International Journal of ISSN Systems and Technologies Vol.3, No.1, pp IJST KLEF 2010

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "International Journal of ISSN Systems and Technologies Vol.3, No.1, pp IJST KLEF 2010"

Transcription

1 International Journal of ISSN Systems and Technologies Vol.3, No.1, pp IJST KLEF 2010 Use of Two-Way CDMA Ranging for Precise Orbit Determination of IRNSS Satellites T.Subramanya Ganesh * C K Sharma S.Venkateswarlu * G Jagannath Das ** B S Chandrasekhar S.K.Shivakumar ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network, Bangalore , India ABSTRACT Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is ISRO s initiative to build an independent satellite navigation system based on a constellation of GEO and GSO satellites. The IRNSS is regional navigational system providing position accuracy better than 20m in and around the Indian region. IRNSS will have three main segments, namely the space segment, the ground segment and the user segment. The ground segment consists of a network of one-way ranging stations and a network of two-way CDMA ranging stations a precise timing facility along with control centers for navigation and satellite control. It is planned to carry out 2-way CDMA ranging of IRNSS satellites for calibration. In view of this a suitable network of CDMA ranging stations has to be set up for IRNSS satellites. This paper addresses the design considerations, link margin analysis that was carried out and the strategy that is planned for CDMA ranging to achieve the mission goals. I.INTRODUCTION Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) is ISRO s initiative to build an independent satellite navigation system based on a constellation of 3 GEO and 4 GSO satellites. The objectives of IRNSS are to Provide accurate Position, Navigation and Time (PNT) to the User Better than 20 m in Horizontal and Vertical Position in the service volume Better than 20 nano seconds in Time IRNSS space segment is formed by a constellation of 7 satellites, which will broadcast ranging signals along with time. The satellites will be placed in three different orbital planes; 3 satellites in the Geo-stationary orbit (GEO) and 4 satellites in two Geo-synchronous orbit (GSO) with an inclination of 29º. For providing very high position accuracy to the users, the orbit of the satellites has to be determined to very hih accuracy, say of the order of tens of centimeters. For enabling precise 127

2 T.Subramanya Ganesh orbit determination of the IRNSS satellites, one-way CDMA ranging data from IRIMS, twoway CDMA ranging data from IRCDR and laser ranging data from ILRS is planned to be used. Two-way CDMA ranging technique, using a C-Band transponder, measures the range between the satellites and the ground stations with an achievable accuracy of few centimeters. By fitting range measurements From multiple ranging stations simultaneously, the orbit of the satellite can be determined precisely with an accuracy of few tens of centimeters. CDMA ranging will be used periodically to calibrate the IRNSS orbit determined by the other techniques. Four CDMA ranging stations are planned to be established for IRNSS project. These CDMA ranging stations will perform ranging simultaneously to the IRNSS satellites. The ranging data will be used post facto for orbit determination. This paper brings out the system engineering that was carried out for establishing the CDMA ranging stations and the method of trilateration for orbit determination using least squares for achieving high accuracy in orbit determination. This work is supported by mathematical rigor through modeling and analysis. 2. PRINCIPLE OF CDMA RANGING Direct sequence PN code is generated such that its length on time scale is more than the two-way distance between the ground station and satellite. The chipping rate is selected according to the accuracy that is required in the ranging exercise. The PN code is modulated on uplink carrier F1 and is transmitted to the satellite and at the satellite it is translated to frequency F2 (preserving the code modulation) and is re-transmitted. The re-transmitted signal reaches the transmitted site with a time delay corresponding to the two-way signal propagation delay. A receiver then synchronizes to the return signal and measures the number of chips code delay between the signal (code) that is transmitted and received and determines the two-way range from the ground station to satellite. For unambiguous range measurement the length of the code should be long enough and for achieving high accuracy in the range measurements the code chi p rate should be high enough. In practice measurements are commonly made as a fraction of the chip period. The generated direct sequence spectrum must therefore meet two criter 128

3 Use of Two-Way CDMA 1. The chipping rate must be much higher than the bandwidth of the modulating information being sent. 2. Some function other than the information being sent is employed to determine the resulting modulated RF bandwidth. A typical CDMA ranging station is shown in Fig-1. For a direct sequence signal that is modulated using BPSK, the bandwidth (NULL to NULL) of the main lobe is twice that of the rate at which the code is clocked. This means that the 3-dB bandwidth would be approximately, 0.88 times that of the rate at which the code is clocked. The first side lobe is about 13 db lower than the main lobethe unambiguous range is determined as R = [(2 n -1) / f c ] * c Where, R is the unambiguous range, n is the number of shift registers used in code generation and f c is the bit rate of PN sequence. Unambiguous range depends upon the length of the code while the range accuracy depends upon the period of a digit that is used in generation of code. The PRN code selected for ranging should have four basic characteristics. a) To avoid the range ambiguity in the range measurement, the length of one complete code cycle should be greater than the maximum anticipated round trip transmit time. b) The code symbol repetition rate must be sufficiently high to meet the required specification on accuracy of the range measurements. 129

4 T.Subramanya Ganesh c) The auto correlation function of the code should be such that the sequence should have the maximum correlation when it is compared to itself and a uniform degree of mismatch when compared with its K digit shift. d) To improve the efficiency of transmission, it is desirable to provide balance use of power in the carrier side band by requiring the ranging code to have nearly the same number of ones and zeros within one complete period of sequence pattern. At the receiver, code synchronization and tracking are the crucial factors in completing the CDMA ranging activity. The search for correlation is done in parallel, in three correlation detectors, each of which compares an incoming product code modulated signal with one of the component codes. Fig-2 explains the auto-correlation process that happens in a CDMA receiver. Fig-2: Auto-correlation of Codes for Range Measurement The time delay involved in correlating the signal multiplied with the velocity of light will thus provide the two-way range between the transmitter and the satellite. 3. SYSTEM ENGINEERING AND DESIGN DRIVERS OF A CDMA RANGING STATION The following are the broad system engineering aspects that drive the overall design of a CDMA ranging station. a) The choice of modulation and code rate is highly dependent on the system in which they are to be used. One must consider band width availability, process gain required, and the basic data rate. RF band width restriction is of more than usual importance in direct sequence ranging systems, for degradation of correlation function, could result in a loss of ability to measure timing precisely. Bandwidth restriction therefore can reduce the range resolution. b) When a number of users using different codes, are to share a frequency band, the code sequences must be carefully chosen to avoid interference between users. In other word, the codes should be orthogonal. 130

5 Use of Two-Way CDMA c) In a ranging system a range measurement is ensured of being d) accurate within one chip by using the correlation peak as the marker for measurement. This may be accomplished by setting the correlation detector in such a way that it recognizes the level associated within ±1 chip synchronizations and does not recognizes the lower level. The following are the major design drivers of a CDMA ranging station. Chip Rate and Code Length Code chip rate in spread spectrum system affect the system in many ways. The most obvious is the fact that in a BPSK direct sequence system, the transmission band width is a direct function of code chip rate (i.e. main lobe null-null RF band width is twice the code chip rate). Code repetition rate is also a function of the chip rate. The repetition rate determines the line spacing in RF output spectrum and is an important consideration in system design. It is advisable that a direct sequence system s code repetition rate be adjusted by choosing a satisfactory code length so that it will not lie in the information band, otherwise, unnecessary noise will be passed in to the information demodulators, especially under jammed condition. For the IRNSS CDMA Ranging station (IRCDR), it is planned to have a chip rate of 20 MChips/second. This high chipping rate will provide the necessary accuracy required for precise ranging. Overall Transmitter Design Selection of the intermediate frequency (IF) generally depends upon chip rate and the fact that is a direct sequence system or frequency hopping system. The transmitter must take a modulated fixed frequency (IF frequency) input signal and move it to the intended operational (Transmitted) frequency, amplify it to the desired level, and output to the antenna. The operation of moving the modulation from an intermediate to a transmitted frequency may be performed two ways: translation and multiplication. The IF chosen for the IRCDR is 70 MHz. Power Amplification At the transmission frequency the spread spectrum modulated signal is amplified to the required power level and applied to the antenna. The characteristics of the power amplifier are more important because many antennas are broadband enough to pass the spread spectrum signal satisfactorily. It is necessary, of course, to design the power amplifier with sufficient band width to pass the spread spectrum signal. The EIRP of the IRCDR station will be about 80dBW. VSWR An area of particular sensitivity for spread spectrum signals, when some care must be taken to ensure proper impedance match, is that VSWR (voltage standing wave ration). The broad band nature of spread spectrum signals and the acute frequency dependency of VSWR when a termination is improper combine to work against the spread spectrum system. Transmit Phase Noise The total phase noise induced on an un-modulated C-band test carrier transmitted by the transmit chain will have a single sided power spectral density spectrum in which each side band, above and below the carrier, will not exceed the following values of frequency offset from carrier versus signal level in dbc/hz. Transmit Harmonics The total EIRP of any harmonic signal below 40 GHz generated by the navigation carrier 131

6 T.Subramanya Ganesh will not exceed 20 dbw. The EIRP difference between the fundamental and harmonic signals will be deterministic. Transmit Frequency The transmit frequency of the navigation carrier transmitted in C -band will be with in ±100 Hz of the required frequency. The uplink frequency bandwidth of the IRCDR station is between GHz to GHz while the receive frequency bandwidth lies between 3.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz. Receiver RF Considerations Design of the RF section in a spread spectrum receiver is more critical than the transmitter design, mainly because of the presence of interfering signals before the processing stages. The receiver should accept the desired signal, amplify it, translate it to the operating intermediate frequency, and deliver it undistorted to the correlator. Direct sequence systems can suffer a 6 db or larger loss in jamming to signal ratio when passed through a limiter concurrently with a larger jamming signal. The LNA and the antenna of the IRCDR have been sized to have a G/T of better than 29 db/ ºK. Timing and Frequency Reference One of the most important requirements of a CDMA ranging station is that of precise timing and frequency reference. This requirement is met by using Cesium atomic frequency standards. The cesium standards have stability better than 1E-14.Having designed the four CDMA ranging stations, one of the most important features for performing simultaneous ranging is to synchronize the clocks that are resident at the four CDMA ranging stations. The clock synchronization will help in performing orbit determination by trilateration. To perform the clock synchronization, the most efficient method is Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). 4. TWO WAY SATELLITE TIME AND FREQUENCY TRANSFER Two-way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer technique is used to measure the offset between two clocks situated in two different locations. Time of a clock at one location is transmitted to clock at a second location, where time difference measurement (M1) is made. In order to eliminate the propagation delay the reverse process of time measurement (M2) is performed simultaneously. Measurement data is exchanged in order to compute the instantaneous clock difference. The equipments required are a time transfer modem, VSAT transmitter, receiver, up converter, Solid-state power amplifier, down converter, Low noise amplifier, antenna, Geo stationary satellite transponder link, connecting cables and other accessories. In the TWSTFT technique the basic time interval measurements are made with Time Interval Counters (TIC s) at each site. The TICs are started by a pulse from the local clock and stopped by the received pulse from the remote clock. At the same time as the local clock pulse is starting the TIC it is also being transmitted to the other station. The same process goes on at both stations. Typically a one pulse per second (PPS) signal is used. This time interval data is recorded at both sites and then the data files are exchanged and differenced. Generally there is sufficient bandwidth in the communications link that the data can be transferred at the same time that the timing pulses are being transmitted. Thus the two-way technique can be used in 132

7 Use of Two-Way CDMA essentially real time. The time interval information that is recorded at each station contains the clock differences as well as various delays as shown in the equations below. TIC(A) = A - B + dtb + dbs + dsba + dsa + dra + SB (1) TIC(B) = B - A + dta + das + dsab + dsb + drb + SA (2) where TIC(A) and TIC(B) are the time interval counter readings, A and B are the respective clock times, the dxx s are the respective propagation delays illustrated in the Fig-3 and SA and SB are Sagnac corrections. Here SB = -SA and SA is positive if B is east of A. The value of SA is 2Ar/c2 for stations on the Earth s surface, where is the angular velocity of the earth, c is the speed of light, and Ar is the area defined by the projections onto the equatorial plane by the line segments connecting the satellite and the earth s center to the two earth stations. The TIC values are always positive for reasonably well-synchronized clocks since the time up to and back from the satellite is on the order of a quarter of a second. The time difference between clocks A and B can be determined from equations 1 and 2 by differencing the individual simultaneous TIC readings with the result shown below. Fig-3: Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer As can be seen most of the path delays tend to cancel. However, there is no reason for the transmit and receive delays of the earth station equipment to cancel perfectly since they are caused by physically different pieces of equipment. This area is one of the major sources of instability and inaccuracy in the two-way technique The satellite delays, dsab and dsba, may perfectly cancel since in some cases the same satellite transponder is used for both directions. In other cases different transponders are used and then the cancellation is not perfect. The up and down link paths are physically the same, but the propagation delay is not exactly the same if the up and down link frequencies are different. This way, all the clocks at the four CDMA ranging stations will be synchronized with the IRNSS Precise Timing facility. This ensures that all the range measurements from each of the CDMA ranging station can be co-related to a common time reference. This is fundamental for orbit determination using trilateration by least squares as explained in the next section. 5.ORBIT DETERMINATION BY TRILATERATION The satellite position is computed by trilateration, which is basically to compute the intersection of three or more spheres. The IRCDR ground station positions are considered as P stn1, P stn2, P stn3 133

8 T.Subramanya Ganesh and P stn4 respectively. The satellite position is taken as P sat. P sat =(X sat Y sat Z sat ) represents the position of the satellite at a given time in the Earth Centered Inertial (ECI) frame and P stn =(X stn Y stn Z stn ) represents the position of the IRCDR station at the same time also in the same frame of reference. Range=P sat - P stn The satellite position is initially fixed and the station-satellite ranges are computed. The trilateration model which uses an over determined least squares algorithm estimates the satellite position using the station coordinates and the station-satellite ranges. The concept of trilateration is explained in Fig-4 and Fig-5. Each satellite that the receiver locks onto allows the receiver to calculate range (distance) that it must be from satellite. That puts the satellite somewhere on the surface of a circle (sphere in case of 3D) that surrounds the station. A - B = [TIC(A) - TIC(B)] / 2 + (dta - dra) / 2 - (dtb - drb) / 2 + (das - dsa) / 2 - (dbs - dsb) / 2 + (dsab - dsba) / 2 TIC readings Earth station equipment Propagation delay Delay in satellite - 2 Ar/c2 Sagnac effect Fig- 4 Satellite position from two stations 134

9 Use of Two-Way CDMA This is the region where all the three station ranges should coincide but they usually don't. That's because of station clock errors. A fourth station is required to achieve the level of accuracy required by IRNSS satellite system and for redundancy. The method of Least Squares is used to approximately solve over determined systems i.e. systems of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns. Least Squares is often applied in statistical contexts, particularly regression analysis. Least Squares can be interpreted as a method of fitting data. Given four station positions and their ranges with respect to a satellite, the satellite position can be computed using Trilateration by using the method of least squares. Let (X stn1,y stn1,z stn1 ), (X stn2,y stn2,z stn2 ), (X stn3,y stn3,z stn3 ), (X stn4,y stn4,z stn4 ) be the station coordinates and (X sat,y sat,z sat ) be the satellite coordinates respectively. Then the ranges are given by distance formula as, 135

10 T.Subramanya Ganesh 6. CONCLUSION IRNSS system requires accurate ranging techniques for precise orbit determination. Use of twoway CDMA ranging has been proposed. Since the orbit determination is proposed to be solved by trailateration, all the four CDMA ranging stations are time synchronized by TWSTFT methods. It is estimated that the ranging accuracies of the the CDMA ranging stations will be better than a few centimeters leading to an orbit determination accuracy of better than a meter. This when implemented successfully will be a critical technology mastered by ISTRAC. 7. REFERENCES [1] Global Positioning System: Theory and Applications Parkinson and Spilker Volume-I and II Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications- Vallado [2] Digital Communications and Spread Spectrum Systems- Roger Peterson et al 136

Principles of Two Way Time & Frequency Transfer

Principles of Two Way Time & Frequency Transfer Principles of Two Way Time & Frequency Transfer Amitava Sen Gupta Time & Frequency Division National Physical Laboratory, India (NPLI) (APMP TCTF Workshop 2014) (Daejeon, South Korea Sep. 2014) 1 Basic

More information

The Indian Regional Navigation. First Position Fix with IRNSS. Successful Proof-of-Concept Demonstration

The Indian Regional Navigation. First Position Fix with IRNSS. Successful Proof-of-Concept Demonstration Successful Proof-of-Concept Demonstration First Position Fix with IRNSS A. S. GANESHAN, S. C. RATNAKARA, NIRMALA SRINIVASAN, BABU RAJARAM, NEETHA TIRMAL, KARTIK ANBALAGAN INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION

More information

1. Discuss in detail the Design Consideration of a Satellite Communication Systems. [16]

1. Discuss in detail the Design Consideration of a Satellite Communication Systems. [16] Code No: R05410409 Set No. 1 1. Discuss in detail the Design Consideration of a Satellite Communication Systems. 2. (a) What is a Geosynchronous Orbit? Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these

More information

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Presentation By Mr. K.N.Suryanarayana Rao Project Director, IRNSS ISRO Satellite Centre, Airport Road, Bangalore. IRNSS IRNSS Refers to Indian Regional

More information

SPREAD SPECTRUM CHANNEL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT

SPREAD SPECTRUM CHANNEL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT SPACE SPREAD SPECTRUM CHANNEL MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENT Satellite communications, earth observation, navigation and positioning and control stations indracompany.com SSCMI SPREAD SPECTRUM CHANNEL MEASUREMENT

More information

Multiple Access. Difference between Multiplexing and Multiple Access

Multiple Access. Difference between Multiplexing and Multiple Access Multiple Access (MA) Satellite transponders are wide bandwidth devices with bandwidths standard bandwidth of around 35 MHz to 7 MHz. A satellite transponder is rarely used fully by a single user (for example

More information

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) / Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) and GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) / Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) and GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) / Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) and GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) IRNSS-1A Gsat-8 IRNSS 7 November, 2016 Nilesh M. Desai

More information

Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA

Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA Performance of Wideband Mobile Channel with Perfect Synchronism BPSK vs QPSK DS-CDMA By Hamed D. AlSharari College of Engineering, Aljouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, hamed_100@hotmail.com

More information

THE CO-EXISTENCE OF SPREAD SPECTRUM RANGING SIGNAL IN INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE-1B (INSAT-IB) WITH TV OR SCPC CHANNELS

THE CO-EXISTENCE OF SPREAD SPECTRUM RANGING SIGNAL IN INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE-1B (INSAT-IB) WITH TV OR SCPC CHANNELS THE CO-EXISTENCE OF SPREAD SPECTRUM RANGING SIGNAL IN INDIAN NATIONAL SATELLITE-1B (INSAT-IB) WITH TV OR SCPC CHANNELS Item Type text; Proceedings Authors Lal, P.M.C.; Palsule, V.S.; Kumar, Pramod Publisher

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA Protection criteria for deep-space research

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA Protection criteria for deep-space research Rec. ITU-R SA.1157-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA.1157-1 Protection criteria for deep-space research (1995-2006) Scope This Recommendation specifies the protection criteria needed to success fully control,

More information

MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES 1 MODULATION AND MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES Networks and Communication Department Dr. Marwah Ahmed Outlines 2 Introduction Digital Transmission Digital Modulation Digital Transmission of Analog Signal

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S * Maximum permissible level of off-axis e.i.r.p. density from very small aperture terminals (VSATs)

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S * Maximum permissible level of off-axis e.i.r.p. density from very small aperture terminals (VSATs) Rec. ITU-R S.728-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.728-1 * Maximum permissible level of off-axis e. density from very small aperture terminals (VSATs) (1992-1995) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering

More information

Advanced Ranging. and. Time & Frequency Transfer Techniques. for LISA. Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Jul 2004

Advanced Ranging. and. Time & Frequency Transfer Techniques. for LISA. Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Jul 2004 Advanced Ranging and Time & Frequency Transfer Techniques for LISA Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12 15 Jul 2004 Page 1 of 47 Wolfgang Schäfer TimeTech GmbH Phone: 0049-711-678 08-0 Curiestrasse 2 Fax: 0049-711-678

More information

Spread Spectrum Techniques

Spread Spectrum Techniques 0 Spread Spectrum Techniques Contents 1 1. Overview 2. Pseudonoise Sequences 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems 4. Frequency Hopping Systems 5. Synchronization 6. Applications 2 1. Overview Basic

More information

SPREAD SPECTRUM (SS) SIGNALS FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

SPREAD SPECTRUM (SS) SIGNALS FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS Dr. Ali Muqaibel SPREAD SPECTRUM (SS) SIGNALS FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS VERSION 1.1 Dr. Ali Hussein Muqaibel 1 Introduction Narrow band signal (data) In Spread Spectrum, the bandwidth W is much greater

More information

t =1 Transmitter #2 Figure 1-1 One Way Ranging Schematic

t =1 Transmitter #2 Figure 1-1 One Way Ranging Schematic 1.0 Introduction OpenSource GPS is open source software that runs a GPS receiver based on the Zarlink GP2015 / GP2021 front end and digital processing chipset. It is a fully functional GPS receiver which

More information

High Data Rate QPSK Modulator with CCSDS Punctured FEC channel Coding for Geo-Imaging Satellite

High Data Rate QPSK Modulator with CCSDS Punctured FEC channel Coding for Geo-Imaging Satellite International Journal of Advances in Engineering Science and Technology 01 www.sestindia.org/volume-ijaest/ and www.ijaestonline.com ISSN: 2319-1120 High Data Rate QPSK Modulator with CCSDS Punctured FEC

More information

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SATELLITE COMMUNICATION Monojit Mitra SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SATELLITE COMMUNICATION MONOJIT MITRA Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Bengal Engineering and

More information

GNSS Technologies. GNSS Acquisition Dr. Zahidul Bhuiyan Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey

GNSS Technologies. GNSS Acquisition Dr. Zahidul Bhuiyan Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey GNSS Acquisition 25.1.2016 Dr. Zahidul Bhuiyan Finnish Geospatial Research Institute, National Land Survey Content GNSS signal background Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation Binary offset carrier

More information

Lecture 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems. COMM 907:Spread Spectrum Communications

Lecture 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems. COMM 907:Spread Spectrum Communications COMM 907: Spread Spectrum Communications Lecture 3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems Performance of DSSSS with BPSK Modulation in presence of Interference (Jamming) Broadband Interference (Jamming):

More information

Recommendation ITU-R M (09/2015)

Recommendation ITU-R M (09/2015) Recommendation ITU-R M.1906-1 (09/2015) Characteristics and protection criteria of receiving space stations and characteristics of transmitting earth stations in the radionavigation-satellite service (Earth-to-space)

More information

Protection criteria for Cospas-Sarsat local user terminals in the band MHz

Protection criteria for Cospas-Sarsat local user terminals in the band MHz Recommendation ITU-R M.1731-2 (01/2012) Protection criteria for Cospas-Sarsat local user terminals in the band 1 544-1 545 MHz M Series Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1512

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1512 Rec. ITU-R S.151 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.151 Measurement procedure for determining non-geostationary satellite orbit satellite equivalent isotropically radiated power and antenna discrimination The ITU

More information

TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITE TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND SUB-SYSTEM

TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITE TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND SUB-SYSTEM TELECOMMUNICATION SATELLITE TELEMETRY TRACKING AND COMMAND SUB-SYSTEM Rodolphe Nasta Engineering Division ALCATEL ESPACE Toulouse, France ABSTRACT This paper gives an overview on Telemetry, Tracking and

More information

Unguided Transmission Media

Unguided Transmission Media CS311 Data Communication Unguided Transmission Media by Dr. Manas Khatua Assistant Professor Dept. of CSE IIT Jodhpur E-mail: manaskhatua@iitj.ac.in Web: http://home.iitj.ac.in/~manaskhatua http://manaskhatua.github.io/

More information

2 INTRODUCTION TO GNSS REFLECTOMERY

2 INTRODUCTION TO GNSS REFLECTOMERY 2 INTRODUCTION TO GNSS REFLECTOMERY 2.1 Introduction The use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals reflected by the sea surface for altimetry applications was first suggested by Martín-Neira

More information

Dartmouth College LF-HF Receiver May 10, 1996

Dartmouth College LF-HF Receiver May 10, 1996 AGO Field Manual Dartmouth College LF-HF Receiver May 10, 1996 1 Introduction Many studies of radiowave propagation have been performed in the LF/MF/HF radio bands, but relatively few systematic surveys

More information

Glossary of Satellite Terms

Glossary of Satellite Terms Glossary of Satellite Terms Satellite Terms A-D The following terms and definitions will help familiarize you with your Satellite solution. Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) Technology which automatically

More information

SPS Gold Code Generation and Implementation for IRNSS User Receiver

SPS Gold Code Generation and Implementation for IRNSS User Receiver RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS SPS Gold Code Generation and Implementation for IRNSS User Receiver Shachi Varku 1, Swetha A 2, Sharanya S Konandur 3, Dileep D 4, Aklpita L Kulkarni 5 1,2,3,5 (Department

More information

Multiple Access System

Multiple Access System Multiple Access System TDMA and FDMA require a degree of coordination among users: FDMA users cannot transmit on the same frequency and TDMA users can transmit on the same frequency but not at the same

More information

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GREATER NOIDA. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (EEC 021) QUESTION BANK

DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GREATER NOIDA. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (EEC 021) QUESTION BANK DRONACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS, GREATER NOIDA. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (EEC 021) QUESTION BANK 1. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Satellite Communication. 2. Distinguish between active and

More information

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS. Knowing where and when

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS. Knowing where and when GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMS Knowing where and when Overview Continuous position fixes Worldwide coverage Latitude/Longitude/Height Centimeter accuracy Accurate time Feasibility studies begun in 1960 s.

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-6

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-6 Rec. ITU-R S.524-6 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-6 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS OF OFF-AXIS e.i.r.p. DENSITY FROM EARTH STATIONS IN GSO NETWORKS OPERATING IN THE FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE TRANSMITTING IN THE

More information

Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Signal Structure

Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Signal Structure Introduction to Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Signal Structure Dinesh Manandhar Center for Spatial Information Science The University of Tokyo Contact Information: dinesh@iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp

More information

Chapter 3 Solution to Problems

Chapter 3 Solution to Problems Chapter 3 Solution to Problems 1. The telemetry system of a geostationary communications satellite samples 100 sensors on the spacecraft in sequence. Each sample is transmitted to earth as an eight-bit

More information

Revision history. Revision Date of issue Test report No. Description KES-RF-14T0042 Initial

Revision history. Revision Date of issue Test report No. Description KES-RF-14T0042 Initial Page (2 ) of (34) Revision history Revision Date of issue Test report No. Description - 2014.08.25 Initial Page (3 ) of (34) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. General information... 4 1.1. EUT description... 4 1.2.

More information

Perspective of Eastern Global Satellite Navigation Systems

Perspective of Eastern Global Satellite Navigation Systems POSTER 2015, PRAGUE MAY 14 1 Perspective of Eastern Global Satellite Navigation Systems Jiří SVATOŇ Dept. of Radioengineering, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, 166 27 Praha, Czech Republic svatoji2@fel.cvut.cz

More information

SRSP-101 Issue 1 May Spectrum Management. Standard Radio System Plan

SRSP-101 Issue 1 May Spectrum Management. Standard Radio System Plan Issue 1 May 2014 Spectrum Management Standard Radio System Plan Technical Requirements for Fixed Earth Stations Operating Above 1 GHz in Space Radiocommunication Services and Earth Stations On Board Vessels

More information

New Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter System... Opening A New Realm of Possibilities in Noise Characterization

New Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter System... Opening A New Realm of Possibilities in Noise Characterization New Ultra-Fast Noise Parameter System... Opening A New Realm of Possibilities in Noise Characterization David Ballo Application Development Engineer Agilent Technologies Gary Simpson Chief Technology Officer

More information

Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering and Technology Laboratory Division

Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering and Technology Laboratory Division April 9, 2013 Federal Communications Commission Office of Engineering and Technology Laboratory Division Guidance for Performing Compliance Measurements on Digital Transmission Systems (DTS) Operating

More information

4-2 Development of Two-Way Time and Frequency Transfer System with Dual Pseudo Random Noises

4-2 Development of Two-Way Time and Frequency Transfer System with Dual Pseudo Random Noises 4- Development of Two-Way Time and Frequency Transfer System with Dual Pseudo Random Noises We developed Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer with Dual Pseudo Random Noises as a method to improve

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S *

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S * Rec. ITU-R S.1339-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1339-1* Rec. ITU-R S.1339-1 SHARING BETWEEN SPACEBORNE PASSIVE SENSORS OF THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE SERVICE AND INTER-SATELLITE LINKS OF GEOSTATIONARY-SATELLITE

More information

Earth-Stations. Performance Requirements

Earth-Stations. Performance Requirements AMOS-Satellites System Earth-Stations Performance Requirements Version 4.33 August 2013 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INFORMATION... 3 1. GENERAL... 4 2. ANTENNA... 5 2.1. TRANSMIT SIDE-LOBES (MANDATORY)...

More information

Lecture 9: Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques

Lecture 9: Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques Lecture 9: Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques Spread spectrum (SS) modulation techniques employ a transmission bandwidth which is several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required bandwidth

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1257

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1257 Rec. ITU-R S.157 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.157 ANALYTICAL METHOD TO CALCULATE VISIBILITY STATISTICS FOR NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE ORBIT SATELLITES AS SEEN FROM A POINT ON THE EARTH S SURFACE (Questions

More information

Assignment 1: Solutions to Problems on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Assignment 1: Solutions to Problems on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum G. S. Sanyal School of Telecommunications Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur MOOC: Spread Spectrum Communications & Jamming Assignment 1: Solutions to Problems on Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1558

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1558 Rec. ITU-R S.1558 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.1558 Methodologies for measuring epfd caused by a non-geostationary-satellite orbit space station to verify compliance with operational epfd limits (Question

More information

Characteristics and protection criteria for non-geostationary mobile-satellite service systems operating in the band

Characteristics and protection criteria for non-geostationary mobile-satellite service systems operating in the band Recommendation ITU-R M.2046 (12/2013) Characteristics and protection criteria for non-geostationary mobile-satellite service systems operating in the band 399.9-400.05 MHz M Series Mobile, radiodetermination,

More information

Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using DSSS Optimized PN Codes in DS-CDMA Systems

Satellite Telemetry Data Transmission Immunity from the ASI and Jamming Using DSSS Optimized PN Codes in DS-CDMA Systems IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-issn: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 12, Issue 1, Ver. II (Jan.-Feb. 2017), PP 01-12 www.iosrjournals.org Satellite Telemetry

More information

DoubleTalk Carrier-in-Carrier

DoubleTalk Carrier-in-Carrier DoubleTalk Carrier-in-Carrier Bandwidth Compression Providing Significant Improvements in Satellite Bandwidth Utilization September 27, 24 24 Comtech EF Data Corporation DoubleTalk Carrier-in-Carrier Rev

More information

Benefits of amulti-gnss Receiver inaninterference Environment

Benefits of amulti-gnss Receiver inaninterference Environment Benefits of amulti-gnss Receiver inaninterference Environment Ulrich Engel Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE Department Sensor Data and Information Fusion

More information

ETSI TS V1.3.1 ( )

ETSI TS V1.3.1 ( ) TS 101 136 V1.3.1 (2001-06) Technical Specification Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Guidance for general purpose earth stations transmitting in the 5,7 GHz to 30,0 GHz frequency bands towards

More information

Space Frequency Coordination Group

Space Frequency Coordination Group Space Frequency Coordination Group Report SFCG 38-1 POTENTIAL RFI TO EESS (ACTIVE) CLOUD PROFILE RADARS IN 94.0-94.1 GHZ FREQUENCY BAND FROM OTHER SERVICES Abstract This new SFCG report analyzes potential

More information

SECTION 2 BROADBAND RF CHARACTERISTICS. 2.1 Frequency bands

SECTION 2 BROADBAND RF CHARACTERISTICS. 2.1 Frequency bands SECTION 2 BROADBAND RF CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Frequency bands 2.1.1 Use of AMS(R)S bands Note.- Categories of messages, and their relative priorities within the aeronautical mobile (R) service, are given

More information

Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers

Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers Keysight Technologies Pulsed Antenna Measurements Using PNA Network Analyzers White Paper Abstract This paper presents advances in the instrumentation techniques that can be used for the measurement and

More information

Laboratory 5: Spread Spectrum Communications

Laboratory 5: Spread Spectrum Communications Laboratory 5: Spread Spectrum Communications Cory J. Prust, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department Milwaukee School of Engineering Last Update: 19 September 2018 Contents 0 Laboratory

More information

Potential interference from spaceborne active sensors into radionavigation-satellite service receivers in the MHz band

Potential interference from spaceborne active sensors into radionavigation-satellite service receivers in the MHz band Rec. ITU-R RS.1347 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RS.1347* Rec. ITU-R RS.1347 FEASIBILITY OF SHARING BETWEEN RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE SERVICE RECEIVERS AND THE EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (ACTIVE) AND SPACE RESEARCH

More information

SATELLIT COMMUNICATION

SATELLIT COMMUNICATION QUESTION BANK FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION UNIT I 1) Explain Kepler s laws. What are the fords that give rise to these laws? 2) Explain how a satellite is located with respect to earth. 3) Describe antenna

More information

Part A: Spread Spectrum Systems

Part A: Spread Spectrum Systems 1 Telecommunication Systems and Applications (TL - 424) Part A: Spread Spectrum Systems Dr. ir. Muhammad Nasir KHAN Department of Electrical Engineering Swedish College of Engineering and Technology March

More information

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation

Lecture 6. Angle Modulation and Demodulation Lecture 6 and Demodulation Agenda Introduction to and Demodulation Frequency and Phase Modulation Angle Demodulation FM Applications Introduction The other two parameters (frequency and phase) of the carrier

More information

Chapter 7. Multiple Division Techniques

Chapter 7. Multiple Division Techniques Chapter 7 Multiple Division Techniques 1 Outline Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Comparison of FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Walsh

More information

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING (Autonomous) Dundigal, Hyderabad - 500 043 ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS Course Name : SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Course Code : A80452-R13

More information

Part VI: Requirements for Integrated Services Digital Network Terminal Equipment

Part VI: Requirements for Integrated Services Digital Network Terminal Equipment Issue 9, Amendment 1 September 2012 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Compliance Specification for Terminal Equipment, Terminal Systems, Network Protection Devices, Connection Arrangements and

More information

Satellite Sub-systems

Satellite Sub-systems Satellite Sub-systems Although the main purpose of communication satellites is to provide communication services, meaning that the communication sub-system is the most important sub-system of a communication

More information

Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge

Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge April, 2015 Page 1 of 7 Introduction Return loss and VSWR are a measure of the magnitude of a transmitted RF Signal

More information

UNIT 1 - introduction to GPS

UNIT 1 - introduction to GPS UNIT 1 - introduction to GPS 1. GPS SIGNAL Each GPS satellite transmit two signal for positioning purposes: L1 signal (carrier frequency of 1,575.42 MHz). Modulated onto the L1 carrier are two pseudorandom

More information

Application Note: Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge

Application Note: Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge : Swept Return Loss & VSWR Antenna Measurements using the Eagle Technologies RF Bridge FCT-1008A Introduction Return loss and VSWR are a measure of the magnitude of a transmitted RF Signal in relation

More information

Acquisition and Tracking of IRNSS Receiver on MATLAB and Xilinx

Acquisition and Tracking of IRNSS Receiver on MATLAB and Xilinx Acquisition and Tracking of IRNSS Receiver on MATLAB and Xilinx Kishan Y. Rathod 1, Dr. Rajendra D. Patel 2, Amit Chorasiya 3 1 M.E Student / Marwadi Education Foundation s Groups of Institute 2 Accociat

More information

CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CDMA - QUESTIONS & ANSWERS http://www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/questions_and_answers.htm Copyright tutorialspoint.com 1. What is CDMA? CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access. It is a wireless technology

More information

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OMNITRACS - THE FIRST OPERATIONAL MOBILE KU-BAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OMNITRACS - THE FIRST OPERATIONAL MOBILE KU-BAND SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM TECHNCAL CHARACTERSTCS OF THE OMNTRACS - THE FRST OPERATONAL MOBLE KU-BAND SATELLTE COMMUNCATONS SYSTEM FRANKLN P. ANTONO; KLEN S. GLHOUSEN; RWN M. JACOBS; LNDSAY A. WEAVER, Jr., all of QUALCOMM, nc.,

More information

Antenna Measurements using Modulated Signals

Antenna Measurements using Modulated Signals Antenna Measurements using Modulated Signals Roger Dygert MI Technologies, 1125 Satellite Boulevard, Suite 100 Suwanee, GA 30024-4629 Abstract Antenna test engineers are faced with testing increasingly

More information

Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band MHz

Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band MHz Issue 5 December 2006 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Standard Radio System Plan Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band 5925-6425 MHz Aussi disponible

More information

Code Division Multiple Access.

Code Division Multiple Access. Code Division Multiple Access Mobile telephony, using the concept of cellular architecture, are built based on GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) and IS-95(Intermediate Standard-95). CDMA allows

More information

Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band MHz

Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band MHz Issue 6 December 2006 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Standard Radio System Plan Technical Requirements for Fixed Line-of-Sight Radio Systems Operating in the Band 7725-8275 MHz Aussi disponible

More information

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Radio Frequency Interference in Satellite Communications Systems

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Radio Frequency Interference in Satellite Communications Systems UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Radio Frequency Interference in Satellite Communications Systems Project No. 090 Mitei Ronald Kipkoech F17/2128/04 Supervisor: Dr.V.K Oduol Examiner: Dr. Gakuru OBJECTIVES To study

More information

Modelling GPS Observables for Time Transfer

Modelling GPS Observables for Time Transfer Modelling GPS Observables for Time Transfer Marek Ziebart Department of Geomatic Engineering University College London Presentation structure Overview of GPS Time frames in GPS Introduction to GPS observables

More information

Ave output power ANT 1(dBm) Ave output power ANT 2 (dbm)

Ave output power ANT 1(dBm) Ave output power ANT 2 (dbm) Page 41 of 103 9.6. Test Result The test was performed with 802.11b Channel Frequency (MHz) power ANT 1(dBm) power ANT 2 (dbm) power ANT 1(mW) power ANT 2 (mw) Limits dbm / W Low 2412 7.20 7.37 5.248 5.458

More information

GPS (Introduction) References. Terms

GPS (Introduction) References. Terms GPS (Introduction) MSE, Rumc, GPS, 1 Terms NAVSTAR GPS ( Navigational Satellite Timing and Ranging - Global Positioning System) is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System), developed by the US-DoD in

More information

A TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF FLEX CABLE PHASE INSTABILITY ON mm-wave PLANAR NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT ACCURACIES

A TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF FLEX CABLE PHASE INSTABILITY ON mm-wave PLANAR NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT ACCURACIES A TECHNIQUE TO EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF FLEX CABLE PHASE INSTABILITY ON mm-wave PLANAR NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENT ACCURACIES Daniël Janse van Rensburg Nearfield Systems Inc., 133 E, 223rd Street, Bldg. 524,

More information

SEQUENTIAL NULL WAVE Robert E. Green Patent Pending

SEQUENTIAL NULL WAVE Robert E. Green Patent Pending SEQUENTIAL NULL WAVE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0010] Field of the invention [0020] The area of this invention is in communication and wave transfer of energy [0030] Description of the Prior Art [0040]

More information

January 16, 2011 Scott Burgett, Bronson Hokuf Garmin International, Olathe, Kansas

January 16, 2011 Scott Burgett, Bronson Hokuf Garmin International, Olathe, Kansas Experimental Evidence of Wide Area GPS Jamming That Will Result from LightSquared s Proposal to Convert Portions of L Band 1 to High Power Terrestrial Broadband Executive Summary January 16, 2011 Scott

More information

Spacecraft Communications

Spacecraft Communications Antennas Orbits Modulation Noise Link Budgets 1 2012 David L. Akin - All rights reserved http://spacecraft.ssl.umd.edu The Problem Pointing Loss Polarization Loss Atmospheric Loss, Rain Loss Space Loss

More information

Basic Satellite Communication. Thaicom Customer and Network Services Department

Basic Satellite Communication. Thaicom Customer and Network Services Department Basic Satellite Communication Thaicom Customer and Network Services Department Satellite Communication System Control & Monitoring Station Satellite Space Segment Uplink Signals Downlink Signals Receive

More information

Frequency Synchronization in Global Satellite Communications Systems

Frequency Synchronization in Global Satellite Communications Systems IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO. 3, MARCH 2003 359 Frequency Synchronization in Global Satellite Communications Systems Qingchong Liu, Member, IEEE Abstract A frequency synchronization

More information

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA (Question ITU-R 131/7) a) that telecommunications between the Earth and stations in deep space have unique requirements;

RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA (Question ITU-R 131/7) a) that telecommunications between the Earth and stations in deep space have unique requirements; Rec. ITU-R SA.1014 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SA.1014 TELECOMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS FOR MANNED AND UNMANNED DEEP-SPACE RESEARCH (Question ITU-R 131/7) Rec. ITU-R SA.1014 (1994) The ITU Radiocommunication

More information

High Speed Data Downlink for NSF Space Weather CubeSats

High Speed Data Downlink for NSF Space Weather CubeSats High Speed Data Downlink for NSF Space Weather CubeSats National Science Foundation Meeting Monday August 31, 2009 Charles Swenson Satellite Data Flow Onboard Instruments R collected Spacecraft Memory

More information

Exercise 3-2. Digital Modulation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. PSK digital modulation

Exercise 3-2. Digital Modulation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE DISCUSSION OUTLINE DISCUSSION. PSK digital modulation Exercise 3-2 Digital Modulation EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with PSK digital modulation and with a typical QPSK modulator and demodulator. DISCUSSION

More information

Part VI: Requirements for ISDN Terminal Equipment

Part VI: Requirements for ISDN Terminal Equipment Issue 9 November 2004 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Policy Compliance Specification for Terminal Equipment, Terminal Systems, Network Protection Devices, Connection Arrangements and Hearing

More information

Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications. Howard Hausman April 1, 2010

Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications. Howard Hausman April 1, 2010 Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions & Errors and their Relation to Communication Channel Specifications Howard Hausman April 1, 2010 Satellite Communications: Part 4 Signal Distortions

More information

Ultra Wideband Transceiver Design

Ultra Wideband Transceiver Design Ultra Wideband Transceiver Design By: Wafula Wanjala George For: Bachelor Of Science In Electrical & Electronic Engineering University Of Nairobi SUPERVISOR: Dr. Vitalice Oduol EXAMINER: Dr. M.K. Gakuru

More information

Recommendation ITU-R SA (07/2017)

Recommendation ITU-R SA (07/2017) Recommendation ITU-R SA.1026-5 (07/2017) Aggregate interference criteria for space-to- Earth data transmission systems operating in the Earth exploration-satellite and meteorological-satellite services

More information

Satellite Link Budget 6/10/5244-1

Satellite Link Budget 6/10/5244-1 Satellite Link Budget 6/10/5244-1 Link Budgets This will provide an overview of the information that is required to perform a link budget and their impact on the Communication link Link Budget tool Has

More information

ECS455: Chapter 4 Multiple Access

ECS455: Chapter 4 Multiple Access ECS455: Chapter 4 Multiple Access 4.9 Async. CDMA: Gold codes and GPS 1 Dr.Prapun Suksompong prapun.com/ecs455 Office Hours: BKD 3601-7 Tuesday 9:30-10:30 Tuesday 13:30-14:30 Thursday 13:30-14:30 Asynchronous

More information

Study and Analysis on Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) Modulation in Satellite Navigation Systems

Study and Analysis on Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) Modulation in Satellite Navigation Systems IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-issn: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 11, Issue 5, Ver. I (Sep.-Oct.2016), PP 115-123 www.iosrjournals.org Study and Analysis

More information

B SCITEQ. Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications. Scott R. Bullock, P.E. Third Edition. SciTech Publishing, Inc.

B SCITEQ. Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications. Scott R. Bullock, P.E. Third Edition. SciTech Publishing, Inc. Transceiver and System Design for Digital Communications Scott R. Bullock, P.E. Third Edition B SCITEQ PUBLISHtN^INC. SciTech Publishing, Inc. Raleigh, NC Contents Preface xvii About the Author xxiii Transceiver

More information

FREQUENCY DECLARATION FOR THE ARGOS-4 SYSTEM. NOAA-WP-40 presents a summary of frequency declarations for the Argos-4 system.

FREQUENCY DECLARATION FOR THE ARGOS-4 SYSTEM. NOAA-WP-40 presents a summary of frequency declarations for the Argos-4 system. Prepared by CNES Agenda Item: I/1 Discussed in WG1 FREQUENCY DECLARATION FOR THE ARGOS-4 SYSTEM NOAA-WP-40 presents a summary of frequency declarations for the Argos-4 system. FREQUENCY DECLARATION FOR

More information

UNIT-1. Basic signal processing operations in digital communication

UNIT-1. Basic signal processing operations in digital communication UNIT-1 Lecture-1 Basic signal processing operations in digital communication The three basic elements of every communication systems are Transmitter, Receiver and Channel. The Overall purpose of this system

More information

LE/ESSE Payload Design

LE/ESSE Payload Design LE/ESSE4360 - Payload Design 4.3 Communications Satellite Payload - Hardware Elements Earth, Moon, Mars, and Beyond Dr. Jinjun Shan, Professor of Space Engineering Department of Earth and Space Science

More information

The Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System 5-1 US GPS Facts of Note DoD navigation system First launch on 22 Feb 1978, fully operational in 1994 ~$15 billion (?) invested to date 24 (+/-) Earth-orbiting satellites

More information

PXIe Contents SPECIFICATIONS. 14 GHz and 26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analyzer

PXIe Contents SPECIFICATIONS. 14 GHz and 26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analyzer SPECIFICATIONS PXIe-5668 14 GHz and 26.5 GHz Vector Signal Analyzer These specifications apply to the PXIe-5668 (14 GHz) Vector Signal Analyzer and the PXIe-5668 (26.5 GHz) Vector Signal Analyzer with

More information