support Network (UMass-Lowell) HiT&MIS High Throughput and Multi-slit Imaging Spectrograph Two built at UMass Lowell Portable (once currently deployed at Millstone Hill) Round-the-clock airglow observations simultaneously in six spectral lines Field of view: 0.1 x 50 Spectral resolution: 0.01 nm Data will be validated using the vast network of digisondes operated by UMass Lowell as part of the Global Ionospheric Radio Observatory (GIRO) ( Phenomenon Feature Production mechanism Red Airglow/Aurora OI nm Night: O e O + O ( 1 D) Day: e * + O e * + O( 1 D) ; O 2 + hν O( 3 P) + O( 1 D) Green Airglow/Aurora OI nm Night: O e O + O ( 1 S) Day: e * + O e * + O( 1 S) ; O 2 + hν O( 3 P) + O( 1 S) Airglow + Aurora OI nm O + +e O( 5 P) analog to FUV nm Blue Aurora N nm (Aurora): N 2 + e * N + 2 (B 2 Σ + u) Hydrogen-alpha Hydrogen-beta HI nm HI nm (Energetic protons, w/ blue-shifted emissions LITES & GROUP-C 8
9 Potential Contributions of LITES & GROUP-C LITES and GROUP-C provide: (1) Ionospheric density specification and identification of gradients and structures (2) Thermospheric densities and exospheric temperatures (3) Overlapping and expanded set of emission feature measurements for on-orbit photochemistry experiments, tests, and evaluations Enhanced global coverage, especially middle latitudes between ±50 latitude ICON, and first COSMIC-2 fleet have low-inclination orbits Observation across north and south equatorial arcs each orbit ISS Precession across all local times Unique ionosphere-thermosphere measurements will provide information on middle and high latitude effects that impact the low latitude region LITES & GROUP-C 9
10 Support for ICON EUV Day Ionosphere LITES provides direct measurements of the 83.4 and 61.7 nm emissions that are also used by ICON to infer the daytime ionosphere. LITES measurements will provide: hmf2 < ~350 km Complementary ionospheric measurements 834 A 617 A O + ions & Electrons ( km) Atomic O ( km) LITES & GROUP-C 10
11 Support for ICON EUV Day Ionosphere LITES provides direct measurements of the 83.4 and 61.7 nm emissions that are also used by ICON to infer the daytime ionosphere. LITES measurements will provide: hmf2 < ~350 km Complementary ionospheric measurements 834 A 617 A O + ions & Electrons ( km) hmf2 > ~ 350 km direct measure of the photoionization region with the brighter 83.4 nm emission 83.4 nm / 61.7 nm comparison to validate forward model Atomic O ( km) Ground-based truth data can enable experiments to confirm which regime we are in LITES & GROUP-C 11
12 Support for FUV (Day and Night) LITES and GROUP-C/TIP measure FUV nm that is measured day and night by both GOLD and ICON Dymond et al., 2011 Co-located nadir and limb-viewing measurements enable enhanced tomographic inversions at night TIP high sensitivity enables clear measure of plasma gradients (e.g. MSTID shown in top right) Clearer imaging of plasma structures in lower ionosphere (near or below ion & airglow peak) Directly match GROUP-C GPS scintillation observations to plasma structures LITES & GROUP-C 12
13 Support for GOLD Thermospheric Temperature Temperatures at ~160 km are retrieved on the dayside disk by fitting the observed rotational structure of the N 2 LBH bands, Estimation must model variation along slant line-of-sight: N 2 density Temperature O 2 (photoabsorption) T LITES can provide limb-viewing airglow profiles during under-flights of the GOLD hemisphere to inform and validate the estimation of the production and absorption, and the scaleheight temperatures VERs [N 2 ] and [O 2 ] LITES & GROUP-C 13
14 LITES & GROUP-C Summary Mission Objective (1) LITES will demonstrate an ultraviolet single-element imaging spectrograph for remotely sensing the composition and density of the thermosphere and ionosphere day and night using spectral limb imaging. (2) GROUP-C will demonstrate a 2 nd -generation UV nightside ionosphere photometer to characterize horizontal ionosphere gradients, along with a 1U-size software-based GPS occultation receiver for measuring slant TEC to derive vertical electron density profiles day and night. Measurement Approach Location: International Space Station Launch: SpaceX CRS10 Launch Date: pending (sched. 1 Nov 2016) Mission duration: Two year minimum GEO 800 km 600 km 400 km ICON GOLD COSMIC LITES & GROUP-C Application Measurement Sensor Ionosphere (night) 91.1 nm, nm LITES, GROUP-C Ionosphere (day) 83.4 nm and 61.7 nm LITES TEC (day + night) GPS RO GROUP-C Thermosphere O, N 2 (day) nm N 2 LBH nm LITES Scintillation GPS GROUP-C Value and Contributions to ICON/GOLD/COSMIC Unique persistent location in low-altitude ISS orbit, with precession across all local times Daytime ionosphere specification and evaluation of photoionization emission source Night ionosphere tomography at 20 km vertical and horizontal resolution, and high-sensitivity measurement of low-altitude structures and plasma gradients Daytime measurement of thermospheric densities and temperatures Measurement up to middle latitudes across both hemispheres Points of Contact Dr. Andrew Stephan / / lites@nrl.navy.mil Dr. Scott Budzien / / group-c@nrl.navy.mil Space Science Division, U.S. Naval Research LITES & GROUP-C Laboratory 14 Washington, DC 20375
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