Advanced Ranging. and. Time & Frequency Transfer Techniques. for LISA. Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Jul 2004
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1 Advanced Ranging and Time & Frequency Transfer Techniques for LISA Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Jul 2004 Page 1 of 47
2 Wolfgang Schäfer TimeTech GmbH Phone: Curiestrasse 2 Fax: D Stuttgart Germany Page 2 of 47
3 1.Background Key Properties of Pseudo-Noise Coded Signals Applications: TWSTFT and Time Synchronisation Applications: Satellite Ranging -> Trilateration using 3 Sites Antenna Systems: Very small appertures required Code Phase Performance, 2.5 MChip/s Code Phase Performance, 20 MChip/s Carrier Phase Performance, PN+Data modulation, independent of chip rate TWSTFT Ground Station Stability during 1 years (2.5 MChip/s) Typical ADEV / TDEV of VSAT Ground Station used for TWSTFT Station Round Trip Delay correlates well with Temperature G/S Delay Monitoring Equipment PRARE Instrumental Delay (TDEV) Use of DRVID to Detect Ionosphere & Multipath (PRARE on ERS-2) DS Tracking Stations augmented by TWSTFT + Delay Monitoring (proposal) Candidate Technology for LISA: ACES Microwave Link (LEO / ISS) ACES MWL Performance Objectives ACES MWL: Signal Links Real-Time Tranponder & G/S Delay Monitoring Coherent Signal Generation, PN & Data Modulation, Phase Stabilisation On-Board Ultra Stable Oscillators for one-way ranging Performance Perspective (TDEV [ps]) Page 3 of 47
4 23.Conclusions Page 4 of 47
5 1.Background SIRIO: Microwave Ranging and Time Transfer Experiment & Laser Ranging, 1979 MITREX: PN-coded Two-Way Time Transfer via Satellite (TWSTFT): since 1981 USNO, NIST, SYRTE, NPL, PTB, VSL, China, Taiwan: Accuracy 1ns PRARE: Precise Range and Range-Rate Equipment (ERS-2, LEO, 1995) Geodetic Mission: Orbit to 3 cm, Stability: 1cm SATRE: Satellite Time and Ranging Equipment, since 1991 Operates via Occupied Transponders : Jitter 3 cm, Stability: 1cm NO dedicated resources needed at the S/C SES-ASTRA: Trilateration System for Co-located Geo Satellites INMARSAT Page 5 of 47
6 ACES-MWL: Monitor Cs-Fountain (PHARAO) on-board ISS (ongoing): TDEV: 5.6 ps/d Page 6 of 47
7 2.Key Properties of Pseudo-Noise Coded Signals Coherent communication system, using autocorrelation techniques & matched filter Near ideal demodulation process with insignificant implementation loss Ranging signal significantly lower than thermal noise in Rx bandwidth Highly tolerant against interference, multiple signals on same frequency Add data transmission modulated onto PN-code Instant ambiguity resolution, even at distances within the solar system Suppress Multi-Path signals within correlation length (beyond 1 chip) Measure code-phase and carrier phase simultaneously: DRVID capability: Group vs Phase Delay in single frequency band Detect Multi-Path and Signal reflections (signal scattering) Page 7 of 47
8 System Stability: 300ps / Chiprate [MChip] Page 8 of 47
9 3.Applications: TWSTFT and Time Synchronisation Geo Satellite Two-Way Link + Data Exchange Remote Sites Tx Rx Rx Tx TIC TIC Time & Frequency Master Clock Slave Clock Page 9 of 47
10 4.Applications: Satellite Ranging -> Trilateration using 3 Sites Page 10 of 47
11 Satellite Round-Trip A Round-Trip B Station A Station B Tx Rx Rx Tx TIC TIC Clock A Clock B Page 11 of 47
12 5.Antenna Systems: Very small appertures required Page 12 of 47
13 Page 13 of 47
14 6.Code Phase Performance, 2.5 MChip/s Page 14 of 47
15 Page 15 of 47
16 7.Code Phase Performance, 20 MChip/s Page 16 of 47
17 Page 17 of 47
18 8.Carrier Phase Performance, PN+Data modulation, independent of chip rate Page 18 of 47
19 Page 19 of 47
20 9.TWSTFT Ground Station Stability during 1 years (2.5 MChip/s) Page 20 of 47
21 Courtesy VSL, 1ns /div Page 21 of 47
22 10.Typical ADEV / TDEV of VSAT Ground Station used for TWSTFT Page 22 of 47
23 Courtesy VSL, TDEV 120ps Page 23 of 47
24 11.Station Round Trip Delay correlates well with Temperature Page 24 of 47
25 Round trip delay and outdoor temperature SATRE 339,4 051 (Tim-TWSTFT G/S), Dll #13, Kstar Ku-transceiver, 20 MChip 30 ns C outdoor temperature 339, , , , , round trip delay , Page 25 of 47
26 12.G/S Delay Monitoring Equipment Page 26 of 47
27 13.PRARE Instrumental Delay (TDEV) Page 27 of 47
28 Page 28 of 47
29 14.Use of DRVID to Detect Ionosphere & Multipath (PRARE on ERS-2) Page 29 of 47
30 0,40 Correlation between DRVID-noise and Solar Panel multipath coefficient PRARE ERS-2, X-band, 10 MChip/s 45 0, ,20 35 Corrected Range vs. Integrated Doppler, [m] 0,10 0,00-0,10-0, Product of Solar Panel areas visible from PRARE and from GS [m**4] -0,30 0-0, File: H:\gz\PRO_PRA$.xls UTC time past 00:00, s Page 30 of 47
31 15.DS Tracking Stations augmented by TWSTFT + Delay Monitoring (proposal) Page 31 of 47
32 antenna phase center Ionosphere downlink t iono-down-dor1 relevant for DOR / DOR t quasar Ionosphere downlink t iono-down-dor2 antenna phase center GPS GPS is relevant only for timestamping the 1 pps epoch and to tie the frequency to the 'true' values (UTC k ) station equipment input DSA Cebreros HPA U/C LNA D/C Station equipment Station equipment Equipment on-time delay t on-time-equ-1 Station delay (station uplink) t uplink-equ-1 VSAT Cebreros SATSIM-1 station delay monitoring system SATRE-1 TWSTFT modem Ionosphere uplink t iono-up-1_2 antenna phase center Satellite Uplink Delay t uplink-1_2 modem output connectors Tx Delay t txdelay-1 modem 1pps timing Note: Only the link 1 -> 2 is shown. For the other link (2 -> 1) the same delay nomenclature is applicable Ionosphere downlink t iono-down-1_2 Refraction (troposphere) antenna phase center VSAT New Norcia SATSIM-2 station delay monitoring system SATRE-2 TWSTFT modem Downlink Delay t downlink-1_2 modem output connectors station equipment input Rx Delay t rxdelay-2 modem 1pps timing DSA New Norcia HPA U/C LNA D/C Station equipment Station equipment F&T on-time output F&T (station on-time reference output (station plane) StationTime reference DSA-2 plane) StationTime DSA-2 Station delay (station downlink) t uplink-equ-2 GPS Equipment on-time delay t on-time-equ-2 PComp F&T Subsystem Timecode 1 pps 10 MHz RefDelay t refdelay-1 modem reference input Timecode 1 pps 10 MHz RefDelay t refdelay-2 modem reference input PComp F&T Subsystem F&T on-time output (station reference plane) StationTime DSA1 on time delay t on-time-1 measured by TWSTFT t TWSTFT on time delay t on-time-2 Maser Maser Synchronisation delay between both station masers t Maser Maser Maser Page 32 of 47
33 16.Candidate Technology for LISA: ACES Microwave Link (LEO / ISS) Page 33 of 47
34 Orbit, Relativistics, Attitude, ISS Specifics, etc 100 MHz +1E-9 Accept Clocks AS IS Orbit Induced Effects Microwave Link S/C Electrical Reference Point Space o Distance o Velocity o Acceleration Mechanical Reference Point Ionosphere 'LINK' MULTIPATH Link-Induced Effects o Ionosphere Troposhere o Troposphere o Multipath Ground Environment G/S Location, Relativistics o Temperature o Micro-Vibration ML System Aspects 100 MHz 1 pps Date & Time o Relativistcs Page 34 of 47
35 17.ACES MWL Performance Objectives Time Transfer Performance Short Term 230 fs /pass (300 s) 1 day 10 days 5.6 ps 16 ps Ranging Performance (estimated) Accuracy: Stability: cm (with / without optical calibration) 1 cm Instrumentation significantly better than PRARE (up to 10 times improvement) Orbit reconstitution limited by LEO effects (drag, geo-potential etc) Page 35 of 47
36 Page 36 of 47
37 18.ACES MWL: Signal Links Page 37 of 47
38 Ku-Band, Up-link Power Tx: 2 W Carrier: GHz PN-Code: 100 MChip/s 1pps: 1 time marker /s S/C: 4 Receiver Channels Ku-Band, Down-link S-Band, Down-link Power Tx: 0.5 W Carrier: 2248 MHz PN-Code: 1 MChip/s 1pps: 1 time marker /s Data: 2.5 kbit/s Power Tx: 0.5 W Carrier: GHz PN-Code: 100 MChip/s 1pps: 1 time marker /s Data: 2.5 kbit/s Page 38 of 47
39 19.Real-Time Tranponder & G/S Delay Monitoring TX Signal Generator Transmit Path 100 MHz Amplitude + Frequency Variation Calibration Mixer (CDMA) BP Ku-Antenna Conversion Reference BP Delay-Lock Loop-4 (Reference) 3x Receive Path Ku-band Diplexer Delay-Lock Loop Delay-Lock Loop Delay-Lock Loops 1..3 Page 39 of 47
40 20.Coherent Signal Generation, PN & Data Modulation, Phase Stabilisation Phase Detector Clean Carrier ( )² Carrier Phase adjust MW Carrier generator 100 MHz 1 pps PN-Generator MW Carrier Modulation (shaped) PA Modulo 2 Adder 'Exclusive OR' LP BP output Processor Module Modulation MW Mixer Output Filter Page 40 of 47
41 200 MHz Page 41 of 47
42 21.On-Board Ultra Stable Oscillators for one-way ranging Page 42 of 47
43 Page 43 of 47
44 Page 44 of 47
45 22.Performance Perspective (TDEV [ps]) Page 45 of 47
46 Page 46 of 47
47 23.Conclusions Use Coherent PN-Coded RF Signals, rather than ranging tones Use highest possible Chip Rate (up to 100 MChip/s): -> Precision & Accuracy Perform code- and carrier phase measurements (group vs phase delay) Add (real-time) delay monitoring to G/S and S/C, correlate with temperature Perform TT&C & Ranging (round-trip) and Time-Transfer (two-way) simultaneously Multi-Path is deemed the most significant error source within G/S and S/C PN-coded signals suppress multi-path, carriers / tones DO NOT Signal suppression is for distances beyond chip-length (100 MChip/s: > 3m) Signal suppression is equally well for code-phase and for the carrier signal Good RF links outperform the best clocks presently available Page 47 of 47
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