Computer Networks Chapter 2: Physical layer
|
|
- Sabrina Johnson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Computer Networks Chapter 2: Physical layer Holger Karl Computer Networks Group Universität Paderborn
2 Goals of this chapter Answer the basic question: how can data be transported over a physical medium? Understand the basic service provided by a physical layer Different ways to put bits on the wire Reasons why performance of any physical layer is limited Reasons for errors A few examples of important physical layers Note: This is vastly simplified material WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 2
3 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 3
4 Basic service of physical layer: transport bits Physical layer should enable the transport of bits between two locations A and B Abstraction: Bit sequence correct, in order delivery Bits Bits SAP of Layer 1 Layer 1 Bit voltage conversion SAP of Layer 1 Layer 1 voltage Bit conversion Layer 0 Physical connection Pair of copper wires WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 4
5 A bit signal conversion rule A simple conversion rule For a 1 bit, apply voltage to the pair of wires For a 0 bit, no voltage This is called Non return to zero NRZ Layer 1 Bit voltage conversion Bit=1: Close switch Bit=0: Open switch Layer 1 voltage Bit conversion If voltage: Indicate a 1 bit If no voltage: Indicate a 0 bit Layer 0 Physical connection WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 5
6 Example: Transmit bit pattern for character b Character b needs a representation as a sequence of bits One option: Use the ASCII code of b, 98, as a binary number Resulting voltage put on the wire: Note: Abstract data is represented by physical signals changes of a physical quantity in time or space! Voltage WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 6
7 What arrives at the receiver? Typical pattern at the receiver: Voltage Current What is going on here? Time Note: this and the following examples are exaggerated! WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 7
8 Some background: Fourier analysis To understand signal propagation on a physical medium, some background is required how such signals can be analyzed/treated mathematically First: Fourier s theorem Any periodic function g(t) (with period T) can be written as a (possibly infinite) sum of sine and cosine functions; the frequencies of these functions are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency f = 1/T. Constants c, a n, b n are to be determined. WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 8
9 Fourier analysis computing coefficients Coefficients c, a n, b n in the Fourier series can be computed: Because of orthogonality of sines and cosines as basis functions The nth summary terms are called harmonics The sum of the squares of the nth coefficients a n2 + b n2 is proportional to the energy contained in this harmonic Why squares? Say, g(t) shows voltage Power P = U I = U (U/R) energy E P T U 2 T WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 9
10 Applying Fourier analysis to example The transmitted waveform of b is not a periodic signal Fourier not applicable directly Voltage Use a trick: Suppose waveform is repeated infinitely often, resulting in a periodic waveform with period 8 bit times Voltage Current Repeated waveform for bit pattern 'b' WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 10 Time
11 Applying Fourier analysis to example Result of computing a n, b n, c and using first 512 Fourier terms to represent the signal: Almost no discernible difference between original signal and Fourier series Curves overlap Voltage Current Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 11
12 Fact 1: Signals are attenuated in a physical medium Attenuation α: Ratio of transmitted to received power High attenuation low power arrives at receiver Attenuation depends on Actual medium Distance between sender and receiver other factors Normalized, typically given in db Current Voltage Received attenuated signal Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 12
13 Fact 2: Not all frequencies pass through a medium Previous picture assumed that all frequencies travel unhindered through a physical medium This is not the case for real media! Simplified behavior: frequencies up to given upper bound f c can pass; higher frequencies are suppressed Mathematically: the Fourier series is cut off at a certain harmonic High frequencies are attenuated to zero Intuition: Range of frequencies that can pass through a medium is relevant Bandwidth of a physical medium (or channel) to be defined later Bandwidth-limited medium WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 13
14 Bandwidth-limited medium example Result when fewer and fewer harmonics are transported 1.2 Fourier series with 128 harmonics 1.2 Fourier series with 32 harmonics 1.2 Fourier series with 8 harmonics Voltage Current Voltage Current Voltage Current Time Time Time 1.2 Fourier series with 4 harmonics 1.2 Fourier series with 2 harmonics Fourier series with 1 harmonic Voltage Current Time Voltage Current Time Voltage Current Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 14
15 Fact 3: Frequency-selective attenuation, bandwidth Strictly speaking: channel bandwidth is caused by frequency-selective attenuation Often: both small and large frequencies are attenuated Assuming a cut-off frequency f c is too simple-minded Necessary: Standard on what is acceptable as attenuation Arbitrary (more or less) choice: Attenuation 2 (3dB) is acceptable Corresponds to half the energy! Attenuation 2 1 f 1 f 2 Defines lower/upper frequencies f 1, f 2 where power attenuation = 2 Bandwidth Channel bandwidth := f 2 f 1 Bandwidth-limited channel WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 15
16 Example with frequency-dependent attenuation Suppose attenuation is 2, 2.5, 3.333, 5, 10, for the 1 st, 2 nd, harmonic 1 Received signal with frequency-dependent attenuation We have to explain this behavior: Current Voltage Voltage Current Time Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 16
17 Fact 4: Media not only attenuates, but also distorts Different frequencies have different propagation speed Some wave lengths travel faster than others Speed of electromagnetic waves only constant in vacuum! Apparent result: Waves arrive at receiver out of phase Recall: a sine wave is determined by amplitude a, frequency f, and phase φ Amount of phase shift in the medium depends on frequency This effect may lead to distortion of a signal s amplitude WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 17
18 Example with frequency-dependent attenuation and distortion Received signal with frequency-dependent attenuation and phase change We have to explain this behavior: Current Voltage Voltage Current Time Time Behavior of real medium already well matched! What about the wriggling? WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 18
19 Fact 5: Real media are noisy A physical medium, in combination with the receiver, exhibits random (thermal) noise Fluctuations of electrons in the receiver circuitry (Side remark: Do NOT confuse with interference!) Materializes as random fluctuations around the (noise-free) received signal Typical model: noise as a Gaussian random variable of zero mean, uncorrelated in time More sophisticated models exist WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 19
20 Example with frequency-dependent attenuation and distortion, random noise When taking all five facts into account, the received wave form can be satisfyingly explained: Voltage Current Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 20
21 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 21
22 Converting signals to data: Sampling Suppose we have a channel with sufficient bandwidth available, free of noise, no distortion How does a receiver convert the signal back to data? 1.2 Simple: Look at the signal If high, bit is a 1 If low, bit is a Is it so simple? WHEN is the middle of a bit? HOW does receiver know? Current Voltage Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 22
23 Sampling over a noisy or bandwidth-limited channel In presence of noise or limited bandwidth (or both), signal will not likely be exactly 0 or 1 Or whatever 0 and 1 amounts to after attenuation Instead of comparing to these precise values, receiver has to use some thresholds within which a signal is declared as a 0 or a 1 Voltage Fourier series with 8 harmonics Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 23
24 Sampling & low bandwidth What happens when little bandwidth is available? Assuming same thresholds as before At some sampling points, the signal will be outside the thresholds! No justifiable decision possible What are possible ways out? Voltage Fourier series with 2 harmonics Time 0? 1 0??? 0 WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 24
25 Possible way out: Make thresholds wider? Wide thresholds would (apparently) reduce opportunity for confusion E.g., +/- 0.4 But: what happens in presence of noise? Wider thresholds lead to higher probability of incorrect decisions! Not good! Voltage Fourier series with 2 harmonics Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 25
26 Way out 2: Increase time for a single bit If bandwidth is limited, received signal cannot track very steep raises and falls in the signal Hence: give the signal more time to reach the required level for a 0 or a 1 detection. This means: Time for a single bit has to be extended! Useable data rate is reduced! This is a fundamental limitation and cannot be circumvented Formally: maximum data rate 2H bits/s where H is the channel bandwidth Basic reason: need to sample sufficiently often WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 26
27 Way out 3: Use more than just 0 and 1 in the channel Who says we can only use 0 and 1 as possible levels for the transmitted signal? Suppose the transmitter can generate signals (current, voltage, ) at four different levels, instead of just two Then: to determine one of four levels, two bits are required Distinction: Bits are 0 or 1, used in higher layers Symbols can have 2 or more values, are transmitted over the channel If >2 symbol values, symbols group bits together for transmission Symbol rate: Rate at which symbols are transmitted Measured in baud Data rate: Rate at which physical layer sends incoming data bits Measured in bit/s WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 27
28 Way out 3: Use four-level symbols to encode two bits Example: Map 00 0, 01 1, 10 2, 11 3 Symbol rate is then only half the data rate as each symbol encodes two bits Symbol value Time WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 28
29 Data rate with multi-valued symbols Nyquist Using symbols with multiple values, the data rate can be increased Nyquist formula summarizes: maximum data rate 2H log 2 V bits/s where V is the number of discrete symbol values WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 29
30 Unlimited data rate with many symbol levels? Nyquist s theorem appears to indicate that unlimited data rate can be achieved when only enough symbol levels are used Is this plausible? More and more symbol levels have to be spaced closer and closer together What then about noise? Even small random noise would then result in one symbol being misinterpreted for another So, not unlimited? WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 30
31 Shannon limit on achievable data rate Achievable data rate is fundamentally limited by noise More precisely: by the relationship of signal strength S compared to noise N The relatively fewer noise there is at the receiver, the easier it is for the receiver to distinguish between different symbol levels Relationship characterized by Shannon, 1948 maximum data rate H log 2 (1 + S/N) bits/s where S is signal strength, N is noise level Measured in metric units, not db This theorem formed the basis for information theory WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 31
32 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 32
33 When to sample the received signal? How does the receiver know WHEN to check the received signal for its value? One typical convention: in the middle of each symbol But when does a symbol start? The length of a symbol is usually known by convention via the symbol rate The receiver has to be synchronized with the sender at the symbol level ( Symbol if more than one bit per symbol; if only one bit per symbol, then bit synchronization is the usual term) The link layer will have to deal with frame synchronization There is also character synchronization omitted here WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 33
34 Overly simplistic bit synchronization One simple option: Assume that sender and receiver at some point in time are synchronized That both have an internal clock that tics at every symbol step Usually, this does not work Clock drift is major problem two different clocks never stay in perfect synchrony Errors if synchronization is lost: Sender: Receiver with a slightly fast clock: Channel WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 34
35 Options to tell the receiver when to sample Relying on permanently synchronized clocks does not work Provide an explicit clock signal Needs parallel transmission over some additional channel Must be in synch with the actual data, otherwise pointless Useful only for short-range communication Synchronize the receiver at crucial points (e.g., start of a character or of a block) Otherwise, let the receiver clock run freely Relies on short-term stability of clock generators (do not diverge too quickly) Often reasonable Extract clock information from the received signal itself Treated next in more detail WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 35
36 Extract clock information from signal itself Put enough information into the data signal itself so that the receiver can know immediately when a bit starts/stops Would the simple 0 low, 1 high mapping of bit symbol work? It should after all, receiver can use transitions to detect the length of a bit Daten: NRZ-L But it fails depending on bit sequences: think of long runs of 1s or 0s receiver can loose synchronization Not nice not to be able to transmit arbitrary data WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 36
37 Extract clock information from signal itself Manchester Idea: At each bit, provide indication to receiver that this is where a bit {starts/stops/has its middle} Example: Manchester encoding For a 0 bit, have the signal change in the middle of a symbol (=bit) from low to high For a 1 bit, have the signal change in the middle of a symbol (=bit) from high to low Daten: Manchester Ensures sufficient number of signal transitions Independent of what data is transmitted! WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 37
38 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 38
39 Baseband versus broadband transmission The transmission schemes described so far: Baseband transmission Baseband transmission directly puts the digital symbol sequences onto the wire At different levels of current, voltage, Baseband transmission suffers from the problems discussed above Direct current components have to be avoided Limited bandwidth reshapes the signal at receiver Attenuation and distortion depend on frequency and baseband transmissions have many different frequencies because of their wide Fourier spectrum Possible alternative: broadband transmission More correct name: bandpass transmission Examples: Wireless communication, DSL, WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 39
40 Broadband transmission Idea: get rid of the wide spectrum needed for DC transmission Use a sine wave as a carrier for the symbols to be transmitted Typically, the sine wave has high frequency But only a single frequency! Pure sine wave has no information, so its shape has to be influenced according to the symbols to be transmitted The carrier has to be modulated by the symbols (widening the spectrum) Three parameters that can be influenced Amplitude a Frequency f Phase φ WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 40
41 Amplitude modulation Given a sine wave f(t) and a time-varying signal s(t) Signal can be analog (i.e., a continuous function of time) or digital (i.e., a discrete function of time) Signal can be e.g. the symbol levels discussed above The amplitude modulated sine wave f A (t) is given as: I.e., the amplitude is given by the signal to be transmitted Receiver can extract s(t) from f A (t) Special cases: s(t) is an analog signal amplitude modulation s(t) is a digital signal also called amplitude keying s(t) only takes 0 and 1 (or 0 and a) as values on/off keying WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 41
42 Amplitude modulation example Binary data On/off modulated carrier Question: How to solve bit synchronization here? Is Manchester applicable? WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 42
43 Frequency modulation The frequency-modulated sine wave f F (t) is given by Modulation/keying terminology like for AM Example Binary data Frequencymodulated carrier Note: s(t) has an additive constant in this example to avoid having frequency zero WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 43
44 Phase modulation Similarly, a phase modulated carrier is given by Modulation/keying terminology again similar Example: Binary data Phasemodulated carrier s(t) is chosen such that there are phase changes when the binary data changes Typical example for differential coding WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 44
45 Phase modulation with high multiple values per symbol A receiver can usually distinguish phase shifts quite well Hence: Use phase shifts of 0, π/2, π, 3/2 π to encode two bits per symbol Clock Extraction? Use π/4, 3/4π, 5/4π, 7/4π phase shifts for each symbol Result: Data rate is twice the symbol rate Technique is called Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Visualization as constellation diagram Angle: Phase of signal Distance from origin: Amplitude of the signal WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 45
46 Combinations of different modulations Amplitude, frequency, and phase modulations can be fruitfully combined Example: 16-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) Use 16 different combinations of phase change and amplitude for each symbol Per symbol, 2 4 = 16 states; 4 bits are encoded and transmitted in one step Constellation diagram: Distance from origin: Amplitude of signal WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 46
47 Bit error rate as function of SNR The higher the SNR, the better the reception The more reliably can signals be converted to bits at receiver Actually: Energy per bit E b takes into account data rate, #bits/symbol Concrete bit error probability/rate (BER) depends on SNR and used modulation Example: differential phase shift keying (DPSK), data rate corresponds to bandwidth Note: SNR measured in metric units, not db WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 47
48 Examples for SNR BER mappings Coherently Detected BPSK Coherently Detected BFSK 0.01 BER e-05 1e-06 1e-07 Which one is better? Why do they tend to 0.5 and not 1.0? SNR(dB) WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 48
49 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 49
50 Digital vs. analogs signals A sender has two principal options what types of signals to generate 1. It can choose from a finite set of different signals digital transmission 2. There is an infinite set of possible signals analog transmission Simplest example: Signal corresponds to current/voltage level on the wire In the digital case, there are finitely many voltage levels to choose from In the analog case, any voltage is legal More complicated example: finite/infinitely many sinus functions In both cases, the resulting wave forms in the medium can well be continuous functions of time! Advantage of digital signals: There is a principal chance that the receiver can precisely reconstruct the transmitted signal WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 50
51 Structure of digital communication systems How to put these functions together into a working digital communication system? How to structure transmitter and receiver? How to bridge from a data source to a data sink? Essential functions for baseband transmission Data source Format Source encode Channel encode Physical transmit Source bits Channel symbols Physical medium Format Source decode Channel decode Physical receive Data sink WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 51
52 Functions Format: Bring source information in digital form E.g., sample and quantize an analog voice signal, represent text as ASCII Source encode: Remove redundant or irrelevant data E.g., lossy compression (MP3, MPEG 4); lossless compression (Huffmann coding, runlength coding) Channel encode: Map source bits to channel symbols Potentially several bits per symbol May add redundancy bits to protect against errors Tailored to channel characteristics Physical transmit: Turn the channel symbols into physical signals At receiver: Reverse all these steps WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 52
53 Structure of a (digital) broadband system Previous example assumed a simple physical transmission in baseband Using broadband transmission adds complexity to signal generation Data source Format Source encode Channel encode Modu -late Physical transmit Source bits Channel symbols Physical medium Format Source decode Channel decode Demodulate Physical receive Data sink Discrete set of analog waveforms WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 53
54 Tricky part: Receiver! Difficult: How to decide, given an incoming, noisy version of a channel symbol (=a waveform) what the originally sent symbol/waveform was? Receiver (channel decoder) knows, for each channel symbol All legal waveforms s 1 (t),, s m (t) The actual, incoming, distorted waveform r(t) = s i (t) + n(t) Where n(t) is noise, i is unknown index of transmitted channel symbol How to determine i? WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 54
55 Coherent receiver Coherent receiver: Receiver has perfect time synchronization with transmitter, perfect phase Not true in practice, a simplification Conceptually: Receiver compares r(t) with all s i (t), computes distance measure T is length of a channel symbol Result is that waveform i that minimizes this distance measure This waveform is assumed to be the one that the transmitter has sent WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 55
56 Overview Baseband transmission over physical channels Limitations on data rate: Nyquist and Shannon Clock extraction Broadband versus baseband transmission Structure of digital communication systems Examples WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 56
57 Example physical layers Guided transmission media Copper wire twisted pair Copper wire coaxial cable Fiber optics Wireless transmission Radio transmission Microwave transmission Infrared Lightwave WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 57
58 Electromagnetic spectrum leitungsgebundene Übertragungstechniken verdrillte DrähteKoaxialkabel Hohlleiter optische Fasern Hz Langwellen- Kurzwelle Mikrowellen Radio Mittelwellen Fernsehen -Radio Infrarot nicht-leitungsgebundene Übertragungstechniken sichtbares Licht WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 58
59 Conclusion The physical layer is responsible for turning a logical sequence of bits into a physical signal that can propagate through space Many different forms of physical signals are possible Signals are limited by their propagation in a physical medium (limited bandwidth, attenuation, dispersion) and by noise Bits can be combined into multi-valued symbols for transmission Gives rise to the difference in data rate and baud rate Baseband transmission is fraught with problems, partially overcome by modulating a signal onto a carrier (broadband transmission) WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 59
60 Compute Fourier transform for square wave Consider a square wave as function g(t) 1-1 Compute Fourier coefficients! T t WS 09/10, v 1.3 Computer Networks - Physical layer 60
Review of Lecture 2. Data and Signals - Theoretical Concepts. Review of Lecture 2. Review of Lecture 2. Review of Lecture 2. Review of Lecture 2
Data and Signals - Theoretical Concepts! What are the major functions of the network access layer? Reference: Chapter 3 - Stallings Chapter 3 - Forouzan Study Guide 3 1 2! What are the major functions
More informationBasic Concepts in Data Transmission
Basic Concepts in Data Transmission EE450: Introduction to Computer Networks Professor A. Zahid A.Zahid-EE450 1 Data and Signals Data is an entity that convey information Analog Continuous values within
More informationtwo computers. 2- Providing a channel between them for transmitting and receiving the signals through it.
1. Introduction: Communication is the process of transmitting the messages that carrying information, where the two computers can be communicated with each other if the two conditions are available: 1-
More informationCSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren. Project 1 out Today, due 10/26!
CSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren Project 1 out Today, due 10/26! Signaling Types of physical media Shannon s Law and Nyquist Limit Encoding schemes Clock recovery Manchester, NRZ, NRZI, etc.
More informationFundamentals of Digital Communication
Fundamentals of Digital Communication Network Infrastructures A.A. 2017/18 Digital communication system Analog Digital Input Signal Analog/ Digital Low Pass Filter Sampler Quantizer Source Encoder Channel
More informationEncoding and Framing. Questions. Signals: Analog vs. Digital. Signals: Periodic vs. Aperiodic. Attenuation. Data vs. Signal
Questions Encoding and Framing Why are some links faster than others? What limits the amount of information we can send on a link? How can we increase the capacity of a link? EECS 489 Computer Networks
More informationLecture Fundamentals of Data and signals
IT-5301-3 Data Communications and Computer Networks Lecture 05-07 Fundamentals of Data and signals Lecture 05 - Roadmap Analog and Digital Data Analog Signals, Digital Signals Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
More informationCSE 461 Bits and Links. David Wetherall
CSE 461 Bits and Links David Wetherall djw@cs.washington.edu Topic How do we send a message across a wire or wireless link? The physical/link layers: 1. Different kinds of media 2. Fundamental limits 3.
More informationLecture 3: Data Transmission
Lecture 3: Data Transmission 1 st semester 1439-2017 1 By: Elham Sunbu OUTLINE Data Transmission DATA RATE LIMITS Transmission Impairments Examples DATA TRANSMISSION The successful transmission of data
More informationCOMP211 Physical Layer
COMP211 Physical Layer Data and Computer Communications 7th edition William Stallings Prentice Hall 2004 Computer Networks 5th edition Andrew S.Tanenbaum, David J.Wetherall Pearson 2011 Material adapted
More informationPhysical Layer. Networks: Physical Layer 1
Physical Layer Networks: Physical Layer 1 Physical Layer Part 1 Definitions Nyquist Theorem - noiseless Shannon s Result with noise Analog versus Digital Amplifier versus Repeater Networks: Physical Layer
More informationEncoding and Framing
Encoding and Framing EECS 489 Computer Networks http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~zmao/eecs489 Z. Morley Mao Tuesday Nov 2, 2004 Acknowledgement: Some slides taken from Kurose&Ross and Katz&Stoica 1 Questions
More informationChapter 2. Physical Layer
Chapter 2 Physical Layer Lecture 1 Outline 2.1 Analog and Digital 2.2 Transmission Media 2.3 Digital Modulation and Multiplexing 2.4 Transmission Impairment 2.5 Data-rate Limits 2.6 Performance Physical
More informationCSCD 433 Network Programming Fall Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued
CSCD 433 Network Programming Fall 2016 Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued 1 Topics Definitions Analog Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Analog Data Multiplexing 2 Different Types of
More informationEECS 122: Introduction to Computer Networks Encoding and Framing. Questions
EECS 122: Introduction to Computer Networks Encoding and Framing Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1776
More informationCSEP 561 Bits and Links. David Wetherall
CSEP 561 Bits and Links David Wetherall djw@cs.washington.edu Topic How do we send a message across a wire or wireless link? The physical/link layers: 1. Different kinds of media 2. Fundamental limits
More informationThe Physical Layer Outline
The Physical Layer Outline Theoretical Basis for Data Communications Digital Modulation and Multiplexing Guided Transmission Media (copper and fiber) Public Switched Telephone Network and DSLbased Broadband
More informationData Communication. Chapter 3 Data Transmission
Data Communication Chapter 3 Data Transmission ١ Terminology (1) Transmitter Receiver Medium Guided medium e.g. twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber Unguided medium e.g. air, water, vacuum ٢ Terminology
More informationSEN366 Computer Networks
SEN366 Computer Networks Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week) 5. Signal Encoding Techniques 5.Outline An overview of the basic methods of encoding digital data into a digital signal An overview of
More informationCSCD 433 Network Programming Fall Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued
CSCD 433 Network Programming Fall 2016 Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued 1 Topics Definitions Analog Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Analog Data Multiplexing 2 Different Types of
More informationPhysical Layer: Outline
18-345: Introduction to Telecommunication Networks Lectures 3: Physical Layer Peter Steenkiste Spring 2015 www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/nets-ece Physical Layer: Outline Digital networking Modulation Characterization
More informationDatacommunication I. Layers of the OSI-model. Lecture 3. signal encoding, error detection/correction
Datacommunication I Lecture 3 signal encoding, error detection/correction Layers of the OSI-model repetition 1 The OSI-model and its networking devices repetition The OSI-model and its networking devices
More informationDownloaded from 1
VII SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION-2004 Attempt ALL questions. Q. [1] How does Digital communication System differ from Analog systems? Draw functional block diagram of DCS and explain the significance of
More informationLecture 3 Concepts for the Data Communications and Computer Interconnection
Lecture 3 Concepts for the Data Communications and Computer Interconnection Aim: overview of existing methods and techniques Terms used: -Data entities conveying meaning (of information) -Signals data
More informationEITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L2: Physical layer. Stefan Höst
EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L2: Physical layer Stefan Höst Data vs signal Data: Static representation of information For storage Signal: Dynamic representation of information For transmission
More informationCS441 Mobile & Wireless Computing Communication Basics
Department of Computer Science Southern Illinois University Carbondale CS441 Mobile & Wireless Computing Communication Basics Dr. Kemal Akkaya E-mail: kemal@cs.siu.edu Kemal Akkaya Mobile & Wireless Computing
More informationC06a: Digital Modulation
CISC 7332X T6 C06a: Digital Modulation Hui Chen Department of Computer & Information Science CUNY Brooklyn College 10/2/2018 CUNY Brooklyn College 1 Outline Digital modulation Baseband transmission Line
More informationBSc (Hons) Computer Science with Network Security. Examinations for Semester 1
BSc (Hons) Computer Science with Network Security Cohort: BCNS/15B/FT Examinations for 2015-2016 Semester 1 MODULE: DATA COMMUNICATIONS MODULE CODE: CAN1101C Duration: 2 Hours Instructions to Candidates:
More informationPart II Data Communications
Part II Data Communications Chapter 3 Data Transmission Concept & Terminology Signal : Time Domain & Frequency Domain Concepts Signal & Data Analog and Digital Data Transmission Transmission Impairments
More informationModule 3: Physical Layer
Module 3: Physical Layer Dr. Associate Professor of Computer Science Jackson State University Jackson, MS 39217 Phone: 601-979-3661 E-mail: natarajan.meghanathan@jsums.edu 1 Topics 3.1 Signal Levels: Baud
More informationChapter Two. Fundamentals of Data and Signals. Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Seventh Edition
Chapter Two Fundamentals of Data and Signals Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Seventh Edition After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between
More informationLecture 3: Modulation & Clock Recovery. CSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren
Lecture 3: Modulation & Clock Recovery CSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren Lecture 3 Overview Signaling constraints Shannon s Law Nyquist Limit Encoding schemes Clock recovery Manchester, NRZ, NRZI,
More informationLecture 3: Wireless Physical Layer: Modulation Techniques. Mythili Vutukuru CS 653 Spring 2014 Jan 13, Monday
Lecture 3: Wireless Physical Layer: Modulation Techniques Mythili Vutukuru CS 653 Spring 2014 Jan 13, Monday Modulation We saw a simple example of amplitude modulation in the last lecture Modulation how
More informationCPSC Network Programming. How do computers really communicate?
CPSC 360 - Network Programming Data Transmission Michele Weigle Department of Computer Science Clemson University mweigle@cs.clemson.edu February 11, 2005 http://www.cs.clemson.edu/~mweigle/courses/cpsc360
More informationSignal Encoding Techniques
2 Techniques ITS323: to Data Communications CSS331: Fundamentals of Data Communications Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Prepared by Steven Gordon on 3 August 2015
More informationDIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. MSc in Electronic Technologies and Communications
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS MSc in Electronic Technologies and Communications Bandpass binary signalling The common techniques of bandpass binary signalling are: - On-off keying (OOK), also known as
More informationPoint-to-Point Communications
Point-to-Point Communications Key Aspects of Communication Voice Mail Tones Alphabet Signals Air Paper Media Language English/Hindi English/Hindi Outline of Point-to-Point Communication 1. Signals basic
More informationDigital modulation techniques
Outline Introduction Signal, random variable, random process and spectra Analog modulation Analog to digital conversion Digital transmission through baseband channels Signal space representation Optimal
More informationQUESTION BANK SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (15EC61)
QUESTION BANK SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (15EC61) Module 1 1. Explain Digital communication system with a neat block diagram. 2. What are the differences between digital and analog communication systems?
More informationIntroduction to Telecommunications and Computer Engineering Unit 3: Communications Systems & Signals
Introduction to Telecommunications and Computer Engineering Unit 3: Communications Systems & Signals Syedur Rahman Lecturer, CSE Department North South University syedur.rahman@wolfson.oxon.org Acknowledgements
More informationChapter 3 Data and Signals
Chapter 3 Data and Signals 3.2 To be transmitted, data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals. 3-1 ANALOG AND DIGITAL Data can be analog or digital. The term analog data refers to information that
More informationCourse 2: Channels 1 1
Course 2: Channels 1 1 "You see, wire telegraph is a kind of a very, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York and his head is meowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this? And radio operates exactly
More informationMULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS
1 Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering King Mongkut s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang 01076531 MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS Pk Pakorn Watanachaturaporn, Wt ht Ph.D. PhD pakorn@live.kmitl.ac.th,
More informationModule 7 Bandwidth and Maximum Data Rate of a channel
Computer Networks and ITCP/IP Protocols 1 Module 7 Bandwidth and Maximum Data Rate of a channel Introduction Data communication is about how the bits sent across the wire. Bits cannot be sent without converting
More informationOutline / Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 3: Physical Layer Signals, Modulation, Multiplexing. Cartoon View 1 A Wave of Energy
Outline 18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 3: Physical Layer Signals, Modulation, Multiplexing Peter Steenkiste Carnegie Mellon University Spring Semester 2017 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelesss17/
More informationChapter 3. Data Transmission
Chapter 3 Data Transmission Reading Materials Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings Terminology (1) Transmitter Receiver Medium Guided medium (e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber) Unguided medium
More informationCollege of information Technology Department of Information Networks Telecommunication & Networking I Chapter DATA AND SIGNALS 1 من 42
3.1 DATA AND SIGNALS 1 من 42 Communication at application, transport, network, or data- link is logical; communication at the physical layer is physical. we have shown only ; host- to- router, router-to-
More informationChapter 4 Digital Transmission 4.1
Chapter 4 Digital Transmission 4.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4-1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION In this section, we see how we can represent
More informationObjectives. Presentation Outline. Digital Modulation Revision
Digital Modulation Revision Professor Richard Harris Objectives To identify the key points from the lecture material presented in the Digital Modulation section of this paper. What is in the examination
More informationEC 554 Data Communications
EC 554 Data Communications Mohamed Khedr http://webmail. webmail.aast.edu/~khedraast.edu/~khedr Syllabus Tentatively Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week
More informationAmplitude Frequency Phase
Chapter 4 (part 2) Digital Modulation Techniques Chapter 4 (part 2) Overview Digital Modulation techniques (part 2) Bandpass data transmission Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency
More informationLecture 2: Links and Signaling"
Lecture 2: Links and Signaling" CSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren HW 1 out tomorrow, due next 10/9! Lecture 2 Overview" Signaling Types of physical media Shannon s Law and Nyquist Limit Encoding
More informationLecture 3: Modulation & Clock Recovery. CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage
Lecture 3: Modulation & Clock Recovery CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage Lecture 3 Overview Signaling constraints Shannon s Law Nyquist Limit Encoding schemes Clock recovery Manchester, NRZ, NRZI,
More informationHello and welcome to today s lecture. In the last couple of lectures we have discussed about various transmission media.
Data Communication Prof. Ajit Pal Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No # 7 Transmission of Digital Signal-I Hello and welcome to today s lecture.
More informationBSc (Hons) Computer Science with Network Security, BEng (Hons) Electronic Engineering. Cohorts: BCNS/17A/FT & BEE/16B/FT
BSc (Hons) Computer Science with Network Security, BEng (Hons) Electronic Engineering Cohorts: BCNS/17A/FT & BEE/16B/FT Examinations for 2016-2017 Semester 2 & 2017 Semester 1 Resit Examinations for BEE/12/FT
More informationEEE 309 Communication Theory
EEE 309 Communication Theory Semester: January 2016 Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain Associate Professor Department of EEE, BUET Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd Office: ECE 331, ECE Building Part 05 Pulse Code
More informationDigital Modulation Schemes
Digital Modulation Schemes 1. In binary data transmission DPSK is preferred to PSK because (a) a coherent carrier is not required to be generated at the receiver (b) for a given energy per bit, the probability
More informationCHAPTER 2. Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication ( )
CHAPTER 2 Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication (2170710) Syllabus Chapter-2.3 Modulation Techniques Reasons for Choosing Encoding Techniques Digital data,
More informationAnnouncements : Wireless Networks Lecture 3: Physical Layer. Bird s Eye View. Outline. Page 1
Announcements 18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 3: Physical Layer Please start to form project teams» Updated project handout is available on the web site Also start to form teams for surveys» Send mail
More informationCharan Langton, Editor
Charan Langton, Editor SIGNAL PROCESSING & SIMULATION NEWSLETTER Baseband, Passband Signals and Amplitude Modulation The most salient feature of information signals is that they are generally low frequency.
More informationOverview. Lecture 3. Terminology. Terminology. Background. Background. Transmission basics. Transmission basics. Two signal types
Lecture 3 Transmission basics Chapter 3, pages 75-96 Dave Novak School of Business University of Vermont Overview Transmission basics Terminology Signal Channel Electromagnetic spectrum Two signal types
More informationData Communications & Computer Networks
Data Communications & Computer Networks Chapter 3 Data Transmission Fall 2008 Agenda Terminology and basic concepts Analog and Digital Data Transmission Transmission impairments Channel capacity Home Exercises
More informationCollege of information Technology Department of Information Networks Telecommunication & Networking I Chapter 5. Analog Transmission
Analog Transmission 5.1 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in digital data. The
More informationDepartment of Electronics and Communication Engineering 1
UNIT I SAMPLING AND QUANTIZATION Pulse Modulation 1. Explain in detail the generation of PWM and PPM signals (16) (M/J 2011) 2. Explain in detail the concept of PWM and PAM (16) (N/D 2012) 3. What is the
More informationNyquist, Shannon and the information carrying capacity of signals
Nyquist, Shannon and the information carrying capacity of signals Figure 1: The information highway There is whole science called the information theory. As far as a communications engineer is concerned,
More informationLecture #2. EE 471C / EE 381K-17 Wireless Communication Lab. Professor Robert W. Heath Jr.
Lecture #2 EE 471C / EE 381K-17 Wireless Communication Lab Professor Robert W. Heath Jr. Preview of today s lecture u Introduction to digital communication u Components of a digital communication system
More informationPrinciples of Communications
Principles of Communications Meixia Tao Shanghai Jiao Tong University Chapter 8: Digital Modulation Techniques Textbook: Ch 8.4 8.5, Ch 10.1-10.5 1 Topics to be Covered data baseband Digital modulator
More informationTerminology (1) Chapter 3. Terminology (3) Terminology (2) Transmitter Receiver Medium. Data Transmission. Direct link. Point-to-point.
Terminology (1) Chapter 3 Data Transmission Transmitter Receiver Medium Guided medium e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber Unguided medium e.g. air, water, vacuum Spring 2012 03-1 Spring 2012 03-2 Terminology
More informationData and Computer Communications Chapter 3 Data Transmission
Data and Computer Communications Chapter 3 Data Transmission Eighth Edition by William Stallings Transmission Terminology data transmission occurs between a transmitter & receiver via some medium guided
More informationCommunications I (ELCN 306)
Communications I (ELCN 306) c Samy S. Soliman Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department Cairo University, Egypt Email: samy.soliman@cu.edu.eg Website: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samysoliman
More informationFundamentals of Data and Signals
Fundamentals of Data and Signals Chapter 2 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between data and signals and cite the advantages of digital data and signals
More informationTerminology (1) Chapter 3. Terminology (3) Terminology (2) Transmitter Receiver Medium. Data Transmission. Simplex. Direct link.
Chapter 3 Data Transmission Terminology (1) Transmitter Receiver Medium Guided medium e.g. twisted pair, optical fiber Unguided medium e.g. air, water, vacuum Corneliu Zaharia 2 Corneliu Zaharia Terminology
More informationAd hoc and Sensor Networks Chapter 4: Physical layer. Holger Karl
Ad hoc and Sensor Networks Chapter 4: Physical layer Holger Karl Goals of this chapter Get an understanding of the peculiarities of wireless communication Wireless channel as abstraction of these properties
More informationCHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY NH-67, TRICHY MAIN ROAD, PULIYUR, C.F , KARUR DT.
CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY NH-67, TRICHY MAIN ROAD, PULIYUR, C.F. 639 114, KARUR DT. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COURSE MATERIAL Subject Name: Analog & Digital
More informationDetection and Estimation of Signals in Noise. Dr. Robert Schober Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia
Detection and Estimation of Signals in Noise Dr. Robert Schober Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of British Columbia Vancouver, August 24, 2010 2 Contents 1 Basic Elements
More informationEEE 309 Communication Theory
EEE 309 Communication Theory Semester: January 2017 Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain Associate Professor Department of EEE, BUET Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd Office: ECE 331, ECE Building Types of Modulation
More informationChapter 4. Part 2(a) Digital Modulation Techniques
Chapter 4 Part 2(a) Digital Modulation Techniques Overview Digital Modulation techniques Bandpass data transmission Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Quadrature
More informationData Communications and Networks
Data Communications and Networks Abdul-Rahman Mahmood http://alphapeeler.sourceforge.net http://pk.linkedin.com/in/armahmood abdulmahmood-sss twitter.com/alphapeeler alphapeeler.sourceforge.net/pubkeys/pkey.htm
More informationDigital data (a sequence of binary bits) can be transmitted by various pule waveforms.
Chapter 2 Line Coding Digital data (a sequence of binary bits) can be transmitted by various pule waveforms. Sometimes these pulse waveforms have been called line codes. 2.1 Signalling Format Figure 2.1
More informationTE 302 DISCRETE SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
TE 302 DISCRETE SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Study on the behavior and processing of information bearing functions as they are currently used in human communication and the systems involved. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
More informationLecture 2: Links and Signaling. CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage
Lecture 2: Links and Signaling CSE 123: Computer Networks Stefan Savage Lecture 2 Overview Signaling Channel characteristics Types of physical media Modulation Narrowband vs. Broadband Encoding schemes
More informationLecture Outline. Data and Signals. Analogue Data on Analogue Signals. OSI Protocol Model
Lecture Outline Data and Signals COMP312 Richard Nelson richardn@cs.waikato.ac.nz http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz Analogue Data on Analogue Signals Digital Data on Analogue Signals Analogue Data on Digital
More informationTransmission Fundamentals
College of Computer & Information Science Wireless Networks Northeastern University Lecture 1 Transmission Fundamentals Signals Data rate and bandwidth Nyquist sampling theorem Shannon capacity theorem
More informationCS307 Data Communication
CS307 Data Communication Course Objectives Build an understanding of the fundamental concepts of data transmission. Familiarize the student with the basics of encoding of analog and digital data Preparing
More informationTime division multiplexing The block diagram for TDM is illustrated as shown in the figure
CHAPTER 2 Syllabus: 1) Pulse amplitude modulation 2) TDM 3) Wave form coding techniques 4) PCM 5) Quantization noise and SNR 6) Robust quantization Pulse amplitude modulation In pulse amplitude modulation,
More informationECE5713 : Advanced Digital Communications
ECE5713 : Advanced Digital Communications Bandpass Modulation MPSK MASK, OOK MFSK 04-May-15 Advanced Digital Communications, Spring-2015, Week-8 1 In-phase and Quadrature (I&Q) Representation Any bandpass
More informationECE 4203: COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB II
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING ECE 4203: COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB II SEMESTER 2, 2017/2018 DIGITAL MODULATIONS INTRODUCTION In many digital communication systems, cable (as for data
More informationChapter 14 MODULATION INTRODUCTION
Chapter 14 MODULATION INTRODUCTION As we have seen in previous three chapters, different types of media need different types of electromagnetic signals to carry information from the source to the destination.
More informationECE 630: Statistical Communication Theory
ECE 630: Statistical Communication Theory Dr. B.-P. Paris Dept. Electrical and Comp. Engineering George Mason University Last updated: January 23, 2018 2018, B.-P. Paris ECE 630: Statistical Communication
More informationPhysical Layer. Networked Systems (H) Lecture 3
Physical Layer Networked Systems (H) Lecture 3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/
More informationData and Computer Communications. Chapter 3 Data Transmission
Data and Computer Communications Chapter 3 Data Transmission Data Transmission quality of the signal being transmitted The successful transmission of data depends on two factors: characteristics of the
More informationIntroduction to Communications Part Two: Physical Layer Ch3: Data & Signals
Introduction to Communications Part Two: Physical Layer Ch3: Data & Signals Kuang Chiu Huang TCM NCKU Spring/2008 Goals of This Class Through the lecture of fundamental information for data and signals,
More informationChapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals TRUE/FALSE 1. The terms data and signal mean the same thing. F PTS: 1 REF: 30 2. By convention, the minimum and maximum values of analog data and signals are
More information9.4. Synchronization:
9.4. Synchronization: It is the process of timing the serial transmission to properly identify the data being sent. There are two most common modes: Synchronous transmission: Synchronous transmission relies
More informationUNIT-1. Basic signal processing operations in digital communication
UNIT-1 Lecture-1 Basic signal processing operations in digital communication The three basic elements of every communication systems are Transmitter, Receiver and Channel. The Overall purpose of this system
More informationOutline / Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 5: Physical Layer Signal Propagation and Modulation
Outline 18-452/18-750 Wireless Networks and Applications Lecture 5: Physical Layer Signal Propagation and Modulation Peter Steenkiste Carnegie Mellon University Spring Semester 2017 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelesss17/
More informationAnnouncement : Wireless Networks Lecture 3: Physical Layer. A Reminder about Prerequisites. Outline. Page 1
Announcement 18-759: Wireless Networks Lecture 3: Physical Layer Peter Steenkiste Departments of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering Spring Semester 2010 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~prs/wirelesss10/
More informationLecture 10 Performance of Communication System: Bit Error Rate (BER) EE4900/EE6720 Digital Communications
EE4900/EE6720: Digital Communications 1 Lecture 10 Performance of Communication System: Bit Error Rate (BER) Block Diagrams of Communication System Digital Communication System 2 Informatio n (sound, video,
More informationData Communications and Networking (Module 2)
Data Communications and Networking (Module 2) Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques References: Book Chapter 5 Data and Computer Communications, 8th edition, by William Stallings 1 Outline Overview Encoding
More informationModulation. Digital Data Transmission. COMP476 Networked Computer Systems. Analog and Digital Signals. Analog and Digital Examples.
Digital Data Transmission Modulation Digital data is usually considered a series of binary digits. RS-232-C transmits data as square waves. COMP476 Networked Computer Systems Analog and Digital Signals
More information