UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Radio Frequency Interference in Satellite Communications Systems

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1 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Radio Frequency Interference in Satellite Communications Systems Project No. 090 Mitei Ronald Kipkoech F17/2128/04 Supervisor: Dr.V.K Oduol Examiner: Dr. Gakuru

2 OBJECTIVES To study and describe RF interference in Fixed Service (FS) Satellite Systems, from link budget perspective. To consider two neighbouring satellite systems on the geostationary orbit and to determine the interference incurred by each system from the other.

3 INTRODUCTION Radio frequency spectrum and Geosynchronous orbit are natural resources The quality of signals Study of potential sources, types and effects of different levels of RFI on system performance leads to controlled and coordinated interference environments

4 PROBLEMS AFFECTING GEOSYNCHRONOUS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS Radio Frequency Interference Round-Trip Time Delay Free-space loss Noise Eclipse of satellite Sun Transit outage No coverage of polar regions.

5 RFI IN FS SATELLITE SYSTEMS Commercial GEO satellites provide fixed satellite services in C band (6/4GHz) and Ku band (14/12GHz) of the radio spectrum. Unfortunately, the C-band is also used for terrestrial microwave systems, thus allowing for RFI RF interference has the effect of adding to the overall noise on the satellite link, therefore degrading the quality of the received signal.

6 TYPES OF RFI IN FS SATELLITE SYSTEMS Adjacent Satellite Interference (ASI). Co-Channel Interference (CCI). Cross-Polarization Interference (XPI).

7 ADJACENT SATELLITE INTERFERENCE

8 ASI ASI depends on the antenna pattern and on the satellite spacing Satellite transmitting antennas are directional Most of the power radiated is contained in the main lobe Often interference generated by an earth station comes from its antenna side lobes

9 ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

10 PERMISSIBLE SIDE LOBES ENVELOPE LEVELS A practical antenna has side lobes of finite levels Regulatory agencies provide some guidance on permissible side lobe envelope levels

11 FCC PERMISSIBLE SIDE LOBES ENVELOPE LEVELS

12 RECOMMENDED SIDELOBE CHARECTERISTICS FOR CLOSER SPACING

13 SATELLITES ANGULAR SEPARATION Influences the level of interference generated or received from the side lobe of Earth Station antenna into or from adjacent satellite. Spatial separation of 1º to 4º is required depending on the following variables Beamwidth and side lobe radiations of antennas RF carrier frequency Encoding or modulation technique used Acceptable limits of interference Transmit carrier power

14

15 CO-CHANNEL INTERFERENCE CCI occurs if external interference from other transmitters is at the same frequency as the signal of interest. Interference that is near the frequency of signal is called Adjacent channel interference CCI may be caused by either of the following harmonics from a different type of system unintentional radiators signals from a similar system that are some distance away (frequency reuse).

16 CO-CHANNEL AND ADJACENT CHANNEL INTERFERENCE

17 CROSS-POLARIZATION INTERFERENCE Opposite polarization states make efficient use of frequencies available for transmission. E/S and satellite antennas and their feeds are not able to perfectly separate the two polarization states resulting to cross-polar signal being transmitted or received XPI is maintained at an acceptable level by ensuring that the E/S antenna has adequate XPD

18 XPD IN AN ANTENNA RADIATION PATTERN

19 TWO NEIGHBOURING SATELLITES IN GEO

20 UPLINK CARRIER-TO-INTERFERENCE RATIO = db = dbhz

21 UPLINK CARRIER-TO-NOISE PLUS INTERFERENCE RATIO = db = dbhz

22 UPLINK ENERGY OF BIT-TO-NOISE DENSITY PLUS INTERFERENCE RATIO = 10

23 DOWNLINK INTERFERENCE

24 DOWNLINK CARRIER-TO-INTERFERENCE RATIO = db = dbhz

25 DOWNLINK CARRIER-TO-NOISE PLUS INTERFERENCE RATIO = db = dbhz

26 DOWNLINK ENERGY OF BIT-TO-NOISE DENSITY RATIO = 10

27 OVERALL LINK PERFORMANCE

28 OVERALL LINK EQUATIONS = = = dbhz =

29 THE LINK BUDGET Uplink parameters Earth station transmitter output power at saturation (W) Earth station backoff loss (db) 4.00 Earth station branching and feeder losses (db) 2.00 Earth station transmit antenna gain (db) Additional uplink atmospheric losses (db) 0.80 Free-space path loss (db) Satellite receive antenna gain (db) Satellite equivalent noise temperature (K) Satellite G/Te (db/k) -3.00

30 Satellite branching and feeder losses (db) 0.00 Bit rate (Mbps) Modulation scheme 16 PSK Earth station antenna diameter (m) 15 Uplink frequency (GHz) 14 Co-channel interference, Io(cc) (db) Adjacent interference, Io(adj) (db) Path distance to satellite (km) 36000

31 Downlink parameters Satellite transmitter output power at saturation (W) Satellite backoff loss (db) 0.80 Satellite branching and feeder losses (db) 0.50 Satellite transmit antenna gain (db) Additional downlink atmospheric losses (db) 0.60 Free-space path loss (db) Earth station receive antenna gain (db) Earth station branching and feeder losses (db) 0.00 Earth station equivalent noise temperature (K) Earth station G/Te (db) 37.23

32 Bit rate (Mbps) Modulation scheme 16 PSK Earth station antenna diameter(m) 0.5 Downlink frequency (GHz) 12 Co-channel interference, Io(cc) (db) Adjacent interference, Io(adj) (db) Path distance to satellite (km) Additional information Boltzmann's constant (J/K) 1.38E Occupied Bandwidth (MHz)

33 Uplink calculation Earth station EIRP (dbw) Carrier power density at satellite antenna (dbw) (C/No) uplink (without interference) (db) E (Eb/No) uplink (db) (C/N) uplink (db) (C/Io) adj (db) E (C/Io)cc (db) (C/Io) total uplink (db) C/(No+Io) uplink (db) (C/I) adj (db) (C/I) cc (db) (C/I) total uplink (db) C/(N+I) uplink (db) Eb/(No+Io) uplink (db)

34 Downlink calculation Satellite transponder EIRP (dbw) Carrier power density at earth station antenna (dbw) (C/No) downlink (db) (Eb/No) downlink (db) (C/N) downlink (db) (C/Io) adj (db) E (C/Io)cc (db) (C/Io) total downlink (db) C/(No+Io) downlink (db) (C/I) adj (db) (C/I) cc (db) (C/I) total downlink (db) C/(N+I) downlink (db) Eb/(No+Io) downlink (db)

35 Overall Link Performance (C/No) overall (without interference) (db) C/(No+Io) overall (db) (C/N) overall (without interference) (db) C/(N+I) overall (db) (Eb/No) overall (without interference) (db) Eb/(No+Io) overall (db) 6.88 C/(N+I) (Required) (db) Margin (db) -0.60

36 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS U/L Io cc (db) U/L Io adj (db) D/L Io cc (db) D/L Io adj (db) (db) Overall C/(No+Io) (db) Overall C/(N+I) (db) Overall Eb/(No+Io) (db)

37 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Different levels introduced into the system resulted to values of C/(N+I) as shown in table above Values of interference in blue rows are acceptable since they give C/(N+I) greater than the minimum required by this system (13.50dB) Values of interference in red rows resulted to C/(N+I) lower than thus unacceptable. Thus there is a level beyond which RF interference completely ruins satellite communication

38 CONCLUSION Sources, types and factors affecting RF interference were studied and described in details Two neighbouring satellite systems were considered and effects of different levels of interference on system performance were tested using Link Budget Adjacent satellites in GEOs contribute significantly to signal degradation and changes should be made to resolve interference cases (e.g through negotiations between the two parties affected)

39 RECOMMENDATION Energy bit-to-noise density ratio to be used to analyse system performance in presence of different levels of interference

40 END THANK YOU

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