REPORT ON A HELICOPTER-BORNE VERSATILE TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC (VTEM) GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY

Transcription

1 REPORT ON A HELICOPTER-BORNE VERSATILE TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC (VTEM) GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY Bourdon West, C1, C3, D1, E1, N1, N3, N4, N5 and N6 Blocks Webequie, Ontario For: NORONT RESOURCES LTD. By Geotech Ltd. 245 Industrial Parkway North Aurora, Ont., CANADA, L4G 4C4 Tel: Fax: info@geotech.ca Survey flown during June - August, 2008 Project 8148 November, 2008

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary INTRODUCTION General Considerations Survey and System Specifications McFauld s Camp Base of Operations Richard Lake Camp Base of Operations Topographic Relief and Cultural Features Bourdon West Block Block C Block C Block D Block E Block N Block N Block N Block N Block N DATA ACQUISITION Survey Area Survey Operations Flight Specifications Aircraft and Equipment Survey Aircraft Electromagnetic System Airborne magnetometer Radar Altimeter GPS Navigation System Digital Acquisition System Base Station PERSONNEL DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION Flight Path Electromagnetic Data Electromagnetic Anomaly section Magnetic Data DELIVERABLES Survey Report Maps Digital Data CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions Recommendations...34 APPENDICES A. Survey location maps B. Survey Block Coordinates C. VTEM Waveform D. Geophysical Maps E. Modelling VTEM Data F. EM Time Constant (Tau) Analysis...77 G. EM Anomaly Listing Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 2

3 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Property Location...5 Figure 2 - Survey blocks with Webequie, Ontario...6 Figure 3 - Bourdon West Survey Block...9 Figure 4 - C1 Survey Block...10 Figure 5 - C3 Survey Block...10 Figure 6 - D1 Survey Block...11 Figure 7 - E1 Survey Block...12 Figure 8 - N1 Survey Block...12 Figure 9 - N3 Survey Block...13 Figure 10 - N4 Survey Blocks...14 Figure 11 - N5 Survey Block...14 Figure 12 - N6 Survey Block...15 Figure 13 - VTEM Configuration...20 Figure 14 - VTEM Waveform & Sample Times...20 Figure 15 - VTEM system configuration...22 Figure 16 - EM Anomaly Symbols...27 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Survey Specifications...16 Table 2 - Survey schedule...17 Table 3 Decay Sampling Scheme...21 Table 4 Acquisition Sampling Rates...23 Table 5 Geosoft GDB Data Format Table 6 Geosoft Anomaly XYZ description Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 3

4 REPORT ON A HELICOPTER-BORNE VERSATILE TIME DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC SURVEY Executive Summary Bourdon West, C1, C3, D1, E1, N1, N3, N4, N5, and N6 Blocks Webequie, Ontario During June 20 th to August 26 th, 2008 Geotech Ltd. carried out a helicopter-borne geophysical survey for Noront Resources Ltd. over ten (10) blocks situated in the province of Ontario, Canada. Principal geophysical sensors included a versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) system, and a caesium magnetometer. Ancillary equipment included a GPS navigation system and a radar altimeter. A total of 8753 line-kilometres were flown. The survey operations were based out of the McFauld s Camp and Richard s Lake Camp located in Ontario. In-field data quality assurance and preliminary processing were carried out on a daily basis during the acquisition phase. Preliminary and final data processing, including generation of final digital data and map products were undertaken from the office of Geotech Ltd. in Aurora, Ontario. The processed survey results are presented as electromagnetic stacked profiles, and as a colour grid of the B-field EM late time channels, total magnetic intensity, calculated magnetic vertical gradient, calculated db/dt and B-field time constants (Tau). Digital data includes all electromagnetic and magnetic products, plus ancillary data including the waveform. The survey report describes the procedures for data acquisition, processing, final image presentation and the specifications for the digital data set. No formal interpretative discussion is included in this report; however EM anomaly picking, time constant (Tau) analyses and calculated magnetic vertical gradient maps have been added as additional products Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 4

5 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Considerations These services are the result of the Agreement made between Geotech Ltd. and Noront Resources Ltd. to perform a helicopter-borne geophysical survey over ten (10) blocks located in the Ring of Fire area near Webequie, Ontario, Canada (Figure 1). David B. Graham, VP of Special Projects, acted on behalf of Noront Resources Ltd. during the data acquisition and data processing phases of this project. The geophysical surveys consisted of helicopter borne EM using the versatile time-domain electromagnetic (VTEM) system and aeromagnetics using a caesium magnetometer. A total of 8753 line-km of geophysical data were acquired during the survey. The survey area is shown in Figure 2. The crew was based out of the McFauld s Lake Camp located 89 kilometres south-east of the town of Webequie, Ontario, and the Richard s Lake Camp located 85 kilometres north-east of the town of Webequie, Ontario for the acquisition phase of the survey. Survey flying started on June 20 th and was completed on August 26th, 2008 Data quality control and quality assurance, and preliminary data processing were carried out on a daily basis during the acquisition phase of the project. Final data processing followed immediately after the end of the survey. Final reporting, data presentation and archiving were completed from the Aurora office of Geotech Ltd. in November, Figure 1 - Property Location Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 5

6 1.2 Survey and System Specifications The survey blocks are all located inside the Ring of Fire Area, located in Northern Ontario near the town of Webequie as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 - Survey blocks with Webequie, Ontario McFauld s Camp Base of Operations The first base of operations for Block C1, C3, D1, E1, N3, and N4 was at the McFauld s Lake Camp located 89 kilometres south-east of the town of Webequie in Ontario ( "N, "W). The N4 block was also flown out of the Richard Lake camp, please refer to section for more details on this camp location C1 Block The C1 survey block (52 39'18.29"N, 86 48'27.62"W) is located 51 kilometres south-east of Webequie, Ontario. The block was flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 750 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N270 E) direction Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 6

7 C3 Block The C3 survey block (52 43'16.13"N, 86 18'58.03"W) is located 75 kilometres south-east of Webequie, Ontario. This survey block is largest and most southern of the 10 blocks surveyed. This block was flown in a northwest-southeast (N 135 E / N 315 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 1000 metres in a southwest-northeast (N 45 E / N 225 E) direction D1 Block Survey block D1 (52 53'56.95"N, 86 14'57.81"W) is located 75 kilometres east-south-east of Webequie, Ontario. This survey block is directly adjacent to the north portion of the C3 survey block. This block was flown in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction with traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 900 metres in an east-west (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction E1 Block The E1 survey block (53 2'33.74"N, 85 50'37.21"W) is located 72 kilometres north-east of Webequie, Ontario. Block N3 is the most northern block of the 10 surveyed. This block was also flown in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction with traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 900 metres in an east-west (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction N3 Block Survey block N '22.47"N, 86 21'3.27"W) is located 51 kilometres south-west of Webequie, Ontario. The block was flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 1000 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction N4 Block The N4 survey block is split into a N4 northern block (53 17'42.54"N, 86 45'36.59"W) and a N4 southern block (53 12'9.27"N, 53 12'9.27"N). The N4 northern block is located 53 kilometres north-east of Webequie, Ontario, while the N4 southern block is located 56 kilometres north-west of Webequie, Ontario and 12 kilometres south-east of the N4 northern block. Both blocks were flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 100 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 7

8 1.2.2 Richard Lake Camp Base of Operations The second base of operations for the Bourdon West, N1, N5, and N6 blocks was at the Richard s Lake Camp located 85 kilometres north-east of the town of Webequie in Ontario ( "N, "W) Bourdon West Block The Bourdon West survey block (53 13'21.93"N, 86 53'41.43"W) is located 40 kilometres north-east of Webequie, Ontario. The block was flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. There were no tie lines flown over this survey area N1 Block Survey block N1 (53 17'42.42"N, 87 33'41.06"W) is located 40 kilometres north-west of Webequie, Ontario, making this block the most western of the blocks surveyed. The block was flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 1000 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction. There are two parts to this survey block a smaller square portion to the west and a rectangular portion to the east N5 Block The N5 survey block (53 15'54.90"N, 87 6'45.21"W) is located 35 kilometres north-northeast of Webequie, Ontario. This block was also flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 1000 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N 270 E) direction N6 Block The N6 survey block (53 17'39.90"N, 87 20'20.18"W) is located 35 kilometres north of Webequie, Ontario. N6 is located just west of the N5 block, separated only by a river. The block was flown in a north-south (N 0 E / N 180 E) direction with a traverse line spacing of 100 metres. Tie lines were flown perpendicular to the traverse lines at a spacing of 1000 metres in an east-west (N 90 E / N270 E) direction. For more detailed information on the flight spacing and direction see Table Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 8

9 1.3 Topographic Relief and Cultural Features Bourdon West Block The Bourdon West block exhibits a shallow relief covering 6.9 square kilometers, with an elevation ranging from 172 to 181 meters above sea level. As shown in Figure 3 the block covers a large lake, which has some small rivers running to the west and south. The remaining portion of the block not covering the lake is covering wetland and marsh area. The survey block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043E Block C1 Figure 3 - Bourdon West Survey Block The C1 block also exhibits a shallow relief covering 9.5 square kilometers, with an elevation ranging from 191 to 208 meters above sea level. As shown below in Figure 4 the block is covering many small lakes with the majority of the block covering wetland and marsh. The survey block is covered by 7 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043D Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 9

10 1.3.3 Block C3 Figure 4 - C1 Survey Block Topographically, the C3 block covers the largest area, more then 416 square kilometers. The survey area exhibits a moderate relief, with an elevation ranging from 152 to 203 meters above sea level; this moderate relief is due to the size of the survey block. Shown in Figure 5 there are a numerous small lakes that run throughout the property adjoined by many rivers and streams, with McFauld s Lake visible on the eastern edge of the block. The survey block is covered by 196 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheets 043D09, 043D10, 043D15, and 043D16. Figure 5 - C3 Survey Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 10

11 1.3.4 Block D1 The D1 block is directly north of the C3 block, covering and area of 31.5 square kilometers. The survey area exhibit a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 151 to 165 meters above sea level. As shown in Figure 6 there are a numerous rivers running throughout the property, with a large river running through the eastern edge of the block in a north-south direction. The survey block is covered by 14 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043D Block E1 Figure 6 - D1 Survey Block Topographically, the E1 survey block exhibits a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 124 to 143 meters above sea level. The E1 block is a smaller survey area, covering 16.4 square kilometers. As shown in Figure 7 below there the survey block is covering wetland and marsh areas, this is due to the shallow relief the low elevation of the survey. The survey block is covered by 7 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043F Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 11

12 1.3.6 Block N1 Figure 7 - E1 Survey Block The N1 block is split into two parts, the eastern portion and the western portion. Both survey blocks exhibit a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 183 to 213 meters above sea level. The survey coverage for the west portion is 9.9 square kilometers, with the east portion covering 19.1 square kilometers. As shown in Figure 8 the survey blocks cover numerous large lakes and marshy regions. The survey blocks are covered by 8 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The blocks are located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheets 043E05 and 043E06. Figure 8 - N1 Survey Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 12

13 1.3.7 Block N3 Topographically, the N3 survey block covers an area of 62 square kilometers exhibiting a moderate relief, with an elevation ranging from 124 to 167 meters above sea level. The N3 is a long narrow survey block, more then 16 kilometers in length from east to west, as shown in Figure 9. The survey block covers mainly wetland and marsh area, with river and streams running through the coverage area in multiple directions. The survey block is covered by 34 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043E01, 043E02, 043E07, and 043E Block N4 Figure 9 - N3 Survey Block The N4 block is also split into two parts, a northern portion and a southern portion. Both survey blocks exhibit a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 161 to 177 meters above sea level. The survey coverage for the northern portion is 9.9 square kilometers, with the southern portion covering 73.2 square kilometers. As shown in Figure 10 below the northern portion of the survey covers wetlands and marshes, while the southern portion of the survey covers 2 large lakes in the center of the block, many other small lakes and wetlands. The survey blocks are covered by 45 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The blocks are located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheets 043E01, 043E02, and 043E Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 13

14 1.3.9 Block N5 Figure 10 - N4 Survey Blocks Topographically, the N5 block covers and area of 120 square kilometers. The survey area exhibit a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 161 to 195 meters above sea level. Shown in Figure 11 there are a numerous small lakes that run throughout the property adjoined by many rivers and streams. The block is covering mostly wetland area. This survey block is covered by 53 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheets 043E02, 043E03, 043E06, and 043E07. Figure 11 - N5 Survey Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 14

15 Block N6 Topographically, the N6 block exhibits a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 179 to 198 meters above sea level. As seen in Figure 12 there are a few small lakes that run throughout the property, with many small rivers and marsh areas there is also one large lake located in the south-western portion of the survey block. Block N6 is covered by 9 Ontario Mining claims which can be seen in Appendix A. The block is located in the NTS (National Topographic Survey) Canada sheet 043E06. Figure 12 - N6 Survey Block Topographically, the property exhibits a shallow relief, with an elevation ranging from 151 to 161 metres above sea level (see Figure 3). There are many small rivers and lakes a run throughout the block. There are many large wetland and marsh areas throughout the survey block. No roads or trails are found within the survey area, making the block only accessible via the air or on foot. The survey block covers 13 Ontario mining claims, which are shown in Appendix A. The survey blocks are covered by NTS (National Topographic Survey) of Canada sheets 04D Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 15

16 2. DATA ACQUISITION 2.1 Survey Area The survey blocks (see Figure 2 and Appendix A) and general flight specifications are as follows: Table 1 - Survey Specifications Survey block Bourdon West C1 C3 D1 E1 N1 N3 N4 N5 N6 Traverse Line spacing (m) Area (Km 2 ) Planned Line-km Actual 1 Flight direction Line numbers Line-km Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: 950 N/A N/A N/A N/A Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E Traverse: N 135 E / N 315 E Tie: N 45 E / N 225 E Traverse: N 90 E / N 270 E Tie: N 0 E / N 180 E Traverse: N 90 E / N 270 E Tie: N 0 E / N 180 E Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E Traverse: N 0 E / N 180 E Tie: N 90 E / N 270 E TOTAL Survey block boundaries co-ordinates are provided in Appendix B. 1 Actual line kilometers exceed Planned line kilometers and represent the total line kilometers contained in the final Geosoft database. Planned line kilometers are estimated from survey navigation files, clipped to polygon files for blocks Bourdon West, C3, N3, N4, and N6 from Noront Resources Limited Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 16

17 2.2 Survey Operations Survey operations were based out of the McFauld s Lake Camp and the Richard s Lake Camp located 89 kilometres south-east and 85 kilometres north-east of Webequie, Ontario respectively from June 20 th to August 26 th, The following table shows the timing of the flying. Table 2 - Survey schedule Date Flight # Flown KM 1 Block Crew location Comments 20-June C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 21-June-08 6, C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 22-June-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production low ceiling 23-June C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 24-June C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 25-June-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production low ceiling 27-June C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 28-June C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 29-June-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production system maintenance 30-June-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production system maintenance 01-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 02-July-08 24, C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 03-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production aborted rain, high winds 04-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 05-July-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production low ceiling, rain 06-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 07-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 08-July-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production Helicopter maintenance 09-July-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production helicopter maintenance 10-July-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production helicopter maintenance 16-July-08 38, D1 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 17-July-08 40, C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 18-July-08 42, C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 19-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 20-July C3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 21-July E1 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 30-July N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Limited production rain and helicopter malfunction 31-July N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Limited production fog 01-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 02-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 03-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production aborted tech issues and high winds 04-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 05-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 06-Aug N3 McFauld s Lake Camp Production Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 17

18 Date Flight # Flown KM 1 Block Crew location Comments 07-Aug-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production - gusty winds and sys maintenance 08-Aug N3, N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 09-Aug N3, N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 10-Aug N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 11-Aug N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 12-Aug N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 13-Aug-08 McFauld s Lake Camp No production fog and wind, helicopter inspection 14-Aug N4 McFauld s Lake Camp Production 18-Aug Bourdo Richard s Lake Camp Production n West 19-Aug N5 Richard s Lake Camp Production 20-Aug N1 Richard s Lake Camp Production 21-Aug N6 Richard s Lake Camp Production 22-Aug N5, N6 Richard s Lake Camp Production 23-Aug-08 Richard s Lake Camp No production rain and high winds 24-Aug-08 Richard s Lake Camp No production rain and high winds 25-Aug N5 Richard s Lake Camp Production 26-Aug N5, N6 Richard s Lake Camp Production Job Complete 2.3 Flight Specifications During the survey of the Bourdon West, N1, N4, and N5 blocks the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 76 metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 41 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 63 metres. During the survey of the N3 and D1 blocks the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 74 metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 39 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 61 metres. During the survey of the C1 block the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 78 metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 43 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 65 metres. During the survey of the C3 block the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 73metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 38 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 60 metres Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 18

19 During the survey of the E1 block the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 77 metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 42 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 64 metres. Lastly during the survey of the N6 block the helicopter was maintained at a mean height of 75 metres above the ground with a nominal survey speed of 80 km/hour. This allowed for a nominal EM sensor terrain clearance of 40 metres and a magnetic sensor clearance of 62 metres. The data recording rates of the data acquisition was 0.1 second for electromagnetics, magnetometer and 0.2 second for altimeter and GPS. This translates to a geophysical reading about every 2 metres along flight track. Navigation was assisted by a CDGPS receiver and data acquisition system, which reports GPS co-ordinates as latitude/longitude and directs the pilot over a pre-programmed survey grid. The operator was responsible for monitoring of the system integrity. He also maintained a detailed flight log during the survey, tracking the times of the flight as well as any unusual geophysical or topographic feature. On return of the aircrew to the base camp the survey data was transferred from a compact flash card (PCMCIA) to the data processing computer. The data were then uploaded via ftp to the Geotech office in Aurora for daily quality assurance and quality control by qualified personnel, operating remotely. 2.4 Aircraft and Equipment Survey Aircraft The survey was flown using a Euro copter Aerospatiale (Astar) 350 B3 helicopter, registration C-GEOZ. The helicopter was operated by Gateway Helicopters Ltd. and Geotech Ltd. Installation of the geophysical and ancillary equipment was carried out by Geotech Ltd Electromagnetic System The electromagnetic system was a Geotech Time Domain EM (VTEM) system. The configuration is as indicated in Figure 13 below. Receiver and transmitter coils are concentric and Z-direction oriented. The coils were towed at a mean distance of 35 metres below the aircraft as shown in Figure 15. The receiver decay recording scheme is shown diagrammatically in Figure Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 19

20 Figure 13 - VTEM Configuration Figure 14 - VTEM Waveform & Sample Times Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 20

21 The VTEM decay sampling scheme is shown in Table 3 below. Twenty-four time measurement gates were used for the final data processing in the range from 120 to 6578 µ sec 2, as shown in Table 5. Table 3 Decay Sampling Scheme VTEM Decay Sampling scheme Array ( Microseconds ) Index Time Gate Start End Width Note: Measurement times-delays are referenced to time-zero marking the end of the transmitter current turn-off, as illustrated in Figure 14 and Appendix C Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 21

22 VTEM system parameters: Transmitter Section - Transmitter coil diameter: 26 m - Number of turns: 4 - Transmitter base frequency: 30 Hz - Peak current: 189 A - Pulse width: 7.3 ms - Pulse width: Duty cycle: 44% - Peak dipole moment: 401, 180 nia - Nominal terrain clearance: 73 to 78 m (see section 2.3 for details) Receiver Section - Receiver coil diameter: 1.2 m - Number of turns: Effective coil area: m 2 - Wave form shape: trapezoid - Power Line Monitor: 60 Hz Magnetometer - Nominal terrain clearance: 60 to 65 m (see section 2.3 for details) Gps Antenna Magnetic Sensor 13 m Radar Altimeter Antenna EM Receiver Coil EM Transmitter Coil 42 m 35 m 23 m Figure 15 - VTEM system configuration Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd m

23 2.4.3 Airborne magnetometer The magnetic sensor utilized for the survey was a Geometrics optically pumped caesium vapour magnetic field sensor, mounted in a separate bird, 13 metres below the helicopter, as shown in Figure 6. The sensitivity of the magnetic sensor is 0.02 nanotesla (nt) at a sampling interval of 0.1 seconds. The magnetometer sends the measured magnetic field strength as nanotesla to the data acquisition system via the RS-232 port Radar Altimeter A Terra TRA 3000/TRI 40 radar altimeter was used to record terrain clearance. The antenna was mounted beneath the bubble of the helicopter cockpit (Figure 6) GPS Navigation System The navigation system used was a Geotech PC104 based navigation system utilizing a NovAtel s CDGPS (Canada-Wide Differential Global Positioning System Correction Service) enable OEM4-G2-3151W GPS receiver, Geotech navigate software, a full screen display with controls in front of the pilot to direct the flight and an NovAtel GPS antenna mounted on the helicopter tail (Figure 15). As many as 11 GPS and two CDGPS satellites may be monitored at any one time. The positional accuracy or circular error probability (CEP) is 1.8 m, with CDGPS active, it is 1.0 m. The co-ordinates of the block were set-up prior to the survey and the information was fed into the airborne navigation system Digital Acquisition System A Geotech data acquisition system recorded the digital survey data on an internal compact flash card. Data is displayed on an LCD screen as traces to allow the operator to monitor the integrity of the system. The data type and sampling interval as provided in Table 4. Table 4 Acquisition Sampling Rates DATA TYPE TDEM Magnetometer GPS Position Radar Altimeter SAMPLING 0.1 sec 0.1 sec 0.2 sec 0.2 sec Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 23

24 2.4.7 Base Station A combined magnetometer/gps base station was utilized on this project. A Geometrics Caesium vapour magnetometer was used as a magnetic sensor with a sensitivity of nt. The base station was recording the magnetic field together with the GPS time at 1 Hz on a base station computer. The base station magnetometer sensor was installed where the crew was housed at the McFauld s Lake Camp, located 89 kilometers south-east of Webequie, Ontario ( " N, W) 100 meters west of the camp, away from electric transmission lines and moving ferrous objects such as motor vehicles. The base station data were backed-up to the data processing computer at the end of each survey day. The base station magnetometer sensor was also installed at the Richard s Lake Camp, located 85 kilometers north-east of Webequie, Ontario ( " N, W) 100 meters west of the camp, away from electric transmission lines and moving ferrous objects such as motor vehicles. The base station data were backed-up to the data processing computer at the end of each survey day Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 24

25 3. PERSONNEL The following Geotech Ltd. personnel were involved in the project. Field: Project Managers: Crew chiefs: System Operators: Shawn Grant (office) Ruth Palmer (office) Tom Nolan Kyle Corriveau Keith Lavalley Guido Tocci / Rob Amirault Robert Tito / Igor Lokchine Robert Amirault The survey pilot and the mechanical engineer were employed directly by the helicopter operator Geotech Ltd. / Gateway Helicopters Inc. Pilots: Mechanical Engineer: Rob Gerard / Bruno Prieur Richard Arnold Murray Youmans / Eric Robertson Office: Data QA/QC: Data Processing: Final Data QA/QC: Reporting/Mapping: Richard Yee / Emilio Schein/ Harish Kumar Alexander Prikhodko / Vlad Kaminski Eugene Druker / Leo Iakovlev Neil Fiset Eric Steffler Data acquisition phase was carried out under the supervision of Andrei Bagrianski, P. Geo, Surveys Manager. Processing phase was carried out under the supervision of Jean Legault, P. Geo, Manager of Processing and Interpretation. The overall contract management and customer relations were by Paolo Berardelli Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 25

26 4. DATA PROCESSING AND PRESENTATION Data compilation and processing were carried out by the application of Geosoft OASIS Montaj and programs proprietary to Geotech Ltd. 4.1 Flight Path The flight path, recorded by the acquisition program as WGS 84 latitude/longitude, was converted into the NAD83 Datum, UTM Zone 16 North coordinate system in Oasis Montaj. The flight path was drawn using linear interpolation between x, y positions from the navigation system. Positions are updated every second and expressed as UTM easting s (x) and UTM northing s (y). 4.2 Electromagnetic Data A three stage digital filtering process was used to reject major sferic events and to reduce system noise. Local sferic activity can produce sharp, large amplitude events that cannot be removed by conventional filtering procedures. Smoothing or stacking will reduce their amplitude but leave a broader residual response that can be confused with geological phenomena. To avoid this possibility, a computer algorithm searches out and rejects the major sferic events. The filter used was a 16 point non-linear filter. The signal to noise ratio was further improved by the application of a low pass linear digital filter. This filter has zero phase shift which prevents any lag or peak displacement from occurring, and it suppresses only variations with a wavelength less than about 1 second or 15 metres. This filter is a symmetrical 1 sec linear filter. The results are presented as stacked profiles of EM voltages for the time gates, in linear - logarithmic scale for both B-field and db/dt response. B-field time channel recorded at milliseconds after the termination of the impulse is also presented as contour colour image. Graphical representations of the VTEM transmitter current waveform output voltage of the receiver coil are shown in Appendix C. Generalized modeling results of VTEM data, written by consultant Roger Barlow and Nasreddine Bournas, P. Geo., are shown in Appendix E. An explanation of the EM time constant (Tau) calculation is provided in Appendix F Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 26

27 4.3 Electromagnetic Anomaly section The EM data were subjected to an anomaly recognition process using all time domain geophysical channels and using both the B-Field and db/dt profiles. However, based on its enhanced response over high conductance/small area targets, the B-field was relied upon for the EM anomaly selection and analysis process. The resulting EM anomaly picks are presented as overlays on all maps. Each individual conductor pick is represented by an anomaly symbol classified according to calculated conductance 3 (Figure 16). The conductances were obtained directly from the EM db/dt and B-field EM time-constants (Tau) 4 using the oblate spheroid conductance model (McNeill, 1980) 5 according to specifications provided by the client 6 (I. Johnson, pers. comm., 08/07/28). Identified anomalies were classified into one of six categories, base on db/dt conductance. The anomaly symbol is accompanied by postings denoting the calculated db/dt conductance, calculated B-field conductance, and the B-field value (time gate 1.953*100 7 ). Each symbol is also given an identification letter label, unique to each flight line; thin types of anomalies are also denoted using a small pink circle. The anomaly symbol legend is given below. Figure 16 - EM Anomaly Symbols (Symbols on right are only used for the N4 and C3 blocks) 3 Note: The conductances were obtained from the db/dt and B-field EM time constants (Tau) whose relationships to Tau were calculated using the oblate spheroid model of McNeill (1980) 4 Note: An explanation of the EM time constant (Tau) approach to VTEM data is provided in Appendix F. 5 Ref: McNeill, J.D. (1980). Applications of transient electromagnetic techniques, Technical Note TN.7, Geonics Ltd., Mississauga, ON, 17pp. 6 Note: q/a ratio set equal to for VTEM db/dt time constant of 3.65 msec and conductivity thickness (δt) equal to 73.2 siemens, over the Eagle One deposit. 7 Note:B-field values for all thin plate anomalies are calculated with the value 1.953* Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 27

28 EM anomaly symbols are presented in all final maps, i.e. VTEM profiles and total magnetic intensity grid. The anomalous responses have been picked on each line, reviewed and edited by a geophysicist on a line by line basis to discriminate between bedrock, overburden and culture conductors. The new channels were created in each of the Geosoft XYZ tables for the block. The identified time domain electromagnetic VTEM anomalies are listed in Appendix G. 4.4 Magnetic Data The processing of the magnetic data involved the correction for diurnal variations by using the digitally recorded ground base station magnetic values. The base station magnetometer data was edited and merged into the Geosoft GDB database on a daily basis. The aeromagnetic data was corrected for diurnal variations by subtracting the observed magnetic base station deviations. Tie line levelling was carried out by adjusting intersection points along traverse lines. A micro-levelling procedure was applied to remove persistent low-amplitude components of flight-line noise remaining in the data. The corrected magnetic data was interpolated between survey lines using a random point gridding method to yield x-y grid values for a standard grid cell size of approximately 0.25 cm at the mapping scale. The Minimum Curvature algorithm was used to interpolate values onto a rectangular regular spaced grid. The magnetic derivative analyses are obtained using algorithms developed inside the Geosoft MagMap TM platform. These FFT-based analyses are preformed directly onto the Geosoft grids of the final corrected total magnetic intensity Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 28

29 5. DELIVERABLES 5.1 Survey Report 5.2 Maps The survey report describes the data acquisition, processing, and final presentation of the survey results. The survey report is provided in two paper copies and digitally in PDF format. Final maps were produced at scale of 1:10,000 and 1:20,000. Due to the size of some survey blocks and final scale of the maps, some blocks have been spilt into separate maps sheets (see Appendix A). The coordinate/projection system used was NAD 83, UTM Zone 16 North. All maps show the flight path trace and topographic data; latitude and longitude are also noted on maps. Mineral claims, provided by the Ontario Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, are also presented on each map. The preliminary and final results of the survey are presented as EM profiles, a late-time gate gridded EM channel, color magnetic TMI contour maps, color calculated magnetic vertical contour maps, and calculated time constant (Tau) color contour maps. The following maps are presented on paper; 5.3 Digital Data VTEM B-field profiles, Time Gates ms in linear - logarithmic scale over calculated magnetic vertical gradient colour grid and EM Anomalies. VTEM db/dt profiles, Time Gates ms in linear logarithmic scale and EM Anomalies. VTEM B-field late time, Time Gate ms colour image and EM Anomalies. Total magnetic intensity (TMI) colour image and contours with EM Anomalies. Calculated magnetic vertical gradient of TMI colour grid and EM Anomalies. Time Constant (Tau) colour grid from db/dt and EM Anomalies 8. Time Constant (Tau) colour grid from B-field and EM Anomalies 8. Two copies of the data and maps on DVD were prepared to accompany the report. Each DVD contains a digital file of the line data in GDB Geosoft Montaj format as well as the maps in Geosoft Montaj Map and PDF format. 8 Note: The Bourdon West block does not have EM Tau maps as there are not anomalies picked and no EM response. The D1 block has no B-field Tau map as there are only early time EM responses, no late time signatures Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 29

30 DVD structure. format. Data Report contains databases, grids and maps, as described below. contains a copy of the report and appendices in PDF Databases in Geosoft GDB format, containing the channels listed in Table 5. Table 5 Geosoft GDB Data Format. Channel Name Description X: X positional data (metres NAD83, UTM zone 16 north) Y: Y positional data (metres NAD83, UTM zone 16 north) Z: GPS antenna elevation (metres - ASL) Lon: Longitude data (degree WGS84) Lat: Latitude data (degree WGS84) Radar: Helicopter terrain clearance from radar altimeter (metres - AGL) RadarB: EM Bird terrain clearance from radar altimeter (metres - AGL) DEM: Digital elevation model (metres) Gtime: GPS time (seconds of the day) Mag1: Raw Total Magnetic field data (nt) Basemag: Magnetic diurnal variation data (nt) Mag2: Diurnal corrected Total Magnetic field data (nt) Mag3: Leveled Total Magnetic field data (nt) NchanSF 9 : Last time channel of the 4 used to calculate TAU_SF TAUsf 9 : TAU calculated on base of db/dt data, msec NchanBF 9 : Last time channel of the 4 used to calculate TAU_BF TAUbf 9 : TAU calculated on base of Bfield data, msec BF_26 9 : Bfield msec SF[10]: db/dt 120 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[11]: db/dt 141 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[12]: db/dt 167 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[13]: db/dt 198 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[14]: db/dt 234 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[15]: db/dt 281 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[16]: db/dt 339 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[17]: db/dt 406 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[18]: db/dt 484 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[19]: db/dt 573 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) 9 Note: These channels are only present in the databases where anomalies were picked and Tau values could be calculated Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 30

31 Channel Name Description SF[20]: db/dt 682 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[21]: db/dt 818 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[22]: db/dt 974 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[23]: db/dt 1151 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[24]: db/dt 1370 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[25]: db/dt 1641 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[26]: db/dt 1953 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[27]: db/dt 2307 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[28]: db/dt 2745 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[29]: db/dt 3286 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[30]: db/dt 3911 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[31]: db/dt 4620 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[32]: db/dt 5495 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) SF[33]: db/dt 6578 microsecond time channel pv/(a*m 4 ) BF[10]: B-field 120 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[11]: B-field 141 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[12]: B-field 167 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[13]: B-field 198 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[14]: B-field 234 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[15]: B-field 281 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[16]: B-field 339 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[17]: B-field 406 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[18]: B-field 484 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[19]: B-field 573 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[20]: B-field 682 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[21]: B-field 818 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[22]: B-field 974 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[23]: B-field 1151 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[24]: B-field 1370 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[25]: B-field 1641 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[26]: B-field 1953 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[27]: B-field 2307 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[28]: B-field 2745 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[29]: B-field 3286 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[30]: B-field 3911 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[31]: B-field 4620 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[32]: B-field 5495 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) BF[33]: B-field 6578 microsecond time channel (pv*ms)/(a*m 4 ) PLM: Power Line monitor (60Hz) Anoms 9 : Classification of the Anomaly ( 1 Thick, 2 & 3 Thin) Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 31

32 Electromagnetic B-field and db/dt data is found in array channel format between indexes 10 33, as described above. Database of the VTEM Waveform 8148_Waveform.gdb in Geosoft GDB format, containing the following channels: Time: Rx_Volt: Tx_Curr: Sampling rate interval, microseconds Output voltage of the receiver coil (Volt) Output current of the transmitter (Amp) Databases of the VTEM anomalies Blockbb.xyz in Geosoft GDB format, containing the following channels: Table 6 Geosoft Anomaly XYZ description Channel Name Description X X position data NAD 83, UTM Zone 17 coordinate meters Y Y position data NAD 83, UTM Zone 17 coordinate meters Anom_ID Type of Anomaly Anom_Labels Letter Indicating the Anomaly ID, in sequence for each line Grade Classification of Anomalies, according to conductance AnBF26 B-field channel 26 value multiplied by 100 AnCondSF Apparent conductance calculated from db/dt data (Siemens) AnCondBF Apparent conductance, calculated from B-field data (Siemens) Where bb represents the block name (ie: BlockC1.xyz) Grids in Geosoft GRD format, as follows: BF26_bb: Tau_Sf_bb: Tau_BF_bb: Mag3_bb: Cvg_bb: B-Field Channel 26 (Time Gate ms) Time Constant (Tau) calculated from db/dt data (ms) Time Constant (Tau) calculated from b-field data (ms) Total magnetic intensity (nt) Calculated magnetic vertical gradient (nt/m) Where bb represents the block name (ie: BF26_C1.grd) A Geosoft.GRD file has a.gi metadata file associated with it, containing grid projection information. A grid cell size of 25 metres was used Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 32

33 Maps at 1:10,000 and 1:20,000 in Geosoft MAP format, as follows: Noront_**K_bb_bfield: Noront_**K_bb_dBdt: Noront_**K_bb_BF1953: Noront_**K_bb_TMI: Noront_**K_bb_CVG: Noront_**K_bb_TauSF: Noront_**K_bb_TauBF: B-field profiles, Time Gates ms in linear logarithmic scale over TMI and EM Anomalies. db/dt profiles, Time Gates ms in linear logarithmic scale and EM Anomalies. B-field Time Gate ms colour image and EM Anomalies. Total magnetic intensity colour image and contours with EM Anomalies. Calculated magnetic vertical gradient and EM Anomalies. Calculated db/dt Time constant (Tau) and contours with EM Anomalies. Calculated B-field Time constant (Tau) and contours with EM Anomalies. Where bb represents the block name, and ** represents the scale of the map. (ie: Noront_10k_BouldW_Bf1953.map) Maps are also presented in PDF format. 1:250,000 topographic vectors were taken from the NRCAN Geogratis database at; Google Earth files 8148_Bourdon_West.kmz, 8148_C1_Block.kmz, 8148_C3_Block.kmz, 8148_D1_Block.kmz, 8148_E1_Block.kmz, 8148_N1_Block.kmz, 8148_N3_Block.kmz, 8148_N4_Block.kmz, 8148_N5_Block.kmz, and 8148_N6_Block.kmz showing the flight path of each block. Free versions of Google Earth software from: Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 33

34 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions A helicopter-borne versatile time domain electromagnetic (VTEM) geophysical survey has been completed over ten (10) blocks near the town of Webequie in the province of Ontario, Canada. The total area coverage is km 2. Total survey line coverage is 8753 line kilometres. The principal sensors included a Time Domain EM system and a magnetometer. Results have been presented as stacked profiles, anomaly symbols, and contour colour images at a scale of 1:10,000 and 1:20,000. No Formal interpretative discussion is included but EM anomaly picking, time constant (Tau) analysis and calculated magnetic vertical gradient maps are included. 6.2 Recommendations Based on the geophysical results obtained, a number of interesting EM and magnetic anomalies were identified across the property. We therefore recommend a detailed interpretation of the EM and magnetic data, in conjunction with the geology, using inversion and modelling technique to further characterize the observed anomalies and to more accurately determine their parameters (depth, conductance, dip, etc.) prior to ground follow up and drill testing. Respectfully submitted 6, Eric Steffler Geotech Ltd. Jean Legault, P. Geo, P. Eng Geotech Ltd. Alexander Prikhodko, PhD Geotech Ltd. November Final data processing and interpretation of the EM and magnetic data were carried out by Alexander Prikhodko, from the office of Geotech Ltd. in Aurora, Ontario, under the supervision of Jean Legault, P. Geo, Manager of Data Processing and Interpretation Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 34

35 APPENDIX A SURVEY BLOCK LOCATION MAP Survey Overview Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 35

36 Survey blocks showing map sheet separations in red Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 36

37 Bourdon West Block C1 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 37

38 C3 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 38

39 D1 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 39

40 E1 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 40

41 N1 Block N3 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 41

42 N4 Blocks N5 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 42

43 N6 Block Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 43

44 APPENDIX B SURVEY BLOCK COORDINATES (NAD83, UTM Zone 16 North) Bourdon West N4 - South Portion C1 N5 X Y X Y X Y X Y D N X Y X Y E X Y N4 - North Portion X Y Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 44

45 C3 - Column 1 C3 - Column 2 C3 - Column 3 N3 X Y X Y X Y X Y N1 - West Portion X Y N1 - East Potion X Y Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 45

46 APPENDIX C VTEM WAVEFORM CXl o N Q) C :::J --, :2: 0::: o l.l W > «S :2: w f > I' ~ ~ p.. ~? ~ h---- ~ L f:= a a a a a a "" '" ":' /' r---- "'- f,; ) r-- I a a a a a a a (Q Geolecll U ti Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 46

47 APPENDIX D GEOPHYSICAL MAPS 1 E1 Survey block, VTEM B-field Channel 26, Time Gate ms with EM Anomalies 1 Note: Full size geophysical maps are also available in PDF format on the final DVD Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 47

48 E1 Survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 48

49 E1 Survey block, VTEM db/dt Profiles with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 49

50 E1 Survey block, VTEM B-field calculated time constant (Tau) with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 50

51 E1 Survey block, VTEM db/dt calculated time constant (Tau) with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 51

52 E1 Survey block, Total magnetic intensity (TMI) with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 52

53 E1 Survey block, Calculated magnetic vertical gradient of TMI with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 53

54 Bourdon West Survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 54

55 C1 Survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 55

56 C3 - North survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 56

57 C3 - South survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 57

58 C3 - West survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 58

59 ,;. "" ,"' ~.".. -I- -,,,',~,,-...,-... -,,~ ~ ) ''''-...,, n ~. ""..-..._m,,- WI _... _ -._- ~.- '.''''' U,, -.,...- U" "., 0."_-"-'1 EM Anomaly Symbols ~.I.O_ <) " 0.' e <> "' <>, ~.... I ~...-- o 1000 j meters) HAD8 I UTM lone 16N D1 survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies ~ Geolec/J Ltd Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 59

60 N1 survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 60

61 : I ill '"I''' ilr. i<' "' If I-I " ;; "', i II ' ~ ~ 111 II!!!lllnlllHIIH!!!l til Ii tialiliuiillunlulhllillillilliii N3 Survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies ~ Geolec/J Ltd Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 61

62 N4 - North survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies N4 - South survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 62

63 N5 - East survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 63

64 N5 - West survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 64

65 i! ~ --!, Ill r. i, I f.. I i -t- '" ".. ~,.," --'-'.'-""" u --_.., "'-- EM -'--0 _ _ " - 'e -... b U "'-"-. ~,"-",-. "",,~ NAO&J I UTItI...,IN N6 survey block, VTEM B-field Profiles and CVG grid with EM Anomalies ~ Geolec/J Ltd Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 65

66 APPENDIX E GENERALIZED MODELING RESULTS OF THE VTEM SYSTEM Introduction Introduction The VTEM system is based on a concentric or central loop design, whereby, the receiver is positioned at the centre of a 26.1 metres diameter transmitter loop that produces a dipole moment up to 401,180 nia at peak current. The wave form is a bi-polar, modified square wave with a turn-on and turn-off at each end. With a base frequency of 30 Hz, the duration of each pulse is approximately 7.3 milliseconds followed by an off time where no primary field is present. During turn-on and turn-off, a time varying field is produced (db/dt) and an electro-motive force (emf) is created as a finite impulse response. A current ring around the transmitter loop moves outward and downward as time progresses. When conductive rocks and mineralization are encountered, a secondary field is created by mutual induction and measured by the receiver at the centre of the transmitter loop. Measurements are made during the on and off-time, when only the secondary field (representing the conductive targets encountered in the ground) is present. Efficient modeling of the results can be carried out on regularly shaped geometries, thus yielding close approximations to the parameters of the measured targets. The following is a description of a series of common models made for the purpose of promoting a general understanding of the measured results. General Modeling Concepts A set of models has been produced for the Geotech VTEM system with explanation notes (see models C1 to C18). The reader is encouraged to review these models, so as to get a general understanding of the responses as they apply to survey results. While these models do not begin to cover all possibilities, they give a general perspective on the simple and most commonly encountered anomalies. When producing these models, a few key points were observed and are worth noting as follows: For near vertical and vertical plate models, the top of the conductor is always located directly under the centre low point between the two shoulders in the classic M shaped response Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 66

67 As the plate is positioned at an increasing depth to the top, the shoulders of the M shaped response, have a greater separation distance. When faced with choosing between a flat lying plate and a prism model to represent the target (broad response) some ambiguity is present and caution should be exercised. With the concentric loop system and Z-component receiver coil, virtually all types of conductors and most geometries are most always well coupled and a response is generated (see Figures C17 & C18). Only concentric loop systems can map such wide varieties of target geometries. The Maxwell TM modeling program (EMIT Technology Pty. Ltd. Midland, WA, AU) used to generate the following responses assumes a resistive half-space. Variation of Plate Depth Geometries represented by plates of different strike length, depth extent, dip, plunge and depth below surface can be varied with characteristic parameters like conductance of the target, conductance of the host and conductivity/thickness and thickness of the overburden layer. Diagrammatic models for a vertical plate are shown in Figures C-1 & C-2 and C-5 & C-6 at two different depths, all other parameters remaining constant. With this transmitter-receiver geometry, the classic M shaped response is generated. Figures C-1 and C-2 show a plate where the top is near surface. Here, amplitudes of the duel peaks are higher and symmetrical with the zero centre positioned directly above the plate. Most important is the separation distance of the peaks. This distance is small when the plate is near surface and widens with a linear relationship as the plate (depth to top) increases. Figures C-5 and C-6 show a much deeper plate where the separation distance of the peaks is much wider and the amplitudes of the channels have decreased. Variation of Plate Dip As the plate dips and departs from the vertical position, the peaks become asymmetrical. Figures C-3 & C-4 and C-7 and C-8 show a near surface plate dipping 80º at two different depths. Note that the direction of dip is toward the high shoulder of the response and the top of the plate remains under the centre minimum. As the dip increases, the aspect ratio (Min/Max) decreases and this aspect ratio can be used as an empirical guide to dip angles from near 90º to about 30º. The method is not sensitive enough where dips are less than about 30º. For example, for a plate dipping 45º, the minimum shoulder starts to vanish. In Figures C-9 & C-10 and C-11 & C-12, a flat lying plate is shown, relatively near surface Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 67

68 Note that the twin peak anomaly has been replaced by a symmetrical shape with large, bell shaped, channel amplitudes which decay relative to the conductance of the plate. In the special case where two plates are positioned to represent a synclinal structure. Note that the main characteristic is that the centre amplitudes are higher (approximately double) compared to the high shoulder of a single plate. This model is very representative of tightly folded formations where the conductors where once flat lying. Variation of Prism Dip Finally, with thicker, prism models, another algorithm is required to represent current on the plate. A plate model is considered to be infinitely thin with respect to thickness and incapable of representing the current in the thickness dimension. A prism model is constructed to deal with this problem, thereby, representing the thickness of the body more accurately. Figures C-13 & C-14 and C-15 & C-16 show the same prism at the same depths with variable dips. Aside from the expected differences asymmetry prism anomalies show a characteristic change from a double-peaked anomaly to single peak signatures Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 68

69 I. THIN PLATE Figure C-1: db/dt response of a shallow vertical thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-2: B-field response of a shallow vertical thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment. Figure C-3: db/dt response of a shallow skewed thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-4: B-field response of a shallow skewed thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 69

70 Figure C-5: db/dt response of a deep vertical thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-6: B-Field response of a deep vertical thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment. Figure C-7: db/dt response of a deep skewed thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-8: B-field response of a deep skewed thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 70

71 Figure C-9: db/dt response of a shallow horizontal thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-10: B-Field response of a shallow horizontal thin plate. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment. Figure C-11: db/dt response of a deep horizontal thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-12: B-Field response of a deep horizontal thin plate. Depth=200 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 71

72 II. THICK PLATE Figure C-13: db/dt response of a shallow vertical thick plate. Depth=100 m, C=12 S/m, thickness=20 m. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-14: B-Field response of a shallow vertical thick plate. Depth=100 m, C=12 S/m, thickness= 20 m. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment. Figure C-15: db/dt response of a shallow skewed thick plate. Depth=100 m, C=12 S/m, thickness=20 m. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-16: B-Field response of a shallow skewed thick plate. Depth=100 m, C=12 S/m, thickness=20 m. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 72

73 III. MULTIPLE THIN PLATES Figure C-17: db/dt response of two vertical thin plates. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment and the Rx area. Figure C-18: B-Field response of two vertical thin plates. Depth=100 m, CT=20 S. The EM response is normalized by the dipole moment Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 73

74 General Interpretation Principals Magnetics The total magnetic intensity responses reflect major changes in the magnetite and/or other magnetic minerals content in the underlying rocks and unconsolidated overburden. Precambrian rocks have often been subjected to intense heat and pressure during structural and metamorphic events in their history. Original signatures imprinted on these rocks at the time of formation have, it most cases, been modified, resulting in low magnetic susceptibility values. The amplitude of magnetic anomalies, relative to the regional background, helps to assist in identifying specific magnetic and non-magnetic rock units (and conductors) related to, for example, mafic flows, mafic to ultramafic intrusives, felsic intrusives, felsic volcanics and/or sediments etc. Obviously, several geological sources can produce the same magnetic response. These ambiguities can be reduced considerably if basic geological information on the area is available to the geophysical interpreter. In addition to simple amplitude variations, the shape of the response expressed in the wave length and the symmetry or asymmetry, is used to estimate the depth, geometric parameters and magnetization of the anomaly. For example, long narrow magnetic linears usually reflect mafic flows or intrusive dyke features. Large areas with complex magnetic patterns may be produced by intrusive bodies with significant magnetization, flat lying magnetic sills or sedimentary iron formation. Local isolated circular magnetic patterns often represent plug-like igneous intrusives such as kimberlites, pegmatites or volcanic vent areas. Because the total magnetic intensity (TMI) responses may represent two or more closely spaced bodies within a response, the second derivative of the TMI response may be helpful for distinguishing these complexities. The second derivative is most useful in mapping near surface linears and other subtle magnetic structures that are partially masked by nearby higher amplitude magnetic features. The broad zones of higher magnetic amplitude, however, are severely attenuated in the vertical derivative results. These higher amplitude zones reflect rock units having strong magnetic susceptibility signatures. For this reason, both the TMI and the second derivative maps should be evaluated together. Theoretically, the second derivative, zero contour or color delineates the contacts or limits of large sources with near vertical dip and shallow depth to the top. The vertical gradient map also aids in determining contact zones between rocks with a susceptibility contrast, however, different, more complicated rules of thumb apply Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 74

75 Concentric Loop EM Systems Concentric systems with horizontal transmitter and receiver antennae produce much larger responses for flat lying conductors as contrasted with vertical plate-like conductors. The amount of current developing on the flat upper surface of targets having a substantial area in this dimension, are the direct result of the effective coupling angle, between the primary magnetic field and the flat surface area. One therefore, must not compare the amplitude/conductance of responses generated from flat lying bodies with those derived from near vertical plates; their ratios will be quite different for similar conductances. Determining dip angle is very accurate for plates with dip angles greater than 30º. For angles less than 30º to 0º, the sensitivity is low and dips can not be distinguished accurately in the presence of normal survey noise levels. A plate like body that has near vertical position will display a two shoulder, classic M shaped response with a distinctive separation distance between peaks for a given depth to top. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between responses associated with the edge effects of flat lying conductors and poorly conductive bedrock conductors. Poorly conductive bedrock conductors having low dip angles will also exhibit responses that may be interpreted as surficial overburden conductors. In some situations, the conductive response has line to line continuity and some magnetic correlation providing possible evidence that the response is related to an actual bedrock source. The EM interpretation process used, places considerable emphasis on determining an understanding of the general conductive patterns in the area of interest. Each area has different characteristics and these can effectively guide the detailed process used Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 75

76 The first stage is to determine which time gates are most descriptive of the overall conductance patterns. Maps of the time gates that represent the range of responses can be very informative. Next, stacking the relevant channels as profiles on the flight path together with the second vertical derivative of the TMI is very helpful in revealing correlations between the EM and Magnetics. Next, key lines can be profiled as single lines to emphasize specific characteristics of a conductor or the relationship of one conductor to another on the same line. Resistivity Depth sections can be constructed to show the relationship of conductive overburden or conductive bedrock with the conductive anomaly. Roger Barlow Consultant Nasreddine Bournas, P. Geo. Geotech Ltd. November Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 76

77 APPENDIX F EM TIME CONSTANT (TAU) ANALYSIS Theory As established in electromagnetic theory, the magnitude of the electro-motive force (emf ) induced is proportional to the time rate of change of primary magnetic field at the conductor. This emf causes eddy currents to flow in the conductor with a characteristic decay, whose Time Constant (Tau) is a function of the conductivity and geometry of the survey target. The decaying currents generate a proportional secondary magnetic field, the time rate of change of which is measured by the receiver coil as induced voltage during the Off time. The receiver coil output voltage (e 0 ) is proportional to the time rate of change of the secondary magnetic field and has the form, (t / τ) e 0 α (1 / τ) e Where, τ = L/R is the characteristic time constant of the target R = resistance L = inductance From the expression, conductive targets that have small value of resistance and hence large value of τ yield signals with small initial amplitude that decays relatively slowly with progress of time. Conversely, signals from poorly conducting targets that have large resistance value and smallτ, have high initial amplitude but decay rapidly with time 11. EM Time Constant (Tau) Calculation The EM Time-Constant (TAU) is a general measure of the speed of decay of the electromagnetic response and indicates the presence of eddy currents in conductive sources as well as reflecting the conductance quality of a source. Although Tau can be calculated using either the measured db/dt decay or the calculated B-field decay, db/dt is commonly preferred due to better stability (S/N) relating to signal noise. Generally, TAU calculated on base of early time response reflects both near surface overburden and poor conductors whereas, in the late ranges of time, deep and more conductive sources, respectively. For example early time TAU distributions in an area that is indicative of conductive overburden are shown in Figure 1. 1 McNeill, JD, 1980, Applications of Transient Electromagnetic Techniques, Technical Note TN-7 page 5, Geonics Limited, Mississauga, Ontario Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 77

78 1. McNeill, JD, 1980, Applications of Transient Electromagnetic Techniques, Technical Note TN-7 page 5, Geonics Limited, Mississauga, Ontario. Figure F1 - Area with overburden conductive layer and local sources. If TAU is calculated across a wide range of time it becomes an integrated parameter and can be used to differentiate conductive sources (Figure 2). Figure F2 - Map of B-field (left) and TAU (right) with EM anomaly picks due to deep conductive targets. There are many advantages of TAU maps: - Because TAU is time integral parameter, all conductive zones and targets are displayed independently of their depth and conductivity on a single map Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 78

79 - Very good differential resolution in complex conductive places with many sources with different conductivity. - Signs of the presence of good conductive targets are amplified and emphasized independently of their depth and level of response accordingly. - Targets which create negative responses in certain known geologic situations, for example due to the relative location of the target, the conductive cover and the coincident geometry of the VTEM system, will usually produce a positive TAU. In the example shown in Figure 3, three local targets are defined, each of them with a different depth of burial, as indicated on the conductivity depth image (CDI). All are very good conductors but the deeper target (number 3) has a relatively weak db/dt signal yet also features the strongest total TAU (Figure 4). This example highlights the benefit of Tau analysis in terms of an additional target discrimination tool. Figure F3 db/dt profile and CDI with different depths of sources (white lines) Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 79

80 Figure F4 Map of total TAU and db/dt profile. The EM Time Constants for db/dt and B-field were calculated using the sliding Tau in-house program developed at Geotech, using a method similar to the adtau of Witherly and Irvine (Condor Consulting Ltd., Lakewood, CO). The EM decays are obtained from all 24 available decay channels, starting at the latest channel (ch33). Time constants are taken from a least square fit of a straight-line (log/linear space) over the last 4 gates above a pre-set signal threshold level (Figure F5). Threshold setting for the current project were pv/a*m4 for db/dt and pv*ms/a*m4 for B-field. The sliding Tau method determines that, as the amplitudes increase, the time-constant is taken at progressively later times in the EM decay. Conversely, as the amplitudes decrease, Tau is taken at progressively earlier times in the decay. If the maximum signal amplitude falls below the threshold, or becomes negative for any of the 4 time gates, then Tau is not calculated and is assigned a value of 0.0ms by default. Alexander Prikhodko, PhD Geotech Ltd. Nasreddine Bournas, PhD, P. Geo. Geotech Ltd. Vlad Kaminski, PhD Geotech Ltd. November Report on Airborne Geophysical Survey for Noront Resources Ltd. 80