SKA Site Characterisation and Array Configuration; Overview and Status WP Rob Millenaar, SPDO
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1 SKA Site Characterisation and Array Configuration; Overview and Status WP Rob Millenaar, SPDO
2 Site Characterisation 1. Intro SKA Site Characterisation/Selection 2. Request for Information 1. In situ measurements RFI environment Tropospheric phase stability 2. Configurations 2 Oct 2011
3 Site Characterisation/Selection Site Characterisation has been driven by site selection processes Information gathered during PrepSKA WP3 by Studies Measurements Enquiries Recently, the Request for Information (RfI) and the site s responses have addressed a number of site characteristics 3 Oct 2011
4 Request for Information Science and Technical Selection Factors: 1. Plans and cost for providing basic infrastructure components 2. Plans and cost for providing electrical power 3. Plans and cost for data transport 4. Physical characteristics of the sites that will affect the system design 5. Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) environment (current and long-term) and Radio Quiet Zone Protection 6. Ionospheric and Tropospheric characteristics 7. Array science performance and associated figures of merit for each Candidate Site 4 Oct 2011
5 Request for Information Other Selection Factors: 1. Political, Socio-Economic and Financial 2. Customs and Excise 3. Legal 4. Security 5. Employment 6. Working and support environment 5 Oct 2011
6 Request for Information Responses to the RfI from both candidates were received by 15-9 Expert Panels and Consultants to review the information supplied and identify strengths and weaknesses for the candidates to host the SKA Some summary reports to be written by SPDO Deliver reports to SSAC 6 Oct 2011
7 Site Characterisation Physical characteristics, at various part of configuration Climate/weather Air temperature, min, max (average and absolute) Rain Humidity Wind Solar radiation Cloud cover Severe weather Lightning Strong winds/hurricanes/cyclones (Flash)flooding Large dust storms Hail Geotechnical Sub-surface strata Water table Surface and sub-surface temperature and conductivity 7 Oct 2011
8 SKA Site Environment The environment directly affecting science performance: RFI environment Current -> measurements (SPDO, sites) -> expert panel Future (RQZ) -> response to RfI Legislation -> response to RfI -> expert panel external consultant Tropospheric stability -> measurements (SPDO) -> expert panel Ionospheric stability (scintillation, TIDs) report done 8 Oct 2011
9 RFI Measurements Purpose is to characterise the RFI environment at: Core location, with high sensitivity to assess the relative quietness of the sites. Remote sites, with reduced sensitivity, to assess the typical RFI environment outside the RQZ. Results to be used in the site selection process and will inform instrumentation design. 9 Oct 2011
10 RFI Measurements Partners: LN Receiver, control, infrastructure: SA FFT Spectrometer, filter bank: Aus Data processing and reporting software: Neth. R pol RX FB FS Ctrl az NS Rpt Proc 10 Oct 2011
11 RFI Measurements Some details MHz in 9 bands at ~30 khz BW ~6dBi logper antenna Pointed to horizon, 4 azimuthal directions, 2 polarisations Frequent calibrations 11 Oct 2011
12 RFI Measurements A set of measurement modes to test various aspects Quick scan mode, to provide a medium sensitivity overview in all directions and polarisations. High sensitivity mode, same with long integrations. Rural mode, med sensitivity, at remote sites. Max-hold mode, low sensitivity, medium time resolution, done as variation of quick scan mode. Carried out at remote sites. 12 Oct 2011
13 Core 13 Oct 2011
14 Core 14 Oct 2011
15 RFI campaign at core Campaign completed mid 2010 at both core sites In some cases excessive signal levels have produced spurious signals Required exception handling in report generation In both countires sources of unavoidable RFI are prominent in the spectra: Military satellite systems (VHF, FLTSATCOM) Communications and nav satellite systems (Globalstar, Iridium, GPS, Glonass) in L-band Aircraft comms (VHF) and nav (UHF) systems These, along with terrestrial RFI, set minimum design requirements for RFI robustness. 15 Oct 2011
16 RFI campaign at remote sites Selection of 4 from 25 remote stations (>180 km) Measurements at the remote sites were delayed, because: Initial design of remote station configuration needed to be refined, because of Investigations of availability of land Impact of RFI: find acceptably quiet locations 1. Maximum tolerable levels 2. Consider transmitters, antenna patterns and antenna height, transmitted power levels (national databases) 3. Propagation attenuation (apply terrain information) 16 Oct 2011
17 RFI campaign status Status now: Measurements at the core and remote sites completed Reports made and submitted to Expert Panel Expert Panel s report expected next week, to be submitted to the external consultant reviewing current and future RF environment at the sites. 17 Oct 2011
18 RFI Results Site Selection is targeted to be completed by Feb/March Because this is a very sensitive matter it is not appropriate to show any RFI results from either candidate site now. Once released, the SKA community will have an excellent snapshot of the RFI environment at the core site and at representative remote sites in the selected country. 18 Oct 2011
19 Tropospheric Turbulence Investigating the stability of the troposphere was one of the PrepSKA WPs. On recommendation of the IEAC (2009) and SSEC the study of tropospheric turbulence was taken beyond investigating cloud coverage over the two candidate sites, and a measurement programme using a phase monitoring interferometer was started up. 19 Oct 2011
20 Tropospheric Turbulence Instrumentation Principle: Interferometer pointing to geostationary satellite and recording the (variations) in phase. Derive delay statistics. CfA/SMA-based system designed by JPL Two systems at core sites, consisting of: Two antenna boxes (single baseline interferometer), with lnb, IF ampl, optical transducers Central rack, with LO generation, IF ampl, correlator, control computer LO and IF via analog fibre Remote readout of data via ssh, sftp. 20 Oct 2011
21 Tropospheric Turbulence Instrumentation characteristics: Baseline ~200m Wideband correlator (200MHz) using broadcasting transponders Frequency ~12GHz In AUS we use Optus D3 (156 E, lin) In SA we use Eutelsat W7 (36 E, circ) 21 Oct 2011
22 Tropospheric Turbulence 22 Oct 2011
23 Tropospheric Turbulence 23 Oct 2011
24 Tropospheric Turbulence Standard data processing Information stored: System Monitoring (voltages, LO lock, etc) IF power levels IQ data Structure function data Example Plots: Raw unwrapped phase Correlated amplitude Filtered phase RMS delay Cumulative distributions 24 Oct 2011
25 Tropospheric Turbulence Target programme Measure for at least one full year, sampling all seasons, esp. summer months. Continue measuring after site selection However Delayed installation activities at the sites Difficulties in overcoming problems in the field Current status One site has been measuring for 9 months The other site since 4 months Implies limited overlap in time, no summer months before site selection reporting time Report to be delivered to expert panel by end October 25 Oct 2011
26 Tropo Results Site Selection is targeted to be completed by end Feb Because this is a very sensitive matter it is not appropriate to show any tropospheric results from either candidate site now. 26 Oct 2011
27 Array Configuration The questions in the RfI have been based on a Model for the full SKA (Phase 2) The Phase 1 configuration is a (small) subset of Phase 2 Generic configurations have been designed for the purpose of Exploring the parameter space/options/foms Creating the Model Site-specific configurations were designed, starting from generic configuration, applying local constraints (masks). The responses to the RfI were based on these site-specific configurations. 27 Oct 2011
28 Generic Configuration overview Maximal Phase II: Full layout to 180km
29 Phase I: Central 40km by 40km
30 Science performance A number of array performance Figures of Merit have been devised Both site-specific P2 SKA configurations evaluated Report on these findings nearly completed. 30 Oct 2011
31 Future Configurations Work After site selection much more configurations design work is needed to address: Tradeoffs cost/performance Refine core configurations for dishes, AA low, AA mid (specifications for number and size of AA stations needs to mature) Further refine configurations w.r.t. terrain realities ( mask ) Detailed exploration of options for reticulation of power and fibre Design the P1 configuration such that optimal configuration for the science infrastructure/cost can be shared P1/P2 P1 as a subset of P2 expansion from P1 to P2 must be possible, cost effective and that operations of P1 can continue while rolling out P2 establish minimum infrastructure for P1, with P2 in mind in relation to previous point: Explore P1 clumpy core options/performance Further refine locations of remote stations (P2) Design (remote) station configuration 31 Oct 2011
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