Dual Polarized Radiometers DPR Series RPG DPR XXX. Applications. Features
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1 Dual Polarized Radiometers Applications Soil moisture measurements Rain observations Discrimination of Cloud Liquid (LWC) and Rain Liquid (LWR) Accurate LWP measurements during rain events Cloud physics and structure LWP (Liquid Water Path) IWV (Integrated Water Vapour) Full sky IWV / LWP mapping Cloud coverage Features Brightness temperature (TB=TBv TBh) and polarisation difference (PD=TBv TBh) at multiple frequencies, at the same time and same viewing direction Multiple frequencies: the X (in RPG XCH DP) typically stands for 4 channels: two frequencies, typically 21.0 (or 18.7) and 36.5 GHz 6 channels: 10.7 / 21.0 (18.7) / 36.5 GHz 8 channels: / 10.7 / 21.0 (18.7) / 36.5 GHz All frequencies from 1.4, 6.9, up to 90, 150, 225, 350 GHz, and more All microwave channels measured in parallel High temporal resolution (1 second), spatial resolution (6 HPBW) IWV (integrated water vapour) and LWP (integrated cloud liquid) full sky maps (350 points) within 10 minutes Determination of cloud coverage and monitoring of abrupt changes in the 3D humidity field Distinguishes between cloud liquid water and rain liquid. Precise determination of total liquid water content (LWP) Covers all rain rate events (depending on model), light rain <2 mm/h up to 50 mm/h Immune to RF interference below reception bands (e.g. radio transmitters, mobile phones etc.), direct detection receiver layout Purely passive operation, no internal oscillators or other RF sources Extremely short calibration cycles (sky tipping, 2 minutes), complete internal auto calibration systems including noise sources (noise switching, gain calibration) and Dicke switches (system noise temperature calibration) Internal data file backup system Rain protection of microwave windows Modular design allows for later frequency extensions (4 frequencies maximum) RPG MWR DPR TN Radiometer Physics GmbH Meckenheim, Germany Page 1 / physics.de radiometer support@radiometer physics.de
2 Introduction The RPG XCH DP is a 2/3/4 frequency, dual polarisation radiometer with direct detection receivers and complete auto calibration frontends. The system requires no external calibration targets and performs sky tippings for absolute calibration purposes. The system is split into different frequency modules which are grouped on top of a precision elevation / azimuth positioner. Therefore the antennas can reach every point in the sky and complicated scanning schemes, including full sky LWP / IWV maps are possible. One of the key features is the measurement of polarisation difference (PD) during rain events under e.g. 30 elevation angle. Falling droplets are flattened due to the air resistance from below and nearly form an ellipsoid with long axis along the horizontal direction. Therefore the emission of falling droplets is more pronounced in the horizontal polarisation compared to the vertical. This allows for the separation of cloud liquid (perfectly round droplets, approx. 20 µm in diameter) and rain liquid. Without taking the polarisation difference into account, a radiometer overestimates the total liquid water content during rain by assuming that the brightness temperature signal is all generated by small cloud droplets. The small cloud droplets produce a much lower sky temperature than the bigger rain droplets, even with the same amount of liquid water. Therefore the rain droplet contribution to the sky temperature is relatively large while their contribution to the total liquid is smaller. Highlights Zenith Sky Observations When observing the sky in zenith direction, polarization splitting should be zero, even if clouds are passing the field of view. Falling rain droplets are vertically flattened, but this cannot be seen in zenith direction GHz (H/V) 18.7 GHz (H/V) Fig. 1 Brightness Temperature time series (two frequencies, dual polarization). RPG MWR DPR TN Page 2 / 8 physics.de
3 Fig. 2 Polarization difference (PD=TBv TBh) time series for clear sky. Polarization effects due to falling rain droplets have to be observed under lower elevation angles (e.g. 30 ). Therefore, by directing the radiometer to zenith, the polarization difference between V and H should vanish. Fig.1 shows the TBs observed for a cloudy atmosphere and Fig.2 is the polarization difference. Observations under Low Elevation Angles The following measurements were performed at 30 elevation angle, observing a raining atmosphere (rain rate 5mm/h). The polarization splitting is very obvious but immediately drops down to zero, when the rain pauses. As expected, the 36.5 GHz channels respond much more sensitively to the liquid water and the polarization difference is more exaggerated. The 36.5 GHz channels are used for light rain detection while the 18.7 GHz channels cover the strong rain events with rain rates above mm/h when the 36.5 GHz channels are starting to saturate. Fig.3 shows the retrieval outputs for the Tb time series above. LWR is the liquid water content of the rain droplets, LWC denotes the cloud liquid and LWP is the total liquid water amount. The three time series are consistent even though the three quantities have been derived by three independent retrieval algorithms, one for each product. RPG MWR DPR TN Page 3 / 8 physics.de
4 No rain Fig. 3 Brightness Temperature 18.7 GHz PD No rain droplets 36.5 GHz PD Fig. 4 Polarization Difference for rain and cloud mixtures RPG MWR DPR TN Page 4 / 8 physics.de
5 raining clouds non raining Fig. 5 Simple regression retrieval for rain and cloud fraction of LWP. Fig. 6 RPG Double Polarization Radiometer RPG MWR DPR TN Page 5 / 8 physics.de
6 Dual Polarized Radiometers RPG MWR DPR TN Radiometer Physics GmbH Meckenheim, Germany Page 6 / physics.de radiometer support@radiometer physics.de
7 RPG MWR DPR TN Page 7 / 8 physics.de
8 Detailed Instrument Specifications Parameter Specification System noise temperatures < 900 K typical for all receivers < 400 K below 60 GHz (including auto calibration frontend) Radiometric resolution sec integration time Channel bandwidth 400 MHz typ. Absolute system stability 0.5 K Radiometric range K Frequencies 1.4, 6.9, 10.65, 18.7, 21.0, 23.8, 36.5, 37, 89, 90, 150 Polarisation 2 linear polarizations (V / H) simultaneously Absolute calibration with internal Dicke switch & external cold load, automatic sky tipping Internal calibration Gain: internal Dicke Switch + noise standard automatic abs. cal.: sky tipping calibration Receiver and antenna thermal Accuracy < ±0.015 K stabilization Gain nonlinearity error correction Automatic, four point method Brightness calculation based on exact Planck radiation law Integration time 1 second for each channel Data interface RS 232, 115 kbaud Data rate 9.5 kbyte/s, RS 232 Instrument control Industrial PC, Pentium based Housekeeping all system parameters, history documentation Optical resolution HPBW: 6.1 Side lobe level < 30dBc Steering / positioner system elevation: 90 to +90, azimuth: 0 to 360 < 1 resolution, full software control Pointing speed elevation: 3 /sec, azimuth: 5 /sec Operating temperature range 40 C to +45 C Operating humidity range % Power consumption <350 Watts average, 500 Watts peak Input voltage V AC, 50 to 60 Hz Weight 105 kg for receiver modules, 300 kg for positioner Modularity ( plug and play ) any 4 frequencies ( 8 channels) can be supported by a positioner system, which is providing power supplies and software control Centre frequencies and channel bandwidth may be customized without major effort. RPG MWR DPR TN Page 8 / 8 physics.de
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