Teacher Page. Understanding Solar Energy. Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves. Student Objective
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1 Understanding Solar Energy Teacher Page Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves Student Objective The student: current and power of a given PV module will be able to determine the size of the array necessary to produce given amounts of power determine the module s maximum power point curve is generated. Materials: circuit amperage and maximum power rating current rating greater than short circuit current for module group) Key Words: active area efficiency ampere (amp) circuit current direct current (DC) efficiency insolation meter I-V curve load maximum power current (I mp ) maximum power point (P mp ) maximum power voltage (V mp ) module multipurpose meter ohms Ohm s Law open circuit voltage (V oc ) power (DC) short circuit current (I sc ) solar irradiance solar noon total area efficiency variable resistor (rheostat) voltage Time: Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page
2 Procedure (prior to class) amperage a load must be used unless you are using a fused multimeter. rheostat. version. Procedure (during class time). Engage: general and photovoltaics in particular. Points to cover should include: photovoltaics (turning solar energy directly into electricity) thermocouples lines. This type of current reversed by fluctuating magnetic fields Related Reading Photovoltaics: Design and Installation Manual energy and environmental building technologies. This manual is well-suited for those Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 2
3 systems. Internet Sites pros and cons of photovoltaic power. From Oil Wells to Solar Cells: A Renewable Energy Primer technology. produces electricity. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 3
4 Understanding Solar Energy Answer Key Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves Laboratory Exercises calculate the power values. mainly due to environmental factors and not using the optimum tilt angle. world conditions (such as weather) to be mitigating factors. should be even. The title of the graph should include the irradiance level and temperature. should be able to find the maximum power point from their graphs. world conditions (such as weather) to be mitigating factors. reliability of the data. determined. areas that do not have photovoltaic materials. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 4
5 Problem Set. Insolation meter of zero. ) 7. There are an infinite number of operating (load) points along an I-V curve. Key Word Crossword O O D T T C L G R O (solar irradiance) (open Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 5
6 circuit voltage) output (multipurpose meter) (solar noon) (insolation meter) (variable resistor) (maximum power voltage) (module) (maximum power point) Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 6
7 Understanding Solar Energy Florida Sunshine Standards Benchmarks Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves Nature of Science Standard SC.92.N.. X Earth and Space Standard 5 SC.92.E.5. X Physical Science Standard 0 SC.92.P.0. X X X Mathematics Standards MA92.A..4, MA.92.A.2., MA.92.A.2.2, MA.92.A.2.3, MA.92.A.0. Science Standards Standard : The Practice of Science graphs) 8. generate explanations that explicate or describe natural phenomena (inferences) 9. use appropriate evidence and reasoning to justify these explanations to others. evaluate the merits of the explanations produced by others. Standard 5: Earth in Space and Time Standard 0: Energy can be transformed from one form to others. resistance and power. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 7
8 Mathematics Standards Algebra - Standard : Real and Complex Number Systems using multi-step and real-world problems. Algebra - Standard 2: Relations and Functions Algebra - Standard 0: Mathematical Reasoning and Problem Solving situation. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 8
9 Understanding Solar Energy Key Words/Definitions Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves active area efficiency - the ratio of maximum electrical power output compared to the light ampere (amp) - a unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons. One volt across one ohm 8 electrons circuit powered by it direct current (DC) - a one way flow of electric current - from positive to negative efficiency - the ratio of output of a device compared to the input to the device insolation meter. I-V curve - the plot of electrical output (voltage and current) characteristics of a photovoltaic cell or module at a particular temperature and irradiance load - any device or appliance that is using power in an electrical circuit maximum power current (I mp ) - the amount of current of a given device at its maximum power point maximum power point (P mp ) - the point where the product of current and voltage is at maximum power maximum power voltage (V mp ) - the voltage value of a given device at its maximum power point module handling and assembling into panels and arrays multipurpose meter - an instrument to measure electrical output in amps and volts and resistance in ohms ohms - the unit of electrical resistance of a circuit in which a potential difference of one volt Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 9
10 Ohm s Law inversely proportional to the total resistance of the circuit I = V / R V = I x R R = V / I P = V x I expressed as follows: P = I 2 x R P = V 2 /R open circuit voltage (V oc ) zero current flow power (DC) P = V x I (where P is the power in watts) short circuit current (I sc ) - voltage solar irradiance after passing perpendicularly through the atmosphere. solar noon total area efficiency - the ratio of maximum electrical power output compared to the total light power incident on the entire device variable resistor - a device that provides a variable amount of resistance (impedance to flow) in voltage of electric potential. One volt produces one amp of current when acting against a resistance of Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 0
11 Understanding Solar Energy Laboratory Manual Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves In this investigation you will explore some of the general characteristics of a photovoltaic performance descriptor for a photovoltaic device. Solar Irradiance ) using an insolation meter (also called a slightly to find the direction that gives you the highest reading. Record this reading Date Time yes no Location (latitude) Irradiance reading Power Output current readings and recording them below. Repeat the procedure three times and calculate the average of the readings. Irradiance (W/m 2 ) Voltage (V) Current (Amps) Power (Watts) Trial Trial 2 Trial 3 Average formula: Power = Volts (V) x Amps (I) Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page
12 I-V Curve The current-voltage (I-V) characteristic is the basic descriptor of photovoltaic device performance. This is plotted on a graph with voltage (the independent variable) on the x axis and operating point being determined by the electrical load (device or appliance) connected to the PV system. These current-voltage operating points are plotted between the short-circuit current point (I sc ) where the device produces maximum current and zero voltage and the open-circuit voltage point (V oc ) where the device produces maximum voltage and zero current. The point at which a PV device delivers its maximum power output and operates at its highest efficiency is referred to as its maximum power point (P mp ). The voltage and current values at the maximum power point are referred to as the maximum power voltage (V mp ) and the maximum power current (I mp Collect I-V curve data for your module. minimize the effect of a change in irradiance level. continuing. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 2
13 record this below. beginning module temperature. sc row (next page). oc oc last row of the data table. sc and V oc sc reading. Increase the resistance until you obtain approximately this voltage reading on your multimeter. Record the current and voltage readings. the current and voltage readings for each of these data points. oc each time so that you will have enough data points to plot the I-V curve accurately Continue to record the current and voltage readings (adding more lines to the table Irradiance (W/m 2 ) Cell Temperature ( o C) Initial Measurement Final Measurement Average Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 3
14 Voltage (Volts) Current (Amps) Power (Watts) 0 I sc = V oc = 0 function of voltage. Label both axis. Then plot your I-V curve on graph paper. Label both axis. Title your graphs to include your average irradiance and temperature readings. Power curve I-V curve to first locate the V mp (maximum power point) on the power curve. This will be the x- axis value of the maximum power point on your I-V curve. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 4
15 P mp = V mp = I mp = your I-V curve compare to the I sc oc sc mp and P mp of your module s specifications Efficiency efficiency is defined as the ratio of output from a device compared to the input to the device. Total area efficiency is the ratio of maximum electrical power output compared to the total solar energy incident on the entireaperture or active area efficiency usually refers to a single cell and only includes the active semiconductor area of the than the total area efficiency.. Calculate the total area efficiency for your module for the specific trial above: efficiency = P mp (maximum power point) area x average irradience Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 5
16 accounted for). List all the possible ways that energy could be lost or never utilized in this energy transfer. Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 6
17 Understanding Solar Energy Key Word Crossword Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves Clues and the second word placed at position 6. 9 down) Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 7
18 Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 8
19 Understanding Solar Energy Problems Photovoltaic Power Output & I-V Curves a. voltage at open circuit b. current at open circuit c. voltage at short circuit d. current at short circuit a. m 6. Can I mp ever be greater than I sc Florida Solar Energy Center Photovoltaic Power Output & IV Curves / Page 9
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