PART TWO: 7 KEY MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES AND CASE STUDIES Keysight Technologies 2019 JAN. JianHuaWu

Transcription

1 PART TWO: 7 KEY MEASUREMENT CHALLENGES AND CASE STUDIES Keysight Technologies 2019 JAN JianHuaWu 1

2 Signal Quality mmw, Waveform, Fidelity Scheduling Lots of Channels MIMO/Beamforming Life Beyond Connectors Over-the-Air Channel Characterizing & Emulating

3 U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E C H A N N E L I S O B V I O U S LY C R I T I C A L T O S U C C E S S 3

4 Channel h t Radio Channel = Propagation path between Tranceivers => Antenna beam pattern * Multipath Propagation * Mobility + Interference PROPAGATION INTERFERENCE Noise Thermal Noise Broadband noise from PAs Adjacent cells/users Modulated waveforms Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference 4

5 2G <3 GHz, 200 khz BW Non-spatial TDL 3G <3 GHz, 5 MHz BW Non-spatial TDL 4G < 6 GHz, 20 MHz BW Non-spatial TDL conducted tests SCME CDL MIMO OTA (radiated) 3D MIMO (for BS elevation beamforming studies) 5G GHz, >1 GHz BW Spatial CDL Channel models have been developed over many decades based primarily on channel measurements (sounding) More recently, Ray Tracing of modelled environments has become possible TDL - Tapped delay line (time only) CDL Cluster delay line (time and space) SCME Spatial channel model extended The trend is from non-spatial to spatial models which implies testing has to be done OTA 5

6 BTS and UE(s) need to have seamless interoperability on beam refinement and change, and eventually handover to next cell and/or fallback to LTE Highly blocking channel conditions high probability on link collapse - how to mitigate? BTS Where is my next Beam? Fast & reliable beam management needed Fast fading filtered out on gain curves to have clearer visual UE speed 30km/h Fading Cluster AoD s are dynamic 6

7 C O R N E R D I F F R A C T I O N S T U D Y ftp.3gpp.org/tsg_ran/wg1_rl1/tsgr1_84b/docs/r zip How well do 60 GHz signals bend round corners? 7

8 C O R N E R D I F F R A C T I O N S T U D Y AT 3. 5 G H Z T H E S H A D O W E F F E C T I S M U C H L E S S P R O N O U N C E D E V E N AT 2 M D I S TA N C E W I T H 4 0 C M O F T R AV E L : 6 0 G H Z I S AT D B 3. 5 G H Z I S AT - 8 D B Sharp attenuation at 60 GHz 8

9 C H A N N E L M O D E L F O R U P T O G H Z Extended from existing sub-6 GHz channel models: 3D MIMO model (3GPP TR ) or IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135). Developed for performance evaluations of 5G physical layer techniques Designed to cover testing of both Mobile Equipment and Access Network of 3GPP systems Supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban macro cell, indoor office, and rural macro cell Key properties of the models Frequency range from 0.5 to 100 GHz LOS / NLOS Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger than 2 GHz Spatial consistency is supported System-level, Link-level CDL-models and non-spatial TDL-models 9

10 3 G P P T R C H A N N E L M O D E L S C E N A R I O S Urban Microcell (UMi) UMi Outdoor to Indoor (O2I) UMa Outdoor to Indoor (O2I) UMi street canyon (O2O) UMa street canyon Urban Macrocell (UMa) BSs mounted below rooftops BSs mounted above rooftops 10

11 C L U S T E R E D D E L AY L I N E ( C D L ) M O D E L S TR specifies five different CDL channel profiles; CDL-A, CDL-B and CDL-C are constructed for NLOS CDL-D and CDL-E are constructed for LOS PROPSIM UI The RMS delay spread values of both CDL models are normalized and they can be scaled in delay for a desired RMS delay spread CDL Models 11

12 TR Table CDL-A Example: TR CDL-A CDL-A is a non line of sight (NLoS) model Each CDL comprises 23 clusters Each cluster comprises 20 multipath components (rays) around the cluster perimeter Each cluster has an AoD and AoA. These values are used to create the ray AoAs within a spread (ASA or ASD) defined by C ASA and C ASD in the table. Etc - Full details is in TR Diagram to the right shows the concept of the CDL models but showing only two clusters. AoDs gnb C1 departure angle spread (ASD) C1 AoD C2 AoD C2 departure angle spread (ASD) LOS AoD Angle Spread Departure (ASD) Rays Cluster 1 (C1) Cluster LOS path Rays Angle Spread Arrival (ASA) C1 arrival angle spread (ASA) C1 AoA LOS AoA C2 AoA C2 arrival angle spread (ASD) Cluster 2 (C2) AoAs 12

13 E N A B L E S R E A L - W O R L D L I K E E N D - TO- E N D P E R F O R M A N C E T E S T I N G I N L A B Real Time Emulation of radio wave propagation and interference to multiple BTS and Mobile simultaneously Attenuation Shadowing Fast fading Doppler effect Noise and Interference Antenna pattern embedding - Adaptive antenna systems 3D Beamform channels Base stations Mobile terminals 13

14 Q U A L I T Y O F S E R V I C E & T I M E T O M A R K E T = S U C C E S S F U L B U S I N E S S. Each Mobile/Base Station/Device version (HW/SW) must be tested for Receiver sensitivity and AGC Channel Estimation algorithms Min/max delay-doppler (velocity scenarios) Diversity/MIMO DSP Algorithms Intersymbol/Intercarrier Interference, SNR mitigation Synchronization Radio Link Control, Radio Resource Management Mobility Management Network Vendor Interoperability, Device Vendor Interoperability Radio Channel Emulation enables quick End-to-End full signaling Validation and Interoperability test in Lab Base stations Mobile terminals Standard & Advanced Test Scenarios Field to Lab Test Scenarios $$$ 14

15 Challenges Complex RF conditions at field FR1 and FR2 Verification of the 5G NR BS performance Sub-6GHz massive MIMO 16TRX, 32TRX, 64TRX, 128TRX MU-MIMO performance optimization up to 4/8/16/32 layers mmwave hybrid beamforming with wide signal BWs Beam management testing under various channel conditions Wide bandwidths up to 400 MHz per carrier, CA 800/1200 MHz Standalone (SA) and Non-Standalone (NSA) operating modes Coexistence and mobility tests Scheduling and load management at network level Solutions PROPSIM Geometric Channel Modeling (GCM) 5G Tools Channel modeling science ready & proven Antenna array modeling incl. patterns and DUT orientations in the scenario PROPSIM 5G Channel Emulation solutions Capacity 16/32/64/128 element massive MIMO solutions sub 6 GHz All 5G NR BWs from 5 MHz up to 400 MHz CA up to 1.2 GHz Contiguous, 16CC non-contiguous Sub 6 GHz and mmwave solutions (CIU + RRH) Complete performance test solutions with UEE s and real UE s RF, IF and OTA*) connectivity methods Internet EPC 5G NR FR1 gnb Mobile terminals Internet EPC 5G NR FR2 gnb - OTA DUT gnb CIU RRH Intermediate Frequency UE(s) or UEE LTE enb RF cable connectivity LTE enb RF cable connectivity 15

16 Challenges 5G Channel Modeling Complex modeling science 5G Channel Emulation Realtime channel emulation Wide Bandwidths 100/200/400MHz CA 8CC/12CC/16CC Network Emulator and Real gnb support (NV-IOT) mmw OTA solutions Sub 6 GHz solutions Solutions PROPSIM Geometric Channel Modeling (GCM) 5G Tools Channel Modeling Science ready & proven PROPSIM 5G Channel Emulation solutions Realtime very low insertion delay BW 100/200/400 MHz up to 1.2 GHz CA up to 12CC (1.2 GHz) Seamslessly integrates with UXM 5G, validated with 5G BTS Complete mmwave OTA solutions using CIU with RRHs Complete Sub 6 GHz performance test solutions Device NV-IOT solutions (Network Vendor Interoperability) CIU RRH mmwave 16

17 Single F8800A platform up to 64TRX, 1024 MIMO ch. HW configurations 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64 TRX 64 TRX up to 100 MHz BW (160 MHz WLAN opt.) 32 TRX up to 200 MHz BW 16 TRX up to 400 MHz + 16 TRX up to 100/160 MHz BW Carrier Aggregation TDD & FDD Non-contiguous CA up to 16CC Contiguous up to 1200 MHz, other 200/400/600/800 MHz RF range up to MHz per TRX port HIGH-IF 6-12 GHz with external HW (CIU) mmw bands 28/39GHz with external HW (RRH) 5G Channel Models and test scenarios PROPSIM GCM 5G channel modeling software Advanced channel modeling science ready & proven TR channel models available Integrated calibration, no need for external VNA 17

18 Signal Quality mmw, Waveform, Fidelity Scheduling Lots of Channels MIMO/Beamforming Life Beyond Connectors Over-the-Air Channel Characterizing & Emulating Performance on the Network Network Emulation Protocol R&D RF / RRM DVT Functional KPI 18

19 Challenges Validate designs when standards are incomplete and still evolving Test the many different use cases introduced with numerology Troubleshoot issues between RF, Baseband, and Protocol Validate PHY control, link adaption, beam management Optimizing performance to meet KPI goals 19

20 Functional Performance Modem Test, Full Stack Testing, Data Throughput, Handover Cable OTA RF Parametric EVM, ACLR PER, Emissions Antenna & Conformance OTA Antenna Parameters TRP, TIS OTA MIMO OTA Throughput, Virtual Drive Test, Is my chipset working? Is my RF working? How good is my antenna? How good is my device? 20

21 Categories of Radio Requirements RF Demodulation RRM (Radio Resource Management) What to measure Power, signal quality, sensitivity Throughput Signal acquisition, CSI, tracking, handover Channel to apply Basic line of sight no channel model 3D Spatial channel model Dynamic multi-signal 3D spatial channel model 21

22 TA R G E T I N G C H I P S E T A N D D E V I C E W O R K F L O W Protocol R&D 5G Interactive R&D Solutions RF / RRM DVT Functional KPI Protocol Conformance 5G Device Acceptance Solutions RF/ RRM Conformance Carrier Acceptance 5G MFG Solutions Manufacturing May 18 Sep 18 Dec 18 Oct-18 Dec-18 Future Keysight 1 st Solutions across the entire device workflow Apr 18 EXM E6640A RRH UXM 5G E7515B Network Emulator CIU PROPSIM Channel Emulator mmwave OTA Solutions RMTC / CATR / MPAC VXT-II M9410/11A Non-Signaling Solution Seamless RF and Protocol Solution Accumulates engineering know-how Embodies ecosystem insights Spans ecosystem with continuous releases ACCELERATE TOWARDS NEW 5G DEVICES 22

23 5G Interactive Application P L AT F O R M H A R D W A R E B U I L D I N G B L O C K S Protocol R&D Sample tests RF/RRM DVT Functional KPI Virtual Drive Testing Carrier Acceptance Test cases packages RF/ RRM Conformance Protocol Conformance Manufacturing Tools Scripting Tool, L1 App Automated RF measurements E2E IP data, Application test Replicate live network scenarios Protocol, Performance, Supplemental RF/RRM GCF/PTCRB validated, Regulatory GCF/PTCRB validated Manufacturing Tools support UE calibration Common scripting engine Common measurement science 5G Signalling Stack Non sig Test Network Emulation IQ Network Emulation Platform IF Host interface IQ IF/ RF RF Common Logging & Automation support Channel Emulation mmw support Chambers 23

24 P R O T O C O L D E V E L O P M E N T 5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance Network Emulator Channel Emulator mmwave OTA Solutions Protocol R&D* RF DVT* Functional KPI Protocol Conformance RF/ RRM Conformance Carrier Acceptance Early protocol development while keeping up with evolving 5G standards; Progress stack and gain insights to optimize performance Customize scripts, automate efficiently, and debug quickly Leverage work across workflow stages, stay current with standards cost effectively Key Features: Earliest availability of new 5G features Replicate desired network behavior whilst reducing test complexity with Built-in Protocol State Machine and Dynamic Control Points L1/L2 parameter change without programming Flexible automation and logging Results viewer Sub-6 GHz and mmwave - Conducted and OTA 24

25 5 G P R O T O C O L R&D T O O L S E T Built-in Protocol State Machine and Dynamic Control Points simulates a Live Network Allows for interactive testing where the behaviour of a device can be investigated in an easy manner to facilitate debugging 25

26 5 G P R O T O C O L R&D T O O L S E T Allow dynamic L1/L2 parameter changes without the need for programming Very useful in early development testing of prototypes 26

27 5 G P R O T O C O L R&D T O O L S E T Displays all layers of the protocol stack; PHY, MAC, RLC, RRC, PDCP Filtering allows the user to view the data of interest Advanced search features and bookmarks make debugging easier User friendly as all information needed is available in one view 27

28 5 G P R O T O C O L R&D T O O L S E T Customised view with multiple graphs Enhanced debugging as relationship between various KPIs such as data rate and BLER can easily be seen graphically Link from graph to relevant location in the log to facilitate debugging Report generation to share results with other teams 28

29 R & D C H A L L E N G E S R F D V T 5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance Network Emulator Channel Emulator mmwave OTA Solutions Protocol R&D* RF DVT* Functional KPI Protocol Conformance RF/ RRM Conformance Carrier Acceptance More RF bands, wider bandwidths, and beamforming; Wideband calibration and verification New waveforms, flexible numerology Beamforming & beam management More band combination complexity Key Features: 5G NR support RF Test Application Automation & Scripting Pre-conformance ready Traceability to conformance DVT = Design Validation Test Sub-6 GHz and mmwave - Conducted and OTA 29

30 5 G R F D V T T O O L S E T Test Automation Platform (TAP) Sub-6 GHz and mmwave Deployed standalone or with LTE anchor Flexible numerology High directivity phase-array antennas and beamforming OTA test challenges Create test plans 5G NR X-App 30

31 5 G R F D V T T O O L S E T Flexible manual testing On-a-call UL RF measurements Common Keysight measurement science through X-Apps measurement application Automate test set up Keysight 5G Interactive tools 5G NR RF Test Application on UXM 5G 31

32 5 G R F D V T T O O L S E T Automate complete test set up including device and mmwave OTA measurements Test cases scripting with Keysight measurement tools or customized test steps Examples Initial Access Beam Management Downlink Channels demodulation UE reporting Total Radiated Power (TRP) 32

33 S I G N A L I N G More RF bands, wider bandwidths, and beamforming 1 Establish the 5G NR Call Configure; Cell, Beam, DL/UL channels and signals, scheduler Complete PRACH 33

34 S I N G L E C E L L A N D C A R R I E R A G G R E G AT I O N Main Cell (LTE) Frequency range, band, bandwidth Secondary Cells (NR) Power, Timings, Antenna Ports Note: Maximum number of Cells may depend on technology, bands and HW configuration 34

35 B E A M C O N F I G U R AT I O N 5 m s window 15 khz (L = 4) 15 khz (L = 8) 30 khz (L = 4) 30 khz (L = 8) FR1, L = khz (L = 64) 240 khz (L = 64) 0.5 ms Slot containing 2 SSblocks Set of two slots containing 4 SS-blocks 1 m s Slot containing 2 SSblocks Set of two slots containing 4 SS-blocks 48 subcarriers (i.e. 4 PRBs) 144 subcarriers (i.e. 12 PRBs) 48 subcarriers (i.e. 4 PRBs) 127 subcarriers PSS 4 OFDM Symbols PBCH PBCH SSS PBCH PBCH Select SSB position, FR1 and FR2 has different bitmaps FR2, L = subcarriers (i.e. 20 PRBs) SSB includes 1 PSS, 1 SSS and 2 PBCH OFDM symbols the random access, transmitted over the same single antenna transmission scheme 35

36 P H Y S I C A L L AY E R PA R A M E T E R S Define DL and UL Bandwidth parts; starting CRB, duration expressed in PRBs, Sub Carrier Spacing, Code Prefix Each BWP consist on a group of contiguous PRBs 36

37 P H Y S I C A L L AY E R PA R A M E T E R S HARQ, DL and UL channels and signals configuration 37

38 S C H E D U L I N G 38

39 R A N D O M A C C E S S C H A N N E L UE gnb Msg 1 PRACH PDCCH/PDSCH Msg 2 Msg 3 PUCCH/PUSCH PDCCH/PDSCH Msg 4 39

40 R F T E S T More RF bands, wider bandwidths, and beamforming 1 Establish the 5G NR Call Configure; Cell, Beam, DL/UL channels and signals, scheduler Complete PRACH 2 Test Tx and Rx Transceiver; Channel Power, EVM, Freq Error, In-band emissions, ACLR, SEM, OBW Receiver; BLER statistics RF tests 40

41 T R A N S M I T T E R Channel Power Occupied Bandwidth Modulation Parameters Power Statistics Spectrum Emission Mask IQ Waveform 41

42 R E C E I V E R Rx Measurements Cell Power Selection Sensitivity through ACK/NACK count BLER is the Rx performance metric Throughput 42

43 S I G N A L I N G R F T E S T More RF bands, wider bandwidths, and beamforming 1 Establish the 5G NR Call Configure; Cell, Beam, DL/UL channels and signals, scheduler Complete PRACH 2 Test Tx and Rx Transceiver; Channel Power, EVM, Freq Error, In-band emissions, ACLR, SEM, OBW Receiver; BLER statistics 3 Automate test for thorough verification Create Scripts using Keysight Measurement blocks Test with power, frequency sweeps Test Executive Environment 43

44 TA P S T E P S T O C O N T R O L U X M 5 G A N D C H A M B E R KS8360A 44

45 TA P S T E P S T O C O N T R O L U X M 5 G A N D C H A M B E R 45

46 TA P S T E P S T O M E A S U R E R F TX A N D RX C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S C870250AA RFT 46

47 TA P P L A N E X A M P L E S NR NSA Connection Measurements Conditions Positioning Measurement 47

48 mmw E7515B Common Components Solution SCPI SCPI DAPI Driver 48

49 F U N C T I O N A L K P I 5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance Network Emulator Channel Emulator mmwave OTA Solutions Protocol R&D* RF DVT* Functional KPI Protocol Conformance RF/ RRM Conformance Carrier Acceptance Support for sustained maximum E2E throughput, meet power consumption goals; Stress test the device at maximum E2E data throughput Benchmark battery life performance for different 5G use cases KPI = Key Performance Indicators Key Features: Easy to use GUI enables complex tests without the need to define protocol scripts Network configurations optimized to measure device performance Throughput, Battery life, Beam management Flexible automation, including use of external measurement equipment Simple Test case development Use results viewer for off line analysis Sub-6 GHz and mmwave - Conducted and OTA 49

50 D E V I C E A C C E P TA N C E 5G Interactive R&D 5G Device Acceptance Protocol R&D* RF DVT* Functional KPI Protocol Conformance RF/ RRM Conformance Carrier Acceptance Protocol RF/RRM RF Rx/TX Test cases Future Future Performance testing Radio Resource Management (RRM) PCT Test Manager RCT Test Manager TTCN-3 Editor / Viewer Log Viewer Sequencer Log Viewer 50

51 Demonstrated at MWC 2018 Challenge: Measure the 5G download throughput rate OTA with full protocol stack Solution: CATR with UXM and Protocol Toolkit Qualcomm x50 5G Modem 4 Gbps download speeds Full protocol stack 8 x 100 MHz Carriers 800 MHz aggregated bandwidth 51

52 How good is my antenna? Is my RF working? CATR UXM 5G Is my chipset working? Cable Replacement 2D MPAC RMTC EXM Spatial MPAC 3D MPAC PNA-X How good is my device? FR2 mwave support Optional Title of the Presentation 52

53 5 G D E V I C E E N D - E N D S O L U T I O N S RF/Antenna Protocol/Functional Single Link Beamforming with Clean channel Mobility and Performance CATR RMTC 2D MPAC 3D MPAC 53

54 3 K E Y B U I L D I N G B L O C K S UXM 5G Wireless Test Platform (E7515B) <6GHz Frequency range Scalable bandwidth Integrated RFIO + Internal fading Support for RF, IF, Host and BBIQ interfaces (slow and full rate) Support for 10GbE connectivity Common Interfacing Unit (E7770A) Same unit for both PROPSIM CE and UXM 5G Supports up to 8x heads, with scalability for more Flexibility to add new heads to support new bands Supports high IF connection (6-12 GHz) mmwave Transceiver for 5G (RRH) Supports 28, 39 and 40GHz bands Compact, bi-directional 54

55 Signal Quality mmw, Waveform, Fidelity Scheduling Lots of Channels MIMO/Beamforming Life Beyond Connectors Over-the-Air Channel Characterizing & Emulating Performance on the Network Network Emulation Cost of Test Assets, throughput Protocol R&D RF / RRM DVT Functional KPI 55

56 Challenges 5G NR Standard Complexity LTE-A has grown to 3500 pages. 5G? 10x Bandwidth x Channels If measurements were slow for LTE, now what? Flexibility, Ease of Automation How to quickly develop apps, APIs? Compressed timeframes, cost envelopes How to continue to evolve with the Industry, 3GPP How to transition from R&D DVT MFG volumes How to leverage Industry 4.0 technologies & approaches Enablers Greater modularity (SW, API, HW) Cloud acceleration Ease of Automation Data Analytics Services and whole-enterprise approaches 56

57 109.5 ms EVM 32 MHz Sample Rate 0.012s Time Span 15 ms 31ms 15 ms 47.5 ms Reduced analysis time using cloud acceleration ms ACP 15 ms 93ms 15 ms 140ms 125 MHz Sample Rate s Time Span LAN Transport Acquire IQ Data Measurement Calculation Store to database Algorithm Acceleration Multi-threading & Server farms Centralized data processing & analytics 57

58 BASELINE Test Executive Measurement calculation is performed on instrument (using X-App) DUT COST OF TEST $10.17 HANDLING WARM-UP CAL TEST HANDLING IDLE BUSY 58

59 BASELINE + Add Server CPU Test Executive Process Algorithms Acquire IQ data Instead of X-App processing on-instrument, process acquired IQ samples on external server Δ t DUT Process in parallel Process on a fast CPU COST OF TEST -16% IDLE BUSY 59

60 BASELINE + Add DUTs Test Executives Share a test station to test multiple DUTs in pipeline fashion DUT DUT DUT DUT COST OF TEST -26% BUSY BUSY BUSY BUSY 60

61 BASELINE + Add Server CPU + Add Instruments + Add DUTs M A K E I T S C A L E A B L E Share a test station to test multiple DUTs in pipeline fashion COST OF TEST -38% 61

62 BASELINE + Add Server CPU + Add Instruments + Add DUTs M A K E I T F L E X I B L E Test development / test execution are decoupled from test system configuration. Test systems can be software defined to execute any test plan. 62

63 K S A T E S T A U T O M AT I O N O N PAT H W AV E ( TA P ) Fast execution and test flow analysis User interfaces GUI Command line interface API Modular plug-in software architecture Microsoft.NET test step development Powerful Speed and Results Analytics Create Custom GUIs Efficient Data Exploration 63

64 M U LT I P L E M E A S U R E M E N T S ( A C P R, E V M, S E M, P O W E R ) CONSTELLATION VS. TEST OPERATOR Big Data Insights Across org Across tools Processes Predictive SPECTRUM VS. INPUT VOLTAGE FREQUENCY RESPONSE VS. Software Revision AND V in 64

65 MULTI-DUT MULTI-INSTRUMENT SERVER CPUs CPU SHARING DUTs PER TEST STATION INSTRUMENTS PER TEST STATION ACCELERATION SERVER SPEED TEST STATIONS PER SERVER CPU DUT DUT DUT DUT DUT 65

66 L E A N E N O U G H F O R M F G - P O W E R F U L E N O U G H F O R D E S I G N VA L I D AT I O N Sub-6GHz, easily scalable to GHz bands no wasted modules in order to cover both FR1, FR2 highest asset utilization Extremely lean, compact design Smallest footprint, easy to expand up to 8x8 MIMO in 1 chassis without the size, cost, or overkill of R&D benchtop boxes High quality EVM, including millimeter wave < 0.7% at 28 GHz in loopback mode for accurate DVT and fewer false positives in MFG (5G NR signal, 100MHz bandwidth, OFDM signal type with 12dB PAPR) Fast and Easy to Automate ( cloud ready ) - Blazing fast PXIe transfer rates & clean API streamline your 5G automation - Accelerate your 5G DVT, then transition quickly to MFG (time to market) Flexible and Versatile ( OTA ready ) Remote millimeter wave heads deliver highest OTA measurement quality at the chamber Keysight system integration - S9100A systems can be customized. - Delivered pre-assembled, calibrated, with typical system-level performance 66

67 EVM V S A S E N S I T I V I T Y B E N C H T O P W I T H H I G H L O S S E S Received signal level after mmw cable losses Benchtop VSA VSA Degraded S/N mmw LOSS CABLE LOSS True DUT output pwr at the chamber Power 67

68 EVM V S A S E N S I T I V I T Y R E M O T E H E A D W I T H L O W L O S S E S true receiver level after mmw cable losses Benchtop VSA VSA Keysight Modular VSA+head Higher received level due to lower cable losses Full S/N LESS LOSS LESS LOSS True DUT output pwr at the chamber Power 68

69 EVM V S G D E L I V E R E D P O W E R B E N C H T O P W I T H H I G H L O S S E VSG delivered power true delivered power after mmw cable losses (apparent EVM curve at the chamber) Benchtop VSG Lost power for a given distortion level mmw LOSS LOSS mmw Power at the DUT mmw Power at the Source 69

70 EVM V S G D E L I V E R E D P O W E R R E M O T E H E A D W I T H L O W L O S S E S VSG delivered power Keysight VSG+head Higher delivered power at the true delivered power after mmw cable losses (lower power for a given EVM) Benchtop VSG Less loss LESS LOSS mmw Power at the source mmw Power at the DUT 70

71 O P T I M I Z E D F O R 5 G D V T & V O L U M E M F G Best-in-class integrated vector transceiver for DVT & volume Mfg, with combined advantages of performance, cost and size: Frequency range up to 6 GHz with 2-slot size Frequency extension to cover mmwave (FR2) with M1740A mmwave transceiver Built-in 1.2 GHz signal generation and analysis bandwidth Phase coherent & timing synchronization for multi-channel RF tests Built-in Half Duplex (HD) port for different test scenarios. Signal Studio for signal creation, and 89601B and X-Series measurement apps for signal analysis The 3-slot VXT M9411A adds optical data Interface for IQ data streaming, and custom FPGA (PathWave FPGA) for measurement acceleration and proprietary signal processing for extended applications beyond measurement. 71

72 E X T E N D I N G Y O U R F R 1 S Y S T E M T O F R 2 One head covers FR2 bands (24-44 GHz) (No need to purchase multiple heads) Integrated bi-directional ports, with TX & RX swapping (select V vs. H polarizations) Integrated signal conditioning (gain & attenuation) OTA-Ready design (low loss at IF, configuration flexibility) FRONT PANEL mmw to DUT BACK PANEL LO, IF, Control 72

73 Signal Quality mmw, Waveform, Fidelity Scheduling Lots of Channels MIMO/Beamforming Life Beyond Connectors Over-the-Air Channel Characterizing & Emulating Performance on the Network Network Emulation Cost of Test Assets, throughput Field Testing and Drive Test Protocol R&D RF / RRM DVT Functional KPI 73

74 F R O M R F M E A S U R E M E N T S T O A N A LY T I C S Network Optimization & Roll-out Network Benchmarking Network Control & Monitoring Post-Processing, Reporting, and Analytics 74

75 Drive Preparation Drive Test Data Management Reporting Script errors Setup time Drive Route preparation 2 people in car Deviation from planned route Tool issues: o Antennas o Instabilities Manual management No central repository Can be done late after drive test Most often include manual steps Repetitive (e.g. inbuilding) 75

76 FCC 5G frontier bands up to 71 GHz 5G mm-wave link budget is quite different from traditional sub 6 GHz wireless link budget Extra losses due to rain fade, shadowing loss, foliage, atmosphere absorption, humidity and, Fresnel blockage 76

77 Paradigm shift from cell coverage to beam coverage There are many kind of beams, static and dynamic, mobile, and network side DL reference beams UL beams (UE/CPE-specific) DL/UL traffic beams Vendor-specific Beam sweeping: PSS, SCC, PBCH Beam sweeping: Minimum System information over PBCH RACH request Measure with scanner UE-specific PDSCH beam: RACH response & System information, RRC connection setup qnb requests beam/csi reporting Data transmission on beamformed PDSCH (with DMRS) UE responds with beam/csi report PSS/SSS/PBCH Beam switch (handover) Measure with mobile PSS = Primary Synchronization Signal SSS = Secondary Synchronization Signal PBCH = Primary Broadcast Channel PBCH DMRS = PBCH Demodulation Reference Signal CSI-RS (DL) = Channel State Information Reference Signal TRS = Tracking Reference Signal SRS (UL) = Sounding Reference Signal PDSCH = Physical Downlink Shared Channel 77

78 DOWNLINK Common (visible in scanner and UE measurements): PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) SSS (Secondary Synchronization Siqnal) PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) User level (UE measurements only): CSI-RS (Channel State Info Reference Signal) DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) PTRS (Phase-tracking Reference Signal) PDSCH (Physical UL Shared Channel) PDCCH (Physical UL Control Channel) UPLINK User level (UE measurements only) PUSCH (Physical UL Shared Channel PUCCH (Physical UL Control Channel) PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) PTRS (Phase-tracking Reference Signal) SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) 78

79 S S B L O C K R E F E R E N C E B E A M D E M O D U L AT I O N - M U LT I P L E B E A M S Reference beam coverage and quality measurements, demodulated reference signals Reported per Sync beam (SS block): Channel Physical Cell Identity (PCI) Beam ID (BI) SS-RSRP SS-RSRQ SS-CINR RSSI View from Nemo Outdoor, measuring one cell (PCI 0) with 8 beams, beam ids

80 S I N G L E B E A M W I T H D R I V E R O U T E 80

81 Massive MIMO is a cell capacity feature for sub 6GHz Gain achieved only when multiple UEs simultaneously generating downlink traffic Many variables: Distribution of users in the cell (horizontal and vertical) Multi-path radio environment Network configuration NEM implementations Field testing needed to verify the capacity gain provided Test setup is complicated, involving multiple UEs doing coordinated active data transfers 81

82 F I E L D T E S T I N G Field units distributed in the cell area Control measurement coordination Real time monitoring Data analytics tools Aggregated cell-level KPIs Per-UE drill down Analytics Collection 82

83 A N A LY T I C S Automated aggregation of cell-level KPIs Total cell throughput PRB utilization Etc. Per-UE analysis SNR, RSRQ, transmission mode, throughput, Rank, number of MIMO streams Map visualization of all UEs Total cell throughput Throughput per UE Map visualization, stationary test example UE2 UE1 UE3 83

84 T O TA L C E L L T H R O U G H P U T 84

85 85