IN TTK MBRACBAK the vessels are medium to large sis# and. normally solitary, usually few, occasionally ring porous and

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1 t M WOOD

2 124 T H B WOOD IN TTK MBRACBAK the vessels are medium to large sis# and normally solitary, usually few, occasionally ring porous and with spiral thickening. The perforations are simple, inter- vascular pitting minute to large, pits i*» parenchyma usually round to elongated, members of medium length to extremely short, Paronchyraa typically paratracheal, usually aliform to confluent, s o u e tl^ s forcing regular bands. Ray 1 15 (usually 3-6) cells wide, usually slightly hetrogeneous to homogeneous, with few and low uniseriates, but aftre m rkedly hetrogeneous in a few s p s d e s. Fit^ys with simple or vary small bordered p it s, often septate, usually of medium length to moderately short. Latex tubes present in the rays of many genera (Metcalfe and Chalk, ).

3 125 MORES Topography * porous Vessels - Mostly vary few to few (2-5 P r m*i2 ) in mature wood, occasionally numerous (10-25 par mm2 ). Distribution solitary or in clusters towards the oentre or infrequently in multiples of 1-2 or 2-3 cells. radial rows, rarely angular. Pores round to oval in short Diameter variable. The walls of vessels thin to thick. The end walls straight to oblique* Perforations simple, usually bordered. Intervascular fitting alternate in radial section. Pits isodiaaatric, oval or rounded, "iedium~sized, crowded or not erowded or la distinctly so. Tyloses usually present, thin walled. The vessel elements widely variable 2*f - 520)tt long, 8-100)1 wide. Rays - Few to numerous 1-2(-3) or l-*f seriate, most of the uni seriate rays are aesorrtpanled by bi seriate central segments, occasionally tending towards m lt ls e n a t e. Bhiseriate rays common to rare. A ll rays heterocellular of IIjj type at *mturlty. Vesse^ray pitting mostly alternate, unusually crowded occasionally not so. Pits isodiaraetric or rounded apertures. Crystalloid stzuetures common In son rays. R^ys u long, h - 50)1 wide* Axial p a r e n c h y m a. commonly absent in young wood or at most scarce, forming at maturity tangential patches of apotracheal parenchyma, or scanty to prominent paratracheal or unilaterally paratraeheal patches; or m y be confluent type with continuous or discontinuous bands.

4 126 Septate or unsept ate. Pitting is minute. The walla thin, alternate or scalarifor, measure I 60p in length, crystalloid structures are present. Key to species 1* Vessels few, solitary or in multiples 80~Mf0ji long, 28-60ji vide. Rays mostly lsultiserlate...,.,.... M. nigra 1. Vessels few to numerous, comnonly solitary. 2* Vessels not more than luou long and 6Qp wide, rays l-*f s e r i a t e... M.bombyols 2. Vessels aore than lwoji long and 60u wide but never bey (aid 55 >i long and 100)i wide 3. Walls th in, vessel elements p long, 20-80(-100);«wide, rays 1 - b to u ltise r iate... M.latlfolla 3. Walls thin to thick, rays l-2(-3) seriate* Vessel elements ja long, 20-<120ji wids m.alba The range in structure of wood within each species & described below and the results have been arranged in form of "Keys" for an easy comparison. Characters com non to all or as In the genua are not given, unless necessary as key characters.

5 127 H. M im S ix varieties ware available for the study of wood, and they sh'wed rather distinct peculiarities, as shown below * 1. Vessels few to nuraerous, usually solitaryf diameter variable. Pores round to oval, isodiametrlc. 2. Vessels always few, solitary but usually in clusters towards the centre in Togowase and very frequently in multiples of 3*6 cells in K 27. Their diameter is variable, in togowase. They are in short rows. The end m i l s of vessel elements straight and oblique. Intravascular pitting alternate in radial section. Pits rounded and medlira-slzed. 3. Vessel elements walls thin to thick, sad walls of vessel elenents rarely opposite. Pits crowded, usually bordered. Vessel elements ^ long, 20-60ji wide. Tylosis not noticed... Togowase 3. Vessel element walls thin. Pits not crowded, indistinctly bordered and oval. Vessel elements M)«320u long, 28-60)1 wide. Tyloses very coooon (P I. XVI a)... If ff7 2. Vessels not unifor&aly few b. Few to moderately numerous, solitary, occasionally in clusters of l 2

6 128 *>. Pores round, in short radial rows, vessel elements Uo-300u long, u wide. Tylosis conraon, thin walled (P I. XVI b) LifrtinfliBa 5. Pores oval, crowded or nearly so. if. Tyloses rarely present (P I.X V I c)... m Few to numerous, solitary and in clusters, In short rows, pores round, rarely angular, end walls of vessel elements oblique, walls thin, pits crowded, vessel elements 80-2*>0p long, 30-60;a wide. Tyloses rarely present (P I. XVI d)... Tond,eso 1. Vessels numerous, solitary but sometimes multiples of 2*3 cells always present, which may he numerous towards the rith, in short radial rows. Pores very rarely angular, vessel elements 2^-30(^lo n g, 8-100ju wide. Pits oval, "tedium sized, crowded to not crowded. Tyloses present, occasionally thin w alled(pl.x7i a).... Tsukasukwa 1. Pits nlnute, ray cell walls thin seriate 3. Vascular rays as seen in tangential section numerous, mostly 2 and 3 seriate, most of the

7 129 i f i uniserlate'randl accompanied with 2*3 seriate cantra^segments. Ray cells are variable in dimension. Fitting alternate and crowded, pits round, crystalloid structures in rays common. b, TMiserlate rays cannon, ray 8o-J&8)a long, 6-UO)a wide (P I, XVI f tg) Togowase H-. Uni seriate rays rare, rays 1-M- seriate, ji long, 8-5Ctyi w id e... Tomleso 3. Vascular rays few, 1-2(-3) seriate 5* Most of the uniseriata rays are accompanied by biseriate central segments. Pits not crowded, rounded* cells variable in sizes p long, 6-l6)i wide. Crystalloid structures occasionally present. Tyloses present (P I. XVI tf)...k 27 5* Pits alternate, crowded, oval, u long, 8-50u wide. Rqy cells more or less isodiametric, crystalloid structures usually absent..... Tsukasukwa 2. I-1* seriate, crystalloid structures common. 1. Pits crowded 6. Tendency towards multi seriate, pits crowded, 80-2M)0]u long, 6-60)i wide, heterocellular (P I. XVI b,k ) p o

8 Ho such tendency, + \xnlseriate ray*, pits alternate, **c-300p long, ;a wide, radial canals present, tylosis very cosmos! (P I. XVI j, l )......Xdanooina Paratracheal, confluent (in tangential section), discontinuous, pits ninute, sometimes banded Occasionally septate, ju... Togowase Always unseptate K 27 2kO -6kO )i... Totals so p... k t m a s im p... Taukftanlcwa )1... KNQ mm Mtm m Five varieties are considered here and they showed well marked characteristics, as detailed below in forra * f a keyt 1. Very fsw to few, mostly solitary, thin w alled, pores round, diameter very small in young woodcpl.xvti a ), intervascular pitting normally alternate, pits isodianetric, oval. 2. Occasionally vessels in cluster at two ends or in short radial rows 3«100* 520^1 long, U0-60u w ide,tylosis occasionally present and thin walled,

9 131 pitting occasionally appearing opposite, pits crowded... floahopoftr^ 3* IOO-22O511 long, **0-80ju v id e, tyloses un-npticed, vessels with spiral thlcknings (p i. xvn e,f ) 2. Always solitary both in long as well as in short rows (P1.X7Z b ), pore diameter increasing with age, 6o-M)Cju long, U0-100^ wide, tylosis rarely present, pitting rarely opposite (P I. XVII g ), p its thick, vessels with spiral thickening... Rokokauso 1. Numerous, th in, solitary, in short row s(pl.xvii c,4 ), pores round, pitting alternate, pits crowded, oval, Isodiametric, vessels with spiral thickening, rarely in clusters towards the centre. Pore diameter m a l l In young wood, larger In mature wood, vessel elements ;* long, **0«60ju wide, tylosis occasionally present.... K 20 b. Pore diameter variable in young as well as mature wood, ^. long, 20-80ju v id e, pits rarely opposite, tylesfis rare S a O L 1. Few to numerous, with both upright and procumbent, isodiaaetric cells of various sizes, 1*3 seriate, cells contain crystalloid structures, pitting alternate, crowded, walls th in, pits oval (PI. XVII h,i). 2, 80-lH-20u long, 8-3 5u wide

10 )1 long, 8-50ja vide Goahoyoerami 1. Numerous, pits as in above but, minute (-if) seriate, Jitewsellular, 10-80Op long, 6-52fX wide (P I. XVXX J, K )......R oteokauso seriate to araltiseriate W ^ l o n g, 6J+5>i v i d e, o c c a s i o n a l l y l-1* s e r i a t e, r a d i a l a e o r e t a r y o a n a l s p r e s e n t (p i. xra i)... fttearat k )1 l o n g, 8-l+0p w i d e ( F l.x V I I 2 0 A b s e n t i n y o u n g w o o d, b e c o m ing p r o a i n e n t i n m ature w o o d, p i t s m i n u t e, w a l l s t h i n, c r y s t a l l o i d s u b s t a n c e s p r e s e n t i n m ost c e l l s. 1. S c a n t y p a r a t r a o h e a l o r u n i l a t e r a l l y p a r a t r a e h e a l, c o n f l u e n t t y p e w i t h c o n t i n u o u s b a n d s ( P I.X V I I a ), unseptate j i l o n g... Kairyoroge ( a ) 70-8UO;u long... Rokokauso )1 long...qoshnvoftratni 1. In mature wood paratraoheal and eo nfluent, in continuous bands >j long... K l50-6**0p long K 21

11 133 MORUS BOMBYCIS Only four varieties were available in this species* Their characteristics are keyed out as follows t 1. Few, mostly solitary (PI. XVIII a ), pores usually round, perforations si-nple, commonly bordered) intervascular pitting alternate, occasionally opposite (PI. m i l e,f), in culsters towards pith region, in short rows) pores occasionally polygonal towards pith, )1 wide) 28-(1f0)-60>i long, tyloses present, thin waned... la&2la & ak & 1. Numerous, tylosfes present, thin walled. 2. In long rows, occasionally in dusters (especially towards periphery), pitting both alternate and occasionally sclariform (-!00)]a long, 28-60(l*f8)>i vide (PI. XVIII b,g,h,k )... Senamatsu lM)ia long? WS-60-(116);u wide (PI* m i l c,j )... Shlmnouohi 2. In short rows, towards pith in clusters, 56-MfOju long, 2M#Ojti wide; pitting alternate and opposite, crowded(pi.xviii d )... Ichlhei M X * 1. Moderately few, pitting as In vessels cells, ^1 long, 16-M^u wide (PI. m i l l,a )... Shlmnouohi 2. 1*3 cells, j» long, 12-36^» wide (PI. m i l 1).... Senamatsu

12 IM 1. Numerous, 1-k seriate, pitting as in vessels )1 long, k 60yi vide, vails thiok crystalloid structures present (PI. m i l n) loo-ljoo^i long, wide, walls thin, crystalloid structures mostly present (PI. XVIII o) Iehihai Absent in young wood, at maturity tangential patches of paratracheal parenehynm formed with random orientation, pitting minute, walls thin. 1. Borders distinct 2. l60-**80p long... Bnshotakauaukae 1. Borders indistinct )a longi**... Senamatsu )1 l o n g... Shiranouchi )1 long... Xohjhei m m m m feasali Few, solitary as well as in multiples, poras round, walls of vessel elements thin (PI. XIX a ); perforation plate simple, end walls of the vessel elements oblique (PI. XIX b); and rarely straight, Intervascular pitting alternate, commonly bordered. Pits crowded to uncrowded,* lsodiametric, oval and rounded, medium sized. Vessel elements 80-M+0)i long, 28-60)1 wide, tylosis present*

13 155 Raya Hwierous (in tangential section) mostly multi seriate, unseriate rays (PI* XIX c) also frequent, most of the biseriate rays accorapanied by unlseriate central segments, rays heterocellular I IB type (PI. XIX b ). Pits minute, crowded, alternate rounded. Ray cell walls thin, most of the ray cell# accompanied by crystalloid structures? 80-I500ju long (l-*f seriate) wide. Faratracheal, confluent, continuous, 2**0-1000^itlong, unseptate, pitting very squall*

14 FICUS Topography - Porous Teasels - Pew to very few (2-5 per wa2), or moderately numerous (10-20 per mo2) * of 1-2(-3) or 8-12 cells. Distribution solitary or In dusters Pores round,thin to thick walled, rarely angular. Diameter varies from young to old wood. End walls generally oblique. Perforations simple, coamonly bordered. opposite. Intervascular pitting altemate-scalariforn rarely Pits isodiametrie, oval or elongated, crowded or not, vessel elements 30(80)-6*t0p long, 12-9 u wide. TylosAs present or absent, thin walled. Rays - Few to numerous, cowaonly multiseriate, occasionally uniseriate and then (sometimes) accompanied by centrally placed fragments of multiseriate rays. Rays heterocellular of Type Ilg. Vessel ray pitting alternate, crowded or not. Pits isodiametric, minute, round. Blackish contents and crystalloid substances in ray cells. The latter 80-*+600ji long, 8-260^ wide, round to squarish, thick walled. Axial parenchyma - Paratracheal, discontinuous to continuous, p, pitting minute, uncrowded, occasionally septate, usually unseptate, confluent* mz Vessels few to #ery few 2. Rays few to numerous 3. Usually multiseriate,vessels longer, (80 - hooji)... F.roxburghll

15 157. (rays fewer), usually uniseriate,vessels shorter (60-260)2} F.glo-aerata 2. Rays numerous *. Uni and multiseriate... Eairnala U-. Usually multiseriate... F.bengalen 1. Vessels numerous, ^rays few to numerous) 5. Solitary as well as in clusters 6. Vessels longer(60-6*f0)i),pits minute... F.ounla 6. Vessels not long (30-**00p) t pits crowded, occasionally septate...f.hispida 5. Mostly in clusters, vessels shorter (60-280p), pits crowded... F.religiosa m m M l Few to very few, solitary as well as in 1-3 cell clusters (PI. XX a ). Pores mostly round, very rarely angular. Diameter variable from young to mature wood, vessels thick walled. Intervascular pitting alternate, rarely opposite and solarifora (PI. XX b ), distinctly bordered. Pits crowded, medium size, round, oval, oblique end walls mostly common. Perforations simple. Vessel elements **0-300p long, 20-*>Qu wide. Tyloses present frequently thin walled (PI. XX c). m m Numerous. Heterocellular 11$ type. Rays multiseriate, occasionally a uniseriate. Ray cells round, squarish (rarely),

16 V58 thick walled, vary in their size (PI* XX d,e ). Pits minute, crowded, isodiaaetrlc, alternate, Crystals present, Rays 80-60Op long, 8-60)i wide. 43cial jmmsmtk Paratracheal, discontinuous, confluent, ^. Pitting present (minute) - (PI. XX a,c) FICUS RSLIGIOSA Numerous, mostly in clusters of 8-12 cells(pi.xxi a ), some cells are solitary. Pores round and angular, In short rows. Diameter of vessels variable even vessels lying in clusters, walls of vessel elements thick. Intervascular pitting alternate occasionally solariform. Pits isodiametrlc, commonly bordered, crowded, medium sized. Perforations simple, end walls oblique. Vessel elements p long + 20jx wide. Tyloses unnoticed. Rays Few to abundantly numerous, both uni and multi seriate, frequency of the latter more, uni seriate rays accompanied with fragments of multi seriate central segments. Rays heteroceulular I I B type (PI. XXI b ). Ray cells vary in their size, pitting alternate, minute, crowded. Pits of same nature as of vessel*! crystals present in the ray cells which are squarish or rhomboldal in shape. Rays 2! ju long, M)-8o^i wide. Rays with dark stained contents.

17 1*59 Paratracheal, confluent, discontinuous, u, pits slnpla uncrowded. Sf.sas.ui FICUS KISPIDA numerous, solitary as well as 3-celled even more clustered vessels (PI. XXII a ), diameter variable. Pores round. Cell walls of vessel elements thin to thick. Intervascular pitting alternate, pits isodiametrie, oval or elongate occasionally solariforra, crowded to not crowded(pi.xxii b ). Perforation si'nple, eomtffcsnly bordered. Pits medium sized. Vessels elements 30-ifOOp long, 20-80ju wide. Tyloses present or absent, large or s iall, thin walled* SMflL Few to numerous, both uniseriate and multiseriate, most of the uniserlate rays accompanied by bi-triseriate fragments of central segments; rays heterocellular IIB type(pi.xxii c,d ). Hay cells of both round, squarish, rectangular. Pitting minute crowded to not crowded, minute, fits isodiametrie, oval, ray cells thin as well as thick walled. Hays ^ long, 20~2U-0]u wide. Hay cells laid with crystalloid substances. Paratracheal, confluent, and discontinuous, banded (PI. XXII a ). Pitting minute but prominent, measure p. Pits crowded, occasionally septate.

18 140 FICtJS CURIA Tst&aala V^ry nunerous, solitary (FI* XXIII a ), sometimes In clusters. Pores round occasionally angular. Diameter variable both In young and mature wood. Vessel elements thin walled. Perforations simple, commonly bordered. %id vails + oblique (PI. XXIH b ). Intervascular pitting alternate. Occasionally sclariform. Pits oval, rounded,elongated + of same diameter, crowded to not crowded (PI. XXIII b,c ), medium sised.vessels )1 long, 20-60)1 wide. Tyloses present, thin vailed. Rays Few to numerous, vmiseriate and multi seriate (PI. XXIII d). Rays heterocellular IIB type (PI.XXIII e ). Ray cells of variable sizes, round, squarish, and + rectangular. Pitting sama as in vessels, but minute and crowded. Isodiametrlc, ray cells thinthick vailed, and **8-360ji long and l2-260ja vide. Ray e-ills contain crystals. Paratracheal, confluent, and continuous bandedcpi.xxiii a)* Pitting minute, measure 120-U 0)i. Occasionally septate. FICUS PALMATA Fev, solitary as veil as in lusters of cells (PI. XXIV a). Pores rounded as well as angular. Diameter of the vessels vary from young to mature vood, vails of vessel elements thin. Intervascular pitting alternate, rarely opposite,bordered

19 141 (PI* XXIV b ). Pits isodiarae trio, crowded, madlium sized. End walls of vessels both horizontal and oblique (PI.XXI? b ). Perforation plates slagple. The vessel elements ;a long and 20-90U wide. Tyloses are unnoticed. SaziL. Numerous, both uni as well as multiseriate, of heterocellular IIb type (P I. XXI? c,d ). Most of the uniseriate rays accompanied by biseriate or multiseriate centraljsegnents. Ray cells of variable sizes, pitted ninutely, crowded, pitting same as in vessels. Ray cells thick walled, )i long (l-*f seriate), 8-if0ju wide, occasionally accompanied by radial canals (P I. XXI? e)«crystalloid contents present. Paratracheal, banded, confluent, pitting minute, uncrowded, )1 (P I. XXI? a)?essels MBS fictflm m?ery few, solitary, rarely in 1-2 celled clusters. Pores rounded (PI. XX? a ), thin to thick walled. Intervasoular pitting alternate to sclariform. Pits oval (PI. XX? b ), coimonly bordered, crowded to not crowded, medium sized) perforations sinrple. Diameter of vessels variable.?essel elements long, 12-68]li wide. Tyloses vhen present distinctly thin walled. SaPl. Pew to nibierous, conmonly multiseriate, occasionally

20 142 uni seriate? the lattdlr sometimes accompanied by centrally fragments of multiseriate rays. Rays heterocellular IIB type, ray cells vary in size, both round and squarish type,90-u60pu long, 10-70^1 wide (PI. XXV c ). Pitting alternate, crowded to not crowded, pits minute, round. Ray cells usually with blackish and crystalloid contents. Axial parenchyma Paratracheal, confluent, continuous banded, j*# Pitting minute. Vessels mom OLQMgWTA ^evr to very few; mostly solitary, occasionally in clusters of 1-2 even 3 cells. Pores round (FI. XXVI a ), (rarely angular). Diameter variable from young to mature wood, walls of the vessel elements thin to thick. Perforation plates simple, end walls generally oblique. Intervascular pitting alternate, bordered, crowded. Pits isodiametrie, oval, round, medium sized (PI. XXVI b ). Vessel clement a ;u long* 20-80p wide. Tyloses unnoticed, M L Few, commonly uniseriate as well as bi-ttiseriate, heterocellular Ilg type (PI. XXVI c ). Ray cells of different sizes, round, squarish. Pitting minute, same type of pitting as in vessels. Ray cells mostly filled with small rounded fragments of crystals yhich are common in parenchyma cells* Ray cells thick walled, 80-38M3jU long (1-3 seriate) and 8-30ja wide.

21 Paratracheal, confluent and continuous bandscpl.xxvt Pitting minute, ^1* Pits are uncrowdad, unsaptate.

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