Digital data (a sequence of binary bits) can be transmitted by various pule waveforms.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Digital data (a sequence of binary bits) can be transmitted by various pule waveforms."

Transcription

1 Chapter 2 Line Coding Digital data (a sequence of binary bits) can be transmitted by various pule waveforms. Sometimes these pulse waveforms have been called line codes. 2.1 Signalling Format Figure 2.1 shows a number of line codes for transmission of binary data In Unipolar non-return-to-zero or On-off keying One is represented by one physical level (such as a DC bias on the transmission line). Zero is represented by zero voltage as shown in Figure 2.2. This format allows for long series without change, which makes synchronization difficult. Disadvantages of this codding are the waste of power due to the transmitted DC level and the power spectrum of the transmitted signal does not approach zero at zero frequency. In Bipolar non-return-to-zero One is represented by a positive voltage. Zero is represented by a negative voltage. In this format the voltage swings from positive to negative on the trailing edge of the previous bit clock cycle as shown in Figure 2.3. In Unipolar return to zero RZ, when the signal is 1, it drops (returns) to zero 26

2 Figure 2.1: Different signalling formats. Figure 2.2: Unipolar non-return-to-zero. between each pulse. While the level 0 remains at zero value in the whole pulse duration. See Figure 2.4. A separate clock does not need to be sent alongside the signal, but suffers from using twice the bandwidth to achieve the same data-rate as compared to non-return-to-zero format. Although RZ contains a provision for synchronization, it still has a DC component. In Bipolar return to zero RZ, the level 1 is represented by a positive value and returns to zero between each pulse. While the level 0 is represented by a negative value and also returns to zero before the pulse deration finishes. see Figure 2.5. #Spring 2014# 27

3 Figure 2.3: Bipolar non-return-to-zero. Figure 2.4: Unipolar return to zero RZ. Alternate Mark Inversion AMI is a kind of bipolar encoding where the level 0 is encoded as zero volts, as in unipolar encoding, whereas the level 1 is encoded alternately as a positive voltage or a negative voltage. see Figure 2.6. Finally Manchester coding in which the name comes from its development at the University of Manchester. Many versions are there, one of them is shown below. A 0 is expressed by a low-to-high transition, a 1 by high-to-low transition The transitions which signify 0 or 1 occur at the midpoint of a period. Manchester code always has a transition at the middle of each bit period. The existence of transitions allows the signal to be self-clocking, and also allows the receiver to align correctly. The price of these benefit is a doubling of the bandwidth requirement compared to simpler N RZ coding schemes. Manchester code is used in LAN IEEE (Ethernet). There are many other signalling formats which are discussed in the literatures. There are many formats because the channel characteristics vary from application to another. For example; if the channel is (AC) coupled, a format with a large DC component should not be #Spring 2014# 28

4 Figure 2.5: Bipolar return to zero RZ. Figure 2.6: Alternate Mark Inversion AM I. chosen. Some of the important parameters to be considered in selecting a signalling format are: the spectral characteristics, immunity of the format to noise, bit synchronization, cost and complexity of the implementation Some Notes on Signalling Formats - The unipolar NRZ is simple to implement. There are no pulse transition for long sequence of 0s or 1s, which are necessary for synchronization of the receiver. There is no way to detect when an error has occurred at the receiver side. - The bipolar RZ formats guarantee the synchronization, but there is no capability for error detection. - The AMI RZ format has an error detection property, if two sequential pulses are received with the same polarity, it is evident that an error has occurred. Example 1 The AM I RZ signalling waveform representing the binary se- #Spring 2014# 29

5 Figure 2.7: Manchester coding. quence: is transmitted over a noisy channel. The received waveform is shown in the following figure, which contains a single error. Locate the position of this error. Justify your answer. Figure 2.8: Solution: Clearly, the error is located at the bit position 7, where we have a negative pulse. This bit is in error because with AMI, positive and negative pulses are used alternatively for bit 1, and no pulse is used for bit 0. The pulse in position 7 representing the third digit 1 in the data stream should have had positive polarity. 2.2 Digital Carrier Modulation Systems Because base band digital signals have low power at law frequencies, these signals are suitable for transmission over a pair of copper wires or coaxial cables. Base band signals can not be transmitted over a radio link because this would require impractically large antennas. Hence #Spring 2014# 30

6 we use analog modulation techniques. In binary modulation schemes, the modulation process corresponds to switching (or keying) the amplitude, frequency or phase of the continuous wave signal (the carrier) between either of two values corresponding to binary bits 0 and 1. The three main types of digital modulation are: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) In this scheme, the modulated signal can be expressed as A cos ω c t, for bit 1; x c (t) = 0, for bit 0. That is why this scheme is known as On-Off Keying (OOK). The transmission bandwidth of ASK signal is B T = 2B, where B is the baseband bandwidth B = f s = 1/T s. In Additive White Gaussian Noise (AW GN) channel, the bit error probability for coherent detection in P SK is given by: ( A P e = Q 2 T ) ( s E ) b = Q, 4N o N o where E b is the average signal energy per bit, N o is the noise power and Q is Q function which is defined as: Q(z) = P (X z) = z 1 2π e x2 /2 dx. This function is widely used in bit error calculations. Use tables of Q f unction To find Q(x). While for non-coherent detection, the bit error probability can be approximated as: P e = 1 2 e 1 2 (E b/n o ). #Spring 2014# 31

7 Example 2 Find the minimum E b N o needed for ASK receiver to have P e < for a) coherent and b) non-coherent detectors. Solution: a) For coherent detector, P e = Q ( E b N o ) from which E b N o table of Q function; E b N o = [Q 1 ( )] 2 = [2.17] 2 = = 6.7dB. b) For non-coherent detector, P e = 1 2 e 1 2 (E b/n o ), from which E b N o = 2 ln(2p e ) = 2 ln( ) = = 8.47dB. = [ Q 1 (P e ) ] 2. Using the Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BF SK) In this scheme, the modulated signal can be expressed as A cos ω 1 t, for bit 1; x c (t) = A cos ω 2 t, for bit 0. Currently, F SK is most popular format in practice. The minimum transmission bandwidth of F SK is B t = f 2 f 1 + 2B = f + 2B, where f 1 = 2πω 1. It is clear that the transmission bandwidth of F SK is higher that that of ASK. It can be shown that by properly choosing of ω 1 and ω 2, this deviation can be eliminated. The bit error probability for F SK has similar formula as ASK in both coherent and non-coherent detectors given above. The average signal energy per bit is given as E b = A2 T s N o Binary Phase Shift Keying (BP SK) In this scheme, the modulated signal can be expressed as A cos ω c t, for bit 1; x c (t) = A cos(ω c t + π) = A cos ω c t, for bit 0. #Spring 2014# 32

8 The BP SK can be considered as a superposition of two ASK waves. The transmission bandwidth of P SK signal is B T = 2B. In BP SK, there is only coherent detection and for AW GN channel, the bit error probability is given as: ( A P e = Q 2 T ) ( s = Q 2 E ) b, N o N o The following figure illustrates these digital modulation schemes for the case in which the data bits are represented by the bipolar N RT waveform. 2.3 Multi-Level Digital Modulation Schemes The concept of digital modulations discussed above can be extended to multi-level to increase spectral efficiency by simply converting the binary signal to multi-level signal before modulation. These schemes are known as: #Spring 2014# 33

9 M aryask. If M = 2 it is BASK, M could be 16 or 32. This scheme is rarley used in practice. M aryf SK. It is a good example of power efficient modulation scheme so it is very much interest for increasing the noise immunity of modulation format compared with BF SK. In general the relation between bit error probability and symbol error probability for M aryf SK is given as P s = log 2 (M P e ). M aryp SK. As in all M ary signalling techniques, M aryp SK is used to increase the spectral efficiency of BP SK. Several types of M aryp SK are there as: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QP SK), it is the more common type that is used extensively in applications including cellular services and satellite systems. Bandwidth of QP SK is twice that for BP SK. π/4 QP SK. It is so called because the four symbols set is rotated by π/4 or by 45 at every new symbol transition. The bandwidth of π/4 QP SK is the same as QP SK. and same bit error probability assuming ideal coherent detection. Offset QP SK (OQP SK). It is used in cellular CDMA system for the reverse link (mobile to base station). Both bandwidth and performance of OQP SK is same as ordinary QP SK. Minimum Shift Keying (MSK). It is defined in different forms and has different versions. It is easily generated and has constant amplitude signal, so it can be amplified with class C apmlifiers without distortion. Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). It is derivative of MSK. It is very power efficient and it is adopted by the Global System for Mobile (GSM) and second generation digital cordless telephone applications. GM SK has very good #Spring 2014# 34

10 bit error probability performance. #Spring 2014# 35

11 Chapter 3 Concepts of Probability and Statistics In this chapter we will give a brief discussion in probability theory and some statistical terms that are needed to follow the material in digital communication topics. Chance behavior is unpredictable in the short run, but has a regular and predictable pattern in the long run. The probability of any outcome of a random phenomenon is the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions. 3.1 Some Terminologies Sample Space: the set of all possible outcomes of a random phenomenon. Event: any set of outcomes of interest. Probability of an event: the relative frequency of this set of outcomes over an infinite number of trials. P r(a) is the probability of event A. Sometimes it is written as P (A). Example 1 Suppose we roll two die and take their sum. 36

12 Sample space S = {2, 3, 4, 5,, 11, 12} P r(sum = 5) = 4 36 Because we get the sum of two die to be 5 if we roll a (1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2) or (4, 1). 3.2 Operations in Probability Let A and B denote two events. A B is the event that either A or B or both occur. A B is the event that both A and B occur simultaneously. The complement of A is denoted by A. A is the event that event A does not occur. Note that P r(a) = 1 P r(a). A and B are mutually exclusive if both events cannot occur at the same time. A and B are independent events if and only if P r(a B) = P r(a) P r(b). Multiplication Law: If A 1,, A k are independent events, then P r(a 1 A2 Ak ) = P r(a 1 )P r(a 2 ) P r(a k ). Addition Law: If A and B are any events, then P r(a B) = P r(a) + P r(b) P r(a B) Note: This law can be extended to more than 2 events. The conditional probability of B given A P r(b A) = P r(a B) P r(a) #Spring 2014# 37

13 A and B are independent events if and only if P r(b A) = P r(b) = P r(b A) 3.3 Random Variable A random variable is a variable whose value is a numerical outcome of a random phenomenon Usually denoted by X, Y or Z. It can be: Discrete: a random variable that has finite or countable infinite possible values. Example: the number of days that it rains yearly. Continuous: a random variable that has an (continuous) interval for its set of possible values. Example: amount of preparation time to do something. 3.4 Probability Distributions The probability distribution for a random variable X gives the possible values for X, and the probabilities associated with each possible value (i.e., the likelihood that the values will occur). The methods used to specify discrete probability distributions are similar to (but slightly different from) those used to specify continuous probability distributions. f(x) is the probability mass function for a discrete random variable X having possible values x 1, x 2,. f(x i ) = P r(x = x i ) is the probability that X has the value x i. Properties of f(x): #Spring 2014# 38

14 0 f(x) 1 i f(x i) = f(x 1 ) + f(x 2 ) + = 1 Example 2 Suppose the random variable X is the number of rooms in a randomly chosen owner-occupied housing unit in a hotel. The distribution of X is: Rooms X Probability Expected Value Expected Value of X or mean µ = E(X) = R x i P r(x = x i ) = i=1 R x i f(x i ), i=1 where the sum is over R possible values. R may be finite or infinite Variance It represents the spread, relative to the expected value, of all values with positive probability and it is defined as: σ 2 = V ar(x) = R (x i µ) 2 P r(x = x i ) i=1 R σ 2 = x 2 i P r(x = x i ) µ 2 i=1 The standard deviation of X, denoted by σ, is the square root of its variance. #Spring 2014# 39

15 Example 3 For the Room example given above, find the following: E(X), V ar(x), and P r [a unit has at least 5 rooms]. Solution: Try to solve this example. E(X) = 4.782, Binomial Distribution - Two possible outcomes: Success (S) and Failure (F ). - Repeat the situation n times (i.e., there are n trials). - The probability of success, p, is constant on each trial. - The trials are independent. Let X = the number of S s in n independent trials. (X has values x = 0, 1, 2,, n) Then X has a binomial distribution with parameters n and p. The binomial probability mass function is P r(x = x) = n x p x (1 p)n x, x = 0, 1, 2,, n where n x is the binomial coefficient given by n x = n! (n x)!x! Expected Value: µ = E(X) = np Variance: σ 2 = V ar(x) = np(1 p) #Spring 2014# 40

16 Example 4 Each child born to a particular set of parents has probability 0.25 of having blood type O. a) If these parents have 5 children, what is the probability that exactly 2 of them have type O blood? b) What is the expected number of children with type O blood? c) What is the probability of at least 2 children with type O blood? Solution: a) Let X = the number of boys P r(x = 2) = f(2) = (1 0.25) 5 2 = b) µ = 5(.25) = 1.25 c) 5 P r(x 2) = 5 k=2 k 1 = 1 5 k=0 k (0.25) k (0.75) 5 k (0.25) k (0.75) 5 k = Continuous Random Variable f(x) is the Probability density function for a continuous random variable X. Properties - f(x) 0 - f(x)dx = 1 - P r[a X b] = b f(x)dx = P r[a < X < b] a #Spring 2014# 41

17 - Mean or Expected Value of X µ = E(X) = - Variance σ 2 = V ar(x) = xf(x)dx (x µ) 2 f(x)dx = x 2 f(x)dx µ Normal Distribution Most widely used continuous distribution. Also known as Gaussian distribution. It has the following density function: f(x) = 1 ( (x µ) 2 ), 2πσ 2 2σ 2 where µ is its mean, and σ 2 ia its variance. Standard Normal Distribution A normal distribution with mean 0 and variance 1 is called a standard normal distribution. Standard normal probability density function: f(x) = 1 ( x 2 ) 2π 2 Standard normal cumulative probability function (Φ(z)): Let Z N(0, 1) Φ(z) = P r(z z) Summery property: Φ( z) = 1 Φ(z) how to make standardization: Suppose X N(µ, σ 2 ) and let Z = X µ. Then Z N(0, 1). σ #Spring 2014# 42

18 If X N(µ, σ 2 ), what is P r(a < X, b)? Form equivalent probability in terms of Z : ( a µ P r(a < X < b) = P r σ < Z < b µ ) σ Use standard normal tables to compute latter probability. Example 5 Suppose the distribution of heights of young women are normally distributed with µ = 64 and σ 2 = What is the probability that a randomly selected young woman will have a height between 60 and 70 inches? ( P r(60 < X < 70) = P r 2.7 < Z < = P r( 1.48 < Z < 2.22) ) 2.7 = Φ(2.22) Φ( 1.48) = = Central Limit Theorem Let X 1,..., X n be be a random sample from any independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables with mean µ and variance σ 2 each. Then the sample mean X is approximately normally distributed with mean µ and variance σ 2 /n. #Spring 2014# 43

Lecture 3 Concepts for the Data Communications and Computer Interconnection

Lecture 3 Concepts for the Data Communications and Computer Interconnection Lecture 3 Concepts for the Data Communications and Computer Interconnection Aim: overview of existing methods and techniques Terms used: -Data entities conveying meaning (of information) -Signals data

More information

QUESTION BANK SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (15EC61)

QUESTION BANK SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (15EC61) QUESTION BANK SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION (15EC61) Module 1 1. Explain Digital communication system with a neat block diagram. 2. What are the differences between digital and analog communication systems?

More information

Digital Modulation Lecture 01. Review of Analogue Modulation Introduction to Digital Modulation Techniques Richard Harris

Digital Modulation Lecture 01. Review of Analogue Modulation Introduction to Digital Modulation Techniques Richard Harris Digital Modulation Lecture 01 Review of Analogue Modulation Introduction to Digital Modulation Techniques Richard Harris Objectives You will be able to: Classify the various approaches to Analogue Modulation

More information

Objectives. Presentation Outline. Digital Modulation Lecture 01

Objectives. Presentation Outline. Digital Modulation Lecture 01 Digital Modulation Lecture 01 Review of Analogue Modulation Introduction to Digital Modulation Techniques Richard Harris Objectives You will be able to: Classify the various approaches to Analogue Modulation

More information

Ș.l. dr. ing. Lucian-Florentin Bărbulescu

Ș.l. dr. ing. Lucian-Florentin Bărbulescu Ș.l. dr. ing. Lucian-Florentin Bărbulescu 1 Data: entities that convey meaning within a computer system Signals: are the electric or electromagnetic impulses used to encode and transmit data Characteristics

More information

Objectives. Presentation Outline. Digital Modulation Revision

Objectives. Presentation Outline. Digital Modulation Revision Digital Modulation Revision Professor Richard Harris Objectives To identify the key points from the lecture material presented in the Digital Modulation section of this paper. What is in the examination

More information

Hello and welcome to today s lecture. In the last couple of lectures we have discussed about various transmission media.

Hello and welcome to today s lecture. In the last couple of lectures we have discussed about various transmission media. Data Communication Prof. Ajit Pal Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No # 7 Transmission of Digital Signal-I Hello and welcome to today s lecture.

More information

SEN366 Computer Networks

SEN366 Computer Networks SEN366 Computer Networks Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (5 th Week) 5. Signal Encoding Techniques 5.Outline An overview of the basic methods of encoding digital data into a digital signal An overview of

More information

Chapter 5: Modulation Techniques. Abdullah Al-Meshal

Chapter 5: Modulation Techniques. Abdullah Al-Meshal Chapter 5: Modulation Techniques Abdullah Al-Meshal Introduction After encoding the binary data, the data is now ready to be transmitted through the physical channel In order to transmit the data in the

More information

EEE 309 Communication Theory

EEE 309 Communication Theory EEE 309 Communication Theory Semester: January 2017 Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain Associate Professor Department of EEE, BUET Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd Office: ECE 331, ECE Building Types of Modulation

More information

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS ENCODING TECHNIQUES

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS ENCODING TECHNIQUES COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS ENCODING TECHNIQUES Encoding Coding is the process of embedding clocks into a given data stream and producing a signal that can be transmitted over a selected medium.

More information

Chapter 4 Digital Transmission 4.1

Chapter 4 Digital Transmission 4.1 Chapter 4 Digital Transmission 4.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 4-1 DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION In this section, we see how we can represent

More information

Introduction: Presence or absence of inherent error detection properties.

Introduction: Presence or absence of inherent error detection properties. Introduction: Binary data can be transmitted using a number of different types of pulses. The choice of a particular pair of pulses to represent the symbols 1 and 0 is called Line Coding and the choice

More information

EEE 309 Communication Theory

EEE 309 Communication Theory EEE 309 Communication Theory Semester: January 2016 Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain Associate Professor Department of EEE, BUET Email: mfarhadhossain@eee.buet.ac.bd Office: ECE 331, ECE Building Part 05 Pulse Code

More information

Problem Sheet 1 Probability, random processes, and noise

Problem Sheet 1 Probability, random processes, and noise Problem Sheet 1 Probability, random processes, and noise 1. If F X (x) is the distribution function of a random variable X and x 1 x 2, show that F X (x 1 ) F X (x 2 ). 2. Use the definition of the cumulative

More information

Digital Transmission

Digital Transmission Digital Transmission Line Coding Some Characteristics Line Coding Schemes Some Other Schemes Line coding Signal level versus data level DC component Pulse Rate versus Bit Rate Bit Rate = Pulse Rate x Log2

More information

Time division multiplexing The block diagram for TDM is illustrated as shown in the figure

Time division multiplexing The block diagram for TDM is illustrated as shown in the figure CHAPTER 2 Syllabus: 1) Pulse amplitude modulation 2) TDM 3) Wave form coding techniques 4) PCM 5) Quantization noise and SNR 6) Robust quantization Pulse amplitude modulation In pulse amplitude modulation,

More information

Communication Theory

Communication Theory Communication Theory Adnan Aziz Abstract We review the basic elements of communications systems, our goal being to motivate our study of filter implementation in VLSI. Specifically, we review some basic

More information

END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATIONS ELEC321 Communication Systems (D2) Tuesday, 22 November 2005, 9:20 a.m. Three hours plus 10 minutes reading time.

END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATIONS ELEC321 Communication Systems (D2) Tuesday, 22 November 2005, 9:20 a.m. Three hours plus 10 minutes reading time. END-OF-YEAR EXAMINATIONS 2005 Unit: Day and Time: Time Allowed: ELEC321 Communication Systems (D2) Tuesday, 22 November 2005, 9:20 a.m. Three hours plus 10 minutes reading time. Total Number of Questions:

More information

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. LAB MANUAL. B.Tech V Semester [ ] (Branch: ETE)

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. LAB MANUAL. B.Tech V Semester [ ] (Branch: ETE) Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. LAB MANUAL SUBJECT:-DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM [BTEC-501] B.Tech V Semester [2013-14] (Branch: ETE) KCT COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH., FATEHGARH PUNJAB TECHNICAL

More information

B.E SEMESTER: 4 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

B.E SEMESTER: 4 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY B.E SEMESTER: 4 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1 Prepared by: Prof. Amish Tankariya SUBJECT NAME : DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING 2 Subject Code 141601 1 3 TOPIC: DIGITAL-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION Chap: 5. ENCODING

More information

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals TRUE/FALSE 1. The terms data and signal mean the same thing. F PTS: 1 REF: 30 2. By convention, the minimum and maximum values of analog data and signals are

More information

Communications I (ELCN 306)

Communications I (ELCN 306) Communications I (ELCN 306) c Samy S. Soliman Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department Cairo University, Egypt Email: samy.soliman@cu.edu.eg Website: http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/samysoliman

More information

The fundamentals of detection theory

The fundamentals of detection theory Advanced Signal Processing: The fundamentals of detection theory Side 1 of 18 Index of contents: Advanced Signal Processing: The fundamentals of detection theory... 3 1 Problem Statements... 3 2 Detection

More information

Downloaded from 1

Downloaded from  1 VII SEMESTER FINAL EXAMINATION-2004 Attempt ALL questions. Q. [1] How does Digital communication System differ from Analog systems? Draw functional block diagram of DCS and explain the significance of

More information

Fundamentals of Digital Communication

Fundamentals of Digital Communication Fundamentals of Digital Communication Network Infrastructures A.A. 2017/18 Digital communication system Analog Digital Input Signal Analog/ Digital Low Pass Filter Sampler Quantizer Source Encoder Channel

More information

Wireless Communications

Wireless Communications 2. Physical Layer DIN/CTC/UEM 2018 Periodic Signal Periodic signal: repeats itself in time, that is g(t) = g(t + T ) in which T (given in seconds [s]) is the period of the signal g(t) The number of cycles

More information

COSC 3213: Computer Networks I: Chapter 3 Handout #4. Instructor: Dr. Marvin Mandelbaum Department of Computer Science York University Section A

COSC 3213: Computer Networks I: Chapter 3 Handout #4. Instructor: Dr. Marvin Mandelbaum Department of Computer Science York University Section A COSC 3213: Computer Networks I: Chapter 3 Handout #4 Instructor: Dr. Marvin Mandelbaum Department of Computer Science York University Section A Topics: 1. Line Coding: Unipolar, Polar,and Inverted ; Bipolar;

More information

Chapter Two. Fundamentals of Data and Signals. Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Seventh Edition

Chapter Two. Fundamentals of Data and Signals. Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Seventh Edition Chapter Two Fundamentals of Data and Signals Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Seventh Edition After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between

More information

Digital Communication System

Digital Communication System Digital Communication System Purpose: communicate information at required rate between geographically separated locations reliably (quality) Important point: rate, quality spectral bandwidth, power requirements

More information

Digital signal is denoted by discreet signal, which represents digital data.there are three types of line coding schemes available:

Digital signal is denoted by discreet signal, which represents digital data.there are three types of line coding schemes available: Digital-to-Digital Conversion This section explains how to convert digital data into digital signals. It can be done in two ways, line coding and block coding. For all communications, line coding is necessary

More information

2. By convention, the minimum and maximum values of analog data and signals are presented as voltages.

2. By convention, the minimum and maximum values of analog data and signals are presented as voltages. Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Data and Signals Data Communications and Computer Networks A Business Users Approach 8th Edition White TEST BANK Full clear download (no formatting errors) at: https://testbankreal.com/download/data-communications-computer-networksbusiness-users-approach-8th-edition-white-test-bank/

More information

CHAPTER 3 Syllabus (2006 scheme syllabus) Differential pulse code modulation DPCM transmitter

CHAPTER 3 Syllabus (2006 scheme syllabus) Differential pulse code modulation DPCM transmitter CHAPTER 3 Syllabus 1) DPCM 2) DM 3) Base band shaping for data tranmission 4) Discrete PAM signals 5) Power spectra of discrete PAM signal. 6) Applications (2006 scheme syllabus) Differential pulse code

More information

C06a: Digital Modulation

C06a: Digital Modulation CISC 7332X T6 C06a: Digital Modulation Hui Chen Department of Computer & Information Science CUNY Brooklyn College 10/2/2018 CUNY Brooklyn College 1 Outline Digital modulation Baseband transmission Line

More information

QUESTION BANK EC 1351 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION YEAR / SEM : III / VI UNIT I- PULSE MODULATION PART-A (2 Marks) 1. What is the purpose of sample and hold

QUESTION BANK EC 1351 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION YEAR / SEM : III / VI UNIT I- PULSE MODULATION PART-A (2 Marks) 1. What is the purpose of sample and hold QUESTION BANK EC 1351 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION YEAR / SEM : III / VI UNIT I- PULSE MODULATION PART-A (2 Marks) 1. What is the purpose of sample and hold circuit 2. What is the difference between natural sampling

More information

Signal Encoding Techniques

Signal Encoding Techniques 2 Techniques ITS323: to Data Communications CSS331: Fundamentals of Data Communications Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Prepared by Steven Gordon on 3 August 2015

More information

Digital Communication (650533) CH 3 Pulse Modulation

Digital Communication (650533) CH 3 Pulse Modulation Philadelphia University/Faculty of Engineering Communication and Electronics Engineering Digital Communication (650533) CH 3 Pulse Modulation Instructor: Eng. Nada Khatib Website: http://www.philadelphia.edu.jo/academics/nkhatib/

More information

CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY NH-67, TRICHY MAIN ROAD, PULIYUR, C.F , KARUR DT.

CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY NH-67, TRICHY MAIN ROAD, PULIYUR, C.F , KARUR DT. CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY NH-67, TRICHY MAIN ROAD, PULIYUR, C.F. 639 114, KARUR DT. DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COURSE MATERIAL Subject Name: Analog & Digital

More information

Implementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation

Implementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation Implementation of Digital Signal Processing: Some Background on GFSK Modulation Sabih H. Gerez University of Twente, Department of Electrical Engineering s.h.gerez@utwente.nl Version 5 (March 9, 2016)

More information

Digital Transceiver using H-Ternary Line Coding Technique

Digital Transceiver using H-Ternary Line Coding Technique Digital Transceiver using H-Ternary Line Coding Technique Abstract In this paper Digital Transceiver using Hybrid Ternary Technique gives the details about digital transmitter and receiver with the design

More information

Digital to Digital Encoding

Digital to Digital Encoding MODULATION AND ENCODING Data must be transformed into signals to send them from one place to another Conversion Schemes Digital-to-Digital Analog-to-Digital Digital-to-Analog Analog-to-Analog Digital to

More information

EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L2: Physical layer. Stefan Höst

EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L2: Physical layer. Stefan Höst EITF25 Internet Techniques and Applications L2: Physical layer Stefan Höst Data vs signal Data: Static representation of information For storage Signal: Dynamic representation of information For transmission

More information

Year : TYEJ Sub: Digital Communication (17535) Assignment No. 1. Introduction of Digital Communication. Question Exam Marks

Year : TYEJ Sub: Digital Communication (17535) Assignment No. 1. Introduction of Digital Communication. Question Exam Marks Assignment 1 Introduction of Digital Communication Sr. Question Exam Marks 1 Draw the block diagram of the basic digital communication system. State the function of each block in detail. W 2015 6 2 State

More information

Lecture (06) Digital Coding techniques (II) Coverting Digital data to Digital Signals

Lecture (06) Digital Coding techniques (II) Coverting Digital data to Digital Signals Lecture (06) Digital Coding techniques (II) Coverting Digital data to Digital Signals Agenda Objective Line Coding Block Coding Scrambling Dr. Ahmed ElShafee ١ Dr. Ahmed ElShafee, ACU Spring 2016, Data

More information

Wireless Communication Fading Modulation

Wireless Communication Fading Modulation EC744 Wireless Communication Fall 2008 Mohamed Essam Khedr Department of Electronics and Communications Wireless Communication Fading Modulation Syllabus Tentatively Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

More information

ECEn 665: Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications 131. s(t) = A c [1 + αm(t)] cos (ω c t) (9.27)

ECEn 665: Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications 131. s(t) = A c [1 + αm(t)] cos (ω c t) (9.27) ECEn 665: Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communications 131 9. Modulation Modulation is a way to vary the amplitude and phase of a sinusoidal carrier waveform in order to transmit information. When

More information

Digital Modulation Schemes

Digital Modulation Schemes Digital Modulation Schemes 1. In binary data transmission DPSK is preferred to PSK because (a) a coherent carrier is not required to be generated at the receiver (b) for a given energy per bit, the probability

More information

UNIT-1. Basic signal processing operations in digital communication

UNIT-1. Basic signal processing operations in digital communication UNIT-1 Lecture-1 Basic signal processing operations in digital communication The three basic elements of every communication systems are Transmitter, Receiver and Channel. The Overall purpose of this system

More information

Jitter in Digital Communication Systems, Part 1

Jitter in Digital Communication Systems, Part 1 Application Note: HFAN-4.0.3 Rev.; 04/08 Jitter in Digital Communication Systems, Part [Some parts of this application note first appeared in Electronic Engineering Times on August 27, 200, Issue 8.] AVAILABLE

More information

Spread Spectrum (SS) is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a

Spread Spectrum (SS) is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a SPREAD-SPECTRUM SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES: A BRIEF OVERVIEW SS: AN OVERVIEW Spread Spectrum (SS) is a means of transmission in which the signal occupies a bandwidth in excess of the minimum necessary to send

More information

Encoding and Framing

Encoding and Framing Encoding and Framing EECS 489 Computer Networks http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~zmao/eecs489 Z. Morley Mao Tuesday Nov 2, 2004 Acknowledgement: Some slides taken from Kurose&Ross and Katz&Stoica 1 Questions

More information

Handout 11: Digital Baseband Transmission

Handout 11: Digital Baseband Transmission ENGG 23-B: Principles of Communication Systems 27 8 First Term Handout : Digital Baseband Transmission Instructor: Wing-Kin Ma November 7, 27 Suggested Reading: Chapter 8 of Simon Haykin and Michael Moher,

More information

Fundamentals of Data and Signals

Fundamentals of Data and Signals Fundamentals of Data and Signals Chapter 2 Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Distinguish between data and signals and cite the advantages of digital data and signals

More information

Encoding and Framing. Questions. Signals: Analog vs. Digital. Signals: Periodic vs. Aperiodic. Attenuation. Data vs. Signal

Encoding and Framing. Questions. Signals: Analog vs. Digital. Signals: Periodic vs. Aperiodic. Attenuation. Data vs. Signal Questions Encoding and Framing Why are some links faster than others? What limits the amount of information we can send on a link? How can we increase the capacity of a link? EECS 489 Computer Networks

More information

EE5713 : Advanced Digital Communications

EE5713 : Advanced Digital Communications EE573 : Advanced Digital Communications Week 4, 5: Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Nyquist Criteria for ISI Pulse Shaping and Raised-Cosine Filter Eye Pattern Error Performance Degradation (On Board) Demodulation

More information

RF Basics 15/11/2013

RF Basics 15/11/2013 27 RF Basics 15/11/2013 Basic Terminology 1/2 dbm is a measure of RF Power referred to 1 mw (0 dbm) 10mW(10dBm), 500 mw (27dBm) PER Packet Error Rate [%] percentage of the packets not successfully received

More information

28. What is meant by repetition rate of the AM envelope? (ADC,AU-2010) 29. Describe the upper and lower sidebands. (ADC, AU-2010) 30.

28. What is meant by repetition rate of the AM envelope? (ADC,AU-2010) 29. Describe the upper and lower sidebands. (ADC, AU-2010) 30. Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Class/Sem: 2 nd Year Information Technology-3rd Semester Subject: Principles of Communication (IT)

More information

Chapter-1: Introduction

Chapter-1: Introduction Chapter-1: Introduction The purpose of a Communication System is to transport an information bearing signal from a source to a user destination via a communication channel. MODEL OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

More information

6. has units of bits/second. a. Throughput b. Propagation speed c. Propagation time d. (b)or(c)

6. has units of bits/second. a. Throughput b. Propagation speed c. Propagation time d. (b)or(c) King Saud University College of Computer and Information Sciences Information Technology Department First Semester 1436/1437 IT224: Networks 1 Sheet# 10 (chapter 3-4-5) Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Before

More information

Overview. Lecture 3. Terminology. Terminology. Background. Background. Transmission basics. Transmission basics. Two signal types

Overview. Lecture 3. Terminology. Terminology. Background. Background. Transmission basics. Transmission basics. Two signal types Lecture 3 Transmission basics Chapter 3, pages 75-96 Dave Novak School of Business University of Vermont Overview Transmission basics Terminology Signal Channel Electromagnetic spectrum Two signal types

More information

3/26/18. Lecture 3 EITN STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINK

3/26/18. Lecture 3 EITN STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINK Lecture 3 EITN75 208 STRUCTURE OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LINK 2 A simple structure Speech Data A/D Speech encoder Encrypt. Chann. encoding Modulation Key Speech D/A Speech decoder Decrypt. Chann. decoding

More information

Physical Layer. Networked Systems (H) Lecture 3

Physical Layer. Networked Systems (H) Lecture 3 Physical Layer Networked Systems (H) Lecture 3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/

More information

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. MSc in Electronic Technologies and Communications

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS. MSc in Electronic Technologies and Communications DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS MSc in Electronic Technologies and Communications Bandpass binary signalling The common techniques of bandpass binary signalling are: - On-off keying (OOK), also known as

More information

Chapter 3: DIFFERENTIAL ENCODING

Chapter 3: DIFFERENTIAL ENCODING Chapter 3: DIFFERENTIAL ENCODING Differential Encoding Eye Patterns Regenerative Receiver Bit Synchronizer Binary to Mary Conversion Huseyin Bilgekul Eeng360 Communication Systems I Department of Electrical

More information

Computer Networks - Xarxes de Computadors

Computer Networks - Xarxes de Computadors Computer Networks - Xarxes de Computadors Outline Course Syllabus Unit 1: Introduction Unit 2. IP Networks Unit 3. Point to Point Protocols -TCP Unit 4. Local Area Networks, LANs 1 Outline Introduction

More information

Line Coding for Digital Communication

Line Coding for Digital Communication Line Coding for Digital Communication How do we transmit bits over a wire, RF, fiber? Line codes, many options Power spectrum of line codes, how much bandwidth do they take Clock signal and synchronization

More information

Data Communications and Networking (Module 2)

Data Communications and Networking (Module 2) Data Communications and Networking (Module 2) Chapter 5 Signal Encoding Techniques References: Book Chapter 5 Data and Computer Communications, 8th edition, by William Stallings 1 Outline Overview Encoding

More information

Lecture Outline. Data and Signals. Analogue Data on Analogue Signals. OSI Protocol Model

Lecture Outline. Data and Signals. Analogue Data on Analogue Signals. OSI Protocol Model Lecture Outline Data and Signals COMP312 Richard Nelson richardn@cs.waikato.ac.nz http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz Analogue Data on Analogue Signals Digital Data on Analogue Signals Analogue Data on Digital

More information

University of Swaziland Faculty of Science Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Main Examination 2016

University of Swaziland Faculty of Science Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Main Examination 2016 University of Swaziland Faculty of Science Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Main Examination 2016 Title of Paper Course Number Time Allowed Instructions Digital Communication Systems

More information

EECS 122: Introduction to Computer Networks Encoding and Framing. Questions

EECS 122: Introduction to Computer Networks Encoding and Framing. Questions EECS 122: Introduction to Computer Networks Encoding and Framing Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-1776

More information

Physical Layer, Part 2. Analog and Digital Transmission

Physical Layer, Part 2. Analog and Digital Transmission CS 656 Analog/Digital, Page 1 Physical Layer, Part 2 Analog and Digital Transmission These slides are created by Dr. Yih Huang of George Mason University. Students registered in Dr. Huang s courses at

More information

Spread Spectrum Techniques

Spread Spectrum Techniques 0 Spread Spectrum Techniques Contents 1 1. Overview 2. Pseudonoise Sequences 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems 4. Frequency Hopping Systems 5. Synchronization 6. Applications 2 1. Overview Basic

More information

Solutions to Information Theory Exercise Problems 5 8

Solutions to Information Theory Exercise Problems 5 8 Solutions to Information Theory Exercise roblems 5 8 Exercise 5 a) n error-correcting 7/4) Hamming code combines four data bits b 3, b 5, b 6, b 7 with three error-correcting bits: b 1 = b 3 b 5 b 7, b

More information

Digital Communication System

Digital Communication System Digital Communication System Purpose: communicate information at certain rate between geographically separated locations reliably (quality) Important point: rate, quality spectral bandwidth requirement

More information

Transmission Fundamentals

Transmission Fundamentals College of Computer & Information Science Wireless Networks Northeastern University Lecture 1 Transmission Fundamentals Signals Data rate and bandwidth Nyquist sampling theorem Shannon capacity theorem

More information

Thus there are three basic modulation techniques: 1) AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING 2) FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING 3) PHASE SHIFT KEYING

Thus there are three basic modulation techniques: 1) AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING 2) FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING 3) PHASE SHIFT KEYING CHAPTER 5 Syllabus 1) Digital modulation formats 2) Coherent binary modulation techniques 3) Coherent Quadrature modulation techniques 4) Non coherent binary modulation techniques. Digital modulation formats:

More information

Chapter 6 Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading 6.1

Chapter 6 Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading 6.1 Chapter 6 Bandwidth Utilization: Multiplexing and Spreading 6.1 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3-6 PERFORMANCE One important issue in networking

More information

Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder

Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder 1-1: Curriculum Objectives 1.To understand the theory and applications of line code encoder. 2.To understand the encode theory and circuit structure of NRZ. 3.To understand

More information

Lecture-8 Transmission of Signals

Lecture-8 Transmission of Signals Lecture-8 Transmission of Signals The signals are transmitted as electromagnetic waveforms. As the signal may be analog or digital, there four case of signal transmission. Analog data Analog Signal:- The

More information

T325 Summary T305 T325 B BLOCK 3 4 PART III T325. Session 11 Block III Part 3 Access & Modulation. Dr. Saatchi, Seyed Mohsen.

T325 Summary T305 T325 B BLOCK 3 4 PART III T325. Session 11 Block III Part 3 Access & Modulation. Dr. Saatchi, Seyed Mohsen. T305 T325 B BLOCK 3 4 PART III T325 Summary Session 11 Block III Part 3 Access & Modulation [Type Dr. Saatchi, your address] Seyed Mohsen [Type your phone number] [Type your e-mail address] Prepared by:

More information

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) ELEC3242 Communications Engineering Laboratory 1 ---- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 1) Frequency Shift Keying Objectives To appreciate the principle of frequency shift keying and its relationship to analogue

More information

Reduction of PAR and out-of-band egress. EIT 140, tom<at>eit.lth.se

Reduction of PAR and out-of-band egress. EIT 140, tom<at>eit.lth.se Reduction of PAR and out-of-band egress EIT 140, tomeit.lth.se Multicarrier specific issues The following issues are specific for multicarrier systems and deserve special attention: Peak-to-average

More information

CH 4. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System

CH 4. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System CH 4. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System 1 Contents Summary of IS-95A Physical Layer Parameters Forward Link Structure Pilot, Sync, Paging, and Traffic Channels Channel Coding, Interleaving, Data

More information

Wireless Networks. Why Wireless Networks? Wireless Local Area Network. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN)

Wireless Networks. Why Wireless Networks? Wireless Local Area Network. Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Wireless Networks Why Wireless Networks? rate MBit/s 100.0 10.0 1.0 0.1 0.01 wired terminals WMAN WLAN CORDLESS (CT, DECT) Office Building stationary walking drive Indoor HIPERLAN UMTS CELLULAR (GSM) Outdoor

More information

UNIT TEST I Digital Communication

UNIT TEST I Digital Communication Time: 1 Hour Class: T.E. I & II Max. Marks: 30 Q.1) (a) A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume the audio signal B.W. to be 15 khz. (I) Find Nyquist rate. (II) If the Nyquist

More information

BER Analysis for Synchronous All-Optical CDMA LANs with Modified Prime Codes

BER Analysis for Synchronous All-Optical CDMA LANs with Modified Prime Codes BER Analysis for Synchronous All-Optical CDMA LANs with Modified Prime Codes Pham Manh Lam Faculty of Science and Technology, Assumption University Bangkok, Thailand Abstract The analysis of the BER performance

More information

Digital modulation techniques

Digital modulation techniques Outline Introduction Signal, random variable, random process and spectra Analog modulation Analog to digital conversion Digital transmission through baseband channels Signal space representation Optimal

More information

Basic Concepts in Data Transmission

Basic Concepts in Data Transmission Basic Concepts in Data Transmission EE450: Introduction to Computer Networks Professor A. Zahid A.Zahid-EE450 1 Data and Signals Data is an entity that convey information Analog Continuous values within

More information

Sixth Semester B.E. Degree Examination, May/June 2010 Digital Communication Note: Answer any FIVEfull questions, selecting at least TWO questionsfrom each part. PART-A a. With a block diagram, explain

More information

EE3723 : Digital Communications

EE3723 : Digital Communications EE3723 : Digital Communications Week 11, 12: Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) Nyquist Criteria for ISI Pulse Shaping and Raised-Cosine Filter Eye Pattern Equalization (On Board) 01-Jun-15 Muhammad Ali Jinnah

More information

Basic Communications Theory Chapter 2

Basic Communications Theory Chapter 2 TEMPEST Engineering and Hardware Design Dr. Bruce C. Gabrielson, NCE 1998 Basic Communications Theory Chapter 2 Communicating Information Communications occurs when information is transmitted or sent between

More information

EXPERIMENT WISE VIVA QUESTIONS

EXPERIMENT WISE VIVA QUESTIONS EXPERIMENT WISE VIVA QUESTIONS Pulse Code Modulation: 1. Draw the block diagram of basic digital communication system. How it is different from analog communication system. 2. What are the advantages of

More information

Spread Spectrum. Chapter 18. FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS using CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

Spread Spectrum. Chapter 18. FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS using CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Chapter 18 FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS using CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Single Carrier The traditional way Transmitted signal

More information

CHAPTER 2. Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication ( )

CHAPTER 2. Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication ( ) CHAPTER 2 Instructor: Mr. Abhijit Parmar Course: Mobile Computing and Wireless Communication (2170710) Syllabus Chapter-2.3 Modulation Techniques Reasons for Choosing Encoding Techniques Digital data,

More information

Data Encoding g(p (part 2)

Data Encoding g(p (part 2) Data Encoding g(p (part 2) CSE 3213 Instructor: U.T. Nguyen 10/11/2007 12:44 PM 1 Analog Data, Digital Signals (5.3) 2 1 Analog Data, Digital Signals Digitization Conversion of analog data into digital

More information

Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA

Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA By Hamed D. AlSharari College of Engineering, Aljouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, hamed_100@hotmail.com

More information

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ELEC6014W1 SEMESTER II EXAMINATIONS 2007/08 RADIO COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND SYSTEMS Duration: 120 mins Answer THREE questions out of FIVE. University approved calculators may

More information

Modulation and Coding Tradeoffs

Modulation and Coding Tradeoffs 0 Modulation and Coding Tradeoffs Contents 1 1. Design Goals 2. Error Probability Plane 3. Nyquist Minimum Bandwidth 4. Shannon Hartley Capacity Theorem 5. Bandwidth Efficiency Plane 6. Modulation and

More information

CH 5. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System

CH 5. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System CH 5. Air Interface of the IS-95A CDMA System 1 Contents Summary of IS-95A Physical Layer Parameters Forward Link Structure Pilot, Sync, Paging, and Traffic Channels Channel Coding, Interleaving, Data

More information

CSCD 433 Network Programming Fall Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued

CSCD 433 Network Programming Fall Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued CSCD 433 Network Programming Fall 2016 Lecture 5 Physical Layer Continued 1 Topics Definitions Analog Transmission of Digital Data Digital Transmission of Analog Data Multiplexing 2 Different Types of

More information