The Effect of Photon Flux Density and Module Temperature on Power Output of Photovoltaic Array

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1 Available online at Energy Procedia 34 (2013 ) th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering (EMSES2012) The Effect of Photon Flux Density and Module Temperature on Power Output of Photovoltaic Array Chattariya Sirisamphanwong a and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong b * a Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University, Nakhon Sawan 60000, Thailand b School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT), Naresuan University, Phitsanulok 65000, Thailand Abstract This article presents the effects of photon flux density and module temperature on power output of amorphous silicon (a-si), polycrystalline (p-si) and hetero-junction intrinsic thin layer (HIT) photovoltaic (PV) modules under Thailand climatic condition which located at the equator zone. The outdoor solar irradiance distribution measurements on the PV array installed at Energy Park, School of Renewable Energy Technology (SERT), Naresuan University, Thailand revealed that the solar irradiance is directly proportional with photon flux density which the wavelength is influence of photon flux density. The increasing of power output under real working of a-si and p-si depends on both photon flux density and module temperature. But the increasing of power output of HIT mainly depends on both photon flux density The The Authors. Published Published by Elsevier by Elsevier B.V. Open B.V. access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and and/or peer-review peer-review under responsibility under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble of COE of Energy Sustainable System, Energy Rajamangala System, University Rajamangala of Technology Thanyaburi University (RMUTT) of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) Keywords: Photon flux density; module temperature; power output * Corresponding author. Tel.: ; fax: address: chatchai_siri@hotmail.com The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of COE of Sustainalble Energy System, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi (RMUTT) doi: /j.egypro

2 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) Introduction Solar radiation emitted from the sun is electromagnetic radiation. The spectrum of the solar radiation outside emitted to the earth's atmosphere is absorbed by various elements. The spectral solar radiation distribution has wavelength range of nm, includes of the total irradiance is 96.3% and most of the remaining 3.7% at longer wavelengths as shown in figure 1. Fig. 1. solar radiation spectrum [1] The power outputs of photovoltaic (PV) modules that operating under real working conditions are influenced by two main factors: solar irradiance [2-11] and module temperature. Each PV technology has different spectrum responses at different ranges of wavelength, in the event that, the spectrum responses of as amorphous silicon (a-si) between wavelengths of range nm, polycrystalline silicon (p-si) between wavelengths of range nm and hetero-junction intrinsic thin layer (HIT) between wavelengths of range nm [12]. Although the spectral response of p-si is approximate nearby to HIT and they are wider than a-si as shown in figure 2. The solar spectrum irradiance is an important factor for finding a photon flux density ( ), which incidents on PV array. Generally, photon flux density is an important parameter that used to determine the number of electrons that are generated, which are related with the current production from PV array. The objective of this research is to find the relationship between the photon flux density and module temperature on power output of PV array at real working conditions. Spectrum radiation illuminance kw/m 2 /um Relative spectrum sensitivity Wavelength (um) a-si Poly AM-1.5 HIT Fig. 2. Spectrum response of PV module

3 432 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) Nomenclature the photon flux density (photon m -2 s -1 ) E( ) the spectral irradiation (W m -2 nm -1 ) the wavelength (nm) h (Js) c the speed of light (m s -1 ) I PV V PV the current of PV array (A) the voltage of PV array (V) T m the module temperature ( o C) 2. System components The 10 kwp PV power station was installed at SERT (north latitude 16 o o It consists of three different types of PV technology as a-si Kaneka CEA 54 W, p-si of Sharp NE-80E2E 80 W and HIT of Sanyo HIP-180N1-BO-01, which have power capacities of 3.67 kwp, 3.60 kwp and 2.88 kwp, respectively. The PV module faces to south with 17 o tilt angle. The power conditioning system consists of three grid connected inverters, and three bi-directional inverters, 3.5 kw each from Leonics Company, 100 kwh battery storage system is from FiammSGM 2000 (16 OPzV) 2 V 2000 Ah x 24 cell. The schematic of PVPG shows in figure 3. Fig. 3. schematic diagram of 10 kwp PV power station 2.1. Data collection The data were collected every five minutes for annual 2008 through annual 2009 from 10 kwp PV power station such as the spectrum solar irradiance distribution, power outputs of PV modules, module

4 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) temperature. The spectral irradiance distribution, which has the wavelength of range nm, was recorded every 5 minute by spectro-radiometer (MS720, EKO). The pyranometer model MS-601, EKO is used for measured solar irradiance. And PV analyzer (PVA01982, Kernel), which are connected with pyranometer and thermocouple to measured solar irradiance and module temperature, is used for measured I-V curve of PV array Performance Evaluation The characteristic were found useful for the spectral irradiance distribution with a simple and deviceindependent index, photon flux density ( transferred by electromagnetic radiation is received from a source, per unit area facing the source, per unit wavelength range [13]. E hc (1) PV Power output specifics as current output at a certain voltage, it refer to the power (Watts) available at the power regulator all load circuit input terminals and is specified either as peak power or average power produced during a day. It is specified under certain conditions of solar irradiance, module temperature, degradation, and other factors. [14] PV I V (2) 3. Results and discussion Relationship between solar irradiance and photon flux density The relationship between solar irradiation and photon flux density, with data collected from annual 2008 through annual 2009, shows in figure 4 the solar irradiation is calculated from the integrated spectral irradiance distribution from each wavelength measured in the range nm. Solar Irradiation (W m -2 ) E E E E E+17 Phonton flux density (Photon m -2 s -1 ) Fig. 4. The relationship of photon flux density on solar irradiance

5 434 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) From figure 4 was found that solar irradiance is directly proportional with photon flux density. When the photon flux density increases, the solar irradiance will increase too. These results indicate that the wavelength is influence of photon flux density. Figure 5 and 6 present the histogram of the photon flux density and solar irradiance, respectively. Frequency (%) Photon Flux Density (Photon m -2 S -1 ) Fig. 5. The histogram of photon flux density From figure 5 shows that that the maximum frequency of photon flux densities is 38 % at photon flux density equals 5.0 x photon m -2 s -1. Figure 6 shows that the maximum frequency of solar irradiations is 34% at solar irradiance equals 700 Wm -2. The solar irradiance at Wm -2 gives the frequency more than 70 %, i.e., which are in range of visible light. Fig. 6. The histogram of solar irradiance The relationship between photon flux density and module temperature on power output of PV array In this part of article, the analyzing of the photon flux density and module temperature affects to power output of PV array is paramount for future understanding the effect of the environmental parameters variation. Figure 7, figure 8 and figure 9 present the variation of power output of PV array with both the photon flux density and module temperature of a-si, p-si and HIT, respectively and the

6 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) linear regression model of power output of PV array versus operating with photon flux density and module temperature shows in table 1. Table 1. Summary of linear regression model of power output of PV array versus operating with photon flux density and module temperature PV array Linear model R 2 a-si P PV = ( m) 0.96 p-si P PV m) 0.98 HIT P PV m) 0.99 Fig. 7. Impact of photon flux density and module temperature on power output of a-si PV array Notably from figure 7 is shown that photon flux density has directly effect to power output of a-si PV array. And module temperature has less effect to power output PV array. The maximum power output occurs at photon flux density 6.0 x photon m -2 s -1 at the top position in figure 7.

7 436 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) Fig. 8. Impact of photon flux density and module temperature on power output of p-si PV array Notably from figure 8 is shown that photon flux density has directly effect to power output of p-si PV array. And module temperature has less effect to power output increasing of a-si PV array. The maximum power output occurs at photon flux density 6.0 x photon m -2 s -1 at the top position in figure 8. Fig. 9. Impact of photon flux density and module temperature on power output of HIT PV array

8 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) Notably from figure 9 is shown that photon flux density has directly effect to power output of p-si PV array. And module temperature has less effect to power output increasing of p-si PV array. The maximum power output occurs at photon flux density 6.0 x photon m -2 s -1 at the top position in figure Conclusion In conclusion, it was found that solar irradiance is directly proportional with photon flux density, which will be directly affected with the power output of PV array. The increasing of power output of the a-si and p-si PV array depend on photon flux density and also on module temperature, while the increasing of power output of HIT mainly depended on photon flux density. The behaviors were reasonable considering from the operating mechanisms of the PV technology. Acknowledgements This research is a part of the Energy Park Project supported by the Energy Conservation Promotion Fund of the Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO). The authors acknowledge School of Renewable Energy Technology and their staffs for supporting the technical data and their support during laboratory work. The authors are grateful to Kaneka Corporation, Japan, for supporting the research equipment. Finally, the authors are thankful to Nakhon Sawan Rajabhat University for providing its support in this research project. References [1] Solar radiation spectrum (2012) Available from: [2] Chattariya S, Nipon K. Impact of spectral irradiance distribution on the outdoor performance of photovoltaic system under Thai climatic conditions. Renewable Energy 2012;38: [3] Jardine C, Coniber GJ, Lane K. PV-COMPARE: direct comparison of eleven PV technologies at two locations in Northern and Southern Europe. In:Proceedings of the 17th European photovoltaic solar energy conference, Munich, WIP-Munich; p [4] Hirata Y, Tani T. Output variation of photovoltaic modules with environmental factorsdi, The effect of spectral solar radiation on photovoltaic module output. Solar Energy 1995;55: [5] Hirata Y, Inasaka T, Tani T. Output variation of photovoltaic modules with environmental factorsdii, seasonal variation. Solar Energy 1998;63: [6] Gottschalg R, Betts TR, Infield DG, Kearney MJ. The effect of spectral variationson the performance parameters of single and double junctionamorphous silicon solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 1998; 52(1, 2): [7] Shingo Nagae et al., Evaluation of the impact of solar spectrum and temperature variations on output power of siliconbased photovoltaic module. Solar energy material & solar cell, 2006; 90: [8] A.Q. Malik. et al., Outdoor testing of single crystal silicon solar cells. Renewable Energy, 2003; 28: [9] Youichi H., Tatsuo T., Output variation of photovoltaic modules with environmental factors I. the effect of spectral solar irradiance of photovoltaic module output. Solar energy, 1995; 55(6): [10] C.A. Gueymard. et al., Proposed reference irradiance spectra for solar energy systems testing. Solar energy, 2002; 73(6):

9 438 Chattariya Sirisamphanwong and Chatchai Sirisamphanwong / Energy Procedia 34 ( 2013 ) [11] Ricardo R. et al., Spectral effects on amorphous silicon solar module fill factors. Solar energy material & solar cell, 2002; 71: [12] Chattariya S (2011) The effect of solar spectrum on performance of photovoltaic module under Phitsanulok province [13] Renewable Energy 2011;6 (1): [14] H.S. Rauschenbach (1980). Solar cell array design handbook. Vannostrand Reinhold Company Regional Officers: Newyork.