Encrypted Audio Signal Transmission in 5G Compatible Downlink Multiuser Pattern Division Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Communication System

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1 Joural of Wireless Networkig ad Commuicatios 08, 8(): - DOI: 0.59/j.jwc Ecrypted Audio Sigal Trasmissio i 5G Compatible Dowlik Multiuser Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Commuicatio System Mst. Afri Naher *, Shaikh Eayet Ullah Departmet of Applied Physics ad Electroic Egieerig, Uiversity of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bagladesh Abstract I this paper, we have made performace evaluative study for the 5G compatible dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted wireless commuicatio system o ecrypted audio sigal trasmissio i AWGN ad Rayleigh fadig chael. The simulated system uder cosideratio icorporates moder chael codig (Polar ad (,)SPC) ad differet low order digital modulatio (4-QAM, QPSK ad DQPSK) schemes. With implemetatio of G [,] PDMA patter matrix for three users ad cosiderig total trasmitted power of 40 Watt, 50%, 0% ad 0% of total trasmitted power have bee assiged to first, secod ad third users ad additioally phase shiftig factors have bee applied i power scaled trasmitted sigals of secod ad third users to resolve ambiguity i idividual data separatio. O cosideratio of ecrypted audio sigal trasmissio, it is observable from MATLAB based simulatio study that the (,)SPC chael ecoded power domai PDMA simulated system is very much robust ad effective i retrievig trasmitted audio data with achievig a BER of 0 - at Eb/No. Keywords PDMA, Polar, (,) SPC, G [,] PDMA patter matrix, AWGN ad Rayleigh fadig chael, Bit error rate(ber), Normalized SNR(Eb/No). Itroductio I preset sceario of telecommuicatio sector, it is oticeable that a aticipated 000-fold icrease i mobile data traffic over the ext decade ad the explosio of ew services ad applicatios pose great challeges i existig orthogoal multiple access (OMA)-based 4G etworks. Dai ad et al., firstly itroduced the priciple of the complexity-costraied capacity-achievig NOMA desig. The a o-orthogoal patter divisio multiple access (PDMA) scheme was proposed to meet up the expoetially growig demad of mobile users for computig ad iformatio applicatio services. Their results demostrated that the PDMA could be a promisig multiple access techology with low latecy, low sigalig overhead ad massive coectivity support for 5G []. At [], Tag ad et al., aalyzed the theory performace of uplik PDMA ad derived the exact closed-form expressios for outage probability (OP) i the Rayleigh fadig chael ad also evaluated the OPs of each user with differet patter ad * Correspodig author: afriaher57@gmail.com (Afri Naher) Published olie at Copyright 08 The Author(s). Published by Scietific & Academic Publishig This work is licesed uder the Creative Commos Attributio Iteratioal Licese (CC BY). target sigal-to-iterferece-plus-oise ratio. I their work, additioally, the compariso betwee PDMA ad covetioal orthogoal multiple access (OMA) i terms of sum data rate (SDR) was coducted ad umerical simulatio results verified that PDMA outperformed OMA i terms of OP ad SDR. The covetioal OFDM-based patter divisio multiple access (PDMA) systems suffer from the problem of slow side-lobe atteuatio. To alleviate this problem, we Li ad et al., proposed a ew modulatio waveform desig, amely the offset quadrature amplitude modulatio based orthogoal frequecy divisio multiplexig (OQAM-OFDM). The proposed desig method added OQAM pre-modulatio ad filter baks to the covetioal desig of PDMA system. The applicatio of the filter baks made the system to achieve a good frequecy domai cocetratio performace ad accelerated the side-lobe suppressio effectively. Their simulatio results showed that the proposed desig method ot oly improved the spectrum utilizatio efficiecy of the system but also efficietly reduced the block error rate i resistace to multipath iterferece []. No-orthogoal multiple access (NOMA) techiques are a effective tool for icreasig the user capacity i 5G etworks. I NOMA users occupy a same resource elemet i ay give time, ad user separatio is achieved through differet iterferece cacellatio strategies. I Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA), a differet versio of NOMA, sequeces represet patters

2 Joural of Wireless Networkig ad Commuicatios 08, 8(): - that are assiged to users i a same Resource Elemet (RE). Maric ad et al., preseted a method of a algebraic costructio of short quasi orthogoal PDMA patters that were ideally suited for use i NOMA PDMA. I their work, the authors showed that withi each family it was possible to costruct patters with differet weights (level of diversity). Usig lik level simulatios, they established the performace of their sequeces, ad compared them with PN sequeces as well as with sequeces i the other PDMA literature [4]. At [5], Viod ad Jose preseted a 5G techique called Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) usig Compressed Sesig Algorithm for commuicatio systems ad defied resource group usig PDMA patters with referece to either time or frequecy for data trasmissio. The authors demaded that a improved executio i terms of Spectral efficiecy, bit error rate ad uplik-dowlik performace was obtaied through implemetatio of Compressive Samplig Matchig Pursuit (CoSaMP) algorithm. I [6], Jiag ad et al., proposed, a joit trasmitter ad receiver desig for patter divisio multiple access (PDMA) utilizig power allocatio to improve the overall sum rate ad beam allocatio to ehace the access coectivity by patter mappig at the trasmitter ad a spatial filter to suppress the iter-beam iterferece caused by beam-domai multiplexig, ad successive iterferece cacellatio to remove the itra-beam iterferece caused by power-domai multiplexig by hybrid detectio at the receiver. The authors proposed a PDMA joit desig approach to optimize patter mappig based o both the power domai ad beam domai. Their simulatio results showed that the proposed PDMA approach outperformed s the orthogoal multiple access ad power-domai o-orthogoal multiple access approaches eve without ay optimizatio of patter mappig ad the optimizatio of beam allocatio yielded a sigificat performace improvemet tha the optimizatio of power allocatio.. Review of Ecryptio ad Sigal Processig Techiques I this paper, both physical layer security ad sigal processig techiques have bee implemeted. A brief review of each techique is outlied below:.. Hybrid Chaotic Maps based Ecryptio I moder commuicatio systems, the major goal is orieted to the security ad the ecryptio methods are very much importat to maitai itegrity, autheticatio ad privacy of iformatio from uauthorized people. I Hybrid Chaotic Maps based Ecryptio techique, both Heo chaotic system ad logistic chaotic maps are used. The Heo radom map is described by the discrete Equatios as: X (a) (b) Where, a ad b are exteral parameter. From Equatio (b), we ca write Substitutig the value of Equatio (b), we get X Y Y ax bx (c) from Equatio (c) i Usig Equatio (), the iitial values, X(0), ad exteral parameter values, a ad b are set at: X(0)=0., X(0)=0., ad X(0)=0., a=.4, a=.5 ad a=.6, b=0., b=0.4 ad b=0.5 for user#,user# ad user# respectively. As the umber of ultimately estimated 8bit iteger values from audio sigal of each user is 89, the o. of variables preseted i Equatio () from geerated Heo Chaotic map is 89. Equatio () is applicable for =,,,4 89. The X(0)=0., X(0)=0. ad X(0)=0. are the values of variable for user #, user # ad user # at =0. The first geerated ecrypted keys K are obtaied from trasformig Heo Chaotic maps ito 8-bit iteger values usig the relatio: () K ()= mod(roud(x()),56) () Where, = 45678, = 6544 ad = for user#, user# ad user# The oe-dimesioal Logistic chaotic map is give by X Where, r is the cotrol parameters with its value is i the iterval of.57 < r 4. The iitial values X(0)=0., X(0)=0. ad X(0)=0., r=.57, r=.65 ad r=4.00 are assiged for user #, user # ad user #. The secod geerated ecrypted keys K are obtaied from trasformig Logistic Chaotic maps of Equatio (4) ito 8-bit iteger values usig the relatio (4) K ()=mod(roud(x()),56) (5) where,= , = ad = for user #, user # ad user #, If A() ad B() are the 89 sized 8 bit iteger values obtaied from the text messages for ear ad far user ad executig biary bitwise XOR operatio, we ca write A first ()=A()K () (6) B first ()=B()K () (7) A hybrid =A first ()K () (8) B hybrid =B first ()K () (9) Where, the symbol is idicative bitwise XOR operatio. Equatio (8) ad Equatio (9) represet Hybrid chaotic maps based ecrypted audio sigals for three users [7]. bx Y ax r*x Y bx *( X )

3 4 Mst. Afri Naher et al.: Ecrypted Audio Sigal Trasmissio i 5G Compatible Dowlik Multiuser Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Commuicatio System.. Polar Chael Codig ad Decodig Polar codes represet a emergig class of error-correctig codes with power to approach the capacity of a discrete memoryless chael. I o symmetric form of polar codig with code legth N(=8), the 8 matrix sized biary source block u= (u, u,, u N ) cosists of K(=4), o-froze iformatio bits (0/) ad N K froze bits (typically cosidered as 0) assigig at {u4, u6, u7, u8} ad {u, u, u, u5} respectively. I executio of bit reversal operatio, the rearraged 8 matrix sized biary source block, u =( u, u,, u N) would cotai o-froze iformatio bits at { u 7, u 6, u 4, u 8} istead of { u 4, u 6, u 7, u 8} ad froze bits at { u, u 5, u, u } istead of { u, u, u, u 5}. The polar ecoded code word x i biary format(0/) with code rate R= K/N ca be obtaied as follows: X= mod( u *F, (0) where, roud fuctio is used to get the earest iteger value ad mode operatio provides each elemetal value of x to (0,), F is the 8 8 sized matrix produced from the third Kroecker power of sized matrix F preseted as: F 0 () This matrix is called the kerel matrix [8]. I polar decodig, the received polar ecoded code word i biary format (0/) is BPSK modulated producig (0/) x~ x~ ito (+,-) viz. {+,-}. It is passed through AWGN chael ad oise cotamiated with a radom ~ oise variable havig zero mea ad variace. The AWGN chael s output y~ with its compoets { y~ y~, y~, y~, y~, y~, y~, y~ } ca be represeted as:, y~ x~ ~ () The trasitio probability for AWGN chael is give by P( ~ y ~ x) () The received AWGN chael LLR is calculated usig the followig relatio [9]: y~ llr ( log exp (4) The 8 matrix sized oisy chael LLR, udergoes y~llr bit-reversed operatio formig a ew modified oisy chael LLR, ~ y llr with its compoets { ~ y ~ ~ y..., ~ llr, y llr, llr y llr8 }. At the o froze bit locatios, the estimated values ~ y, ~ y ~ y, ~ y } are used to compute iformatio bits { llr4 llr6, llr7 llr8 usig successive cacellatio polar decodig techique [0]. ( ~ y exp y~ ) ( y~ ) ) y ~.. (,)SPC Chael Codig I SPC chael codig, the trasmitted biary bits are rearraged ito very small code words cosistig of merely two cosecutive bits. I such codig, (,)SPC code is used with additio of a sigle parity bit to the message u =[u 0, u ] so that the elemets of the resultig code word x = [x 0, x, x ] are give by x 0 = u 0, x = u ad x = u 0 u [] where, deotes the sum over GF ()..4. Desigig of PDMA Patter ad Sigal detectio I our preset study, a PDMA patter matrix has bee used where users are multiplexed o two resource elemets (REs). The PDMA patter i such case ca be writte as: G [,] PDMA G [,] 0 0 (5) Takig PDMA patter PDMA, trasmitted data of users are mapped oto two REs. The trasmissio sigal o these REs ca be expressed as: s s 0 w 0 w w (6) where, s j is the trasmissio sigal o the j th RE, ad w k is the modulatio symbol of the k th user Ulike orthogoal trasmissio, trasmissio sigal o each RE is liear combiatio of multiple modulatio symbols: s = w +w s (7) = w +w To resolve ambiguity i proper detectio of users ow data, power scalig ad phase shiftig are itroduced i PDMA patter matrix. Specifically, before two users symbols are mixed, a power scalig factor ad a phase shiftig factor are applied: s j β we β w (8) where, is the power scalig factor ad is the phase shiftig factor. I this preset study, merely, phase shiftig factor has bee applied to data of user # ad user #. As each user is equipped with a sigle atea ad base statio is equipped with two ateas, the fadig chael matrix is sized ad it is represeted as: H CH h h (9) The PDMA equivalet chael respose matrix H ca be writte as: [,] H= H G PDMA CH h h h h h 0 h h 0 = = (0) h h h 0 h 0 h h h

4 Joural of Wireless Networkig ad Commuicatios 08, 8(): - 5 where, has bee cosidered to represet elemet-wise product of two matrices. I PDMA equivalet chael respose matrix H, the chael coefficiets of first, secod ad third colums are applicable to user #, user # ad user #. As sigal trasmitted from base statio from two ateas use differet resource (frequecy), the sigal received at user # from secod atea of base statio is eglected. The sigal received at the user #, user # ad user # ca be writte as: z = h (w +w ) () z = h (w +w ) () z = h (w +w ) () From equatio () through equatio (), it is observable that i every cases, aother user s data are treatig as iterferece which are eeded to be elimiated. Primarily, digitally modulated complex symbol vectors for three users,, ad are scaled i power such that the average power for each user is made to uity. If P be the total trasmitted power ad, ad are the power scalig factors (0.5,0. ad 0.) of three users, ad are phase scalig factors for user # ad user #, the power ad phase scaled sigal vector of the three users ca be writte as: ˆ ˆ ˆ (4) O applyig OFDM modulatio to each data vector preseted i Equatio (4), the trasmitted sigal vectors for three users w, w ad w are produced. I receivig sectio of each user, the AWGN oise cotamiated Rayleigh faded sigal is udergoe OFDM demodulatio. The OFDM demodulated sigal vectors w 0, w 0 ad w 0 are chael equalized ad ca be writte as: w=(h)-w0 = Pβ jφ + Pβ (5) w=(h)- w0 = Pβ jφ + Pβ (6) w=(h)-w0 Pβ Pβ Pβ jφ jφ = Pβ jφ + Pβ (7) I equatio (5) through (7),, ad are the detected power scaled complex modulated symbol vectors for three users. These sigal vectors are assumed to have average power of uity which are further rescaled to retrieve origial sigal vectors. I equatios 5, 6 ad jφ 7, the Pβ, ad are the e Pβ Pβ iterferece terms, deotig W={w (), w (), w () ad w (4) } is the power scaled (uity average power) sigal alphabet of e e e e e 4QAM/QPSK/DQPSK ad usig ML decodig, the detected iterferig complex symbols w cotaied i, w ad w iterferece term for user #, user # ad user # ca be obtaied from: w arg mi w Pβ wˆ Pβ w e, (8) (9) (0) The detected power scaled complex symbols ˆ, ˆ ad ˆ for three users ca be writte as: jφ = (w- Pβ w )/ Pβ ) () = (w- Pβ )/ ( Pβ e jφ ) () ˆ = (w- Pβ w )/ ( Pβ e jφ ) () O multiplyig Equatio () through Equatio () with ormalizatio factor, Ξ(= ), the origial complex digitally modulated data symbols for user #, user # ad user # are achieved viz [,].. System Descriptio (4) (5) (6) The block diagram of the 5G compatible dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted wireless commuicatio system model i simplified form has bee preseted i Figure. I such simulated model, segmets of differet audio sigals for three differet users will be processed. The extracted biary data from audio sigal for each user are udergoe double ecryptio usig hybrid chaotic maps based physical layer security scheme. The ecrypted data are chael ecoded ad fed ito pre sigal processig sectio where iterleavig, digitally modulatio, power scalig with phase isertio (i case of sigals for user ad user ), serial to parallel coversio, OFDM modulatio ad parallel to serial coversio is doe. The pre processed sigals are PDMA ecoded prior to trasmissio from each of the two trasmittig ateas of Base statio. k,,,4 w W ˆ w arg mi w Pβ w Pβ w e, k,,,4 w W ˆ jφ w arg mi w Pβ w Pβ w e, k,,,4 w W ˆ e ˆ w ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ jφ jφ (

5 6 Mst. Afri Naher et al.: Ecrypted Audio Sigal Trasmissio i 5G Compatible Dowlik Multiuser Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Commuicatio System Figure. Block diagram of 5 G Compatible dowlik Multiuser PDMA Wireless Commuicatio System The sigal trasmitted from two trasmittig ateas are i differet resource elemets such that the frequecy of trasmitted carrier is differet. I receivig sectio of each user, ow trasmitted sigal is detected alog with other user s sigal trasmitted i idetical resource elemet cosidered as iterferece. The received sigal is processed for iterferece reductio ad subsequetly set up to the post sigal processig sectio where serial to parallel coversio, OFDM demodulatio parallel to serial coversio, power rescaled with phase removig, digitally demodulatio ad deiterleavig occur. The post processed sigals are chael decoded, hybrid decrypted ad evetually audio sigal of each user is retrieved. 4. Results ad Discussio I this sectio, simulatio results usig MATLAB R07a have bee preseted to illustrate the sigificat impact of various types of chael codig ad power allocatio o performace aalysis of 5G Compatible dowlik Multiuser PDMA Wireless Commuicatio System i terms of bit error rate (BER). It has also bee cosidered that the chael state iformatio (CSI) of the Rayleigh fadig chael is available at the receiver ad the fadig chael coefficiets are costat durig simulatio. The proposed model is simulated to evaluate the system performace uder cosideratio of parameters preseted i the Table.

6 Joural of Wireless Networkig ad Commuicatios 08, 8(): - 7 Table. Summary of the simulated model parameters Parameters Data type Values Audio No. of aalog data sample for each user 89 No. of biary bits geerated from aalog sigal No of atea at base statio ad each user PDMA patter matrix Total trasmitted power Assiged power to user, user ad user (of total trasmitted power) Phase itroduced i trasmitted sigals of user ad user Chael ecodig Symbol mappig Normalized SNR (Sigal to oise ratio), Eb/No 6556 ad G [,] PDMA 40 Watt 50%, 0% ad 0% ad /4 Polar ad (,)SPC DQPSK, QPSK ad QAM 0-0 db It is quite obvious from graphical illustratios preseted i Figure that the performace of the simulated system with implemeted (,)SPC chael codig is very much well defied for user #. I such case, the simulated system shows better performace i 4-QAM ad worst performace i DQPSK digital modulatio. O critical observatio of simulatio curve, it is see that for a typically assumed Eb/No value of 5 db, the estimated BER values are 0.644, 0.5 ad 0.46 which are idicative of system performace improvemet of.947 db ad.05 db i case of 4-QAM as compared to QPSK ad DQPSK digital modulatios. At 0% BER, requiremet of Eb/No with DQPSK digital modulatio is foud to have value of 5.5 db. It is reduced to.5 db ad 4.5 db i case of QPSK ad 4-QAM digital modulatios respectively. From Figure for user #, it is see that the requiremet of Eb/No with DQPSK digital modulatio is 5.5 db at 0% BER. It is reduced to.5 db ad 4.5 db i case of QPSK ad 4-QAM digital modulatios respectively. For a SNR value of 5 db (as previously cosidered), the estimated BER values are 0.4, 0.86 ad which are idicative of (,) SPC chael ecoded system performace improvemet of.098 db ad.64 db i case of 4-QAM as compared to QPSK ad DQPSK digital modulatios. Figure. BER performace of (,)SPC chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes Figure. BER performace of (,)SPC chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes

7 8 Mst. Afri Naher et al.: Ecrypted Audio Sigal Trasmissio i 5G Compatible Dowlik Multiuser Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Commuicatio System Figure 4. BER performace of (, )SPC chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes Figure 5. BER performace of POLAR chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes Figure 6. BER performace of POLAR chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes

8 Joural of Wireless Networkig ad Commuicatios 08, 8(): - 9 Figure 7. BER performace of POLAR chael ecoded dowlik Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) scheme implemeted 5G compatible wireless commuicatio system for user # uder utilizatio of various digital modulatio schemes Figure 8. Trasmitted, Ecrypted ad Retrieved audio sigals at Eb/No value of 0 db for user# Figure 9. Trasmitted, Ecrypted ad Retrieved audio sigals at Eb/No value of 0 db for user#

9 0 Mst. Afri Naher et al.: Ecrypted Audio Sigal Trasmissio i 5G Compatible Dowlik Multiuser Patter Divisio Multiple Access (PDMA) Wireless Commuicatio System Figure 0. Trasmitted, Ecrypted ad Retrieved audio sigals at Eb/No value of 0 db for user# It is quite obvious i graphical illustratios preseted i Figure 4 for user # that the performace of the (,)SPC chael ecoded system is ot well discrimiated i case of DQPSK ad 4-QAM over a wide rage of Eb/No values (0 db-6 db). I this case, it is foud that the simulated system shows comparatively better performace i QPSK digital modulatio. From Figure 5 for user #, it is oticeable that the Polar chael ecoded simulated system shows better performace i 4-QAM ad worst performace i DQPSK digital modulatio. For a typically assumed Eb/No value of 5 db, the estimated BER values are 0.788, ad 0. which are idicative of system performace improvemets of.945 db ad.7008 db i case of 4-QAM as compared to QPSK ad DQPSK digital modulatios. It is also observable that the system performace i 4-QAM digital modulatios coicides with that for QPSK over Eb/No values (0 db- db). I Figure 6 for user #, it is see that the Polar chael ecoded simulated system shows worst performace i DQPSK digital modulatio. The system performace i case of 4-QAM ad QPSK digital modulatios is ot well discrimiated from each other for Eb/No regio (0.5 db- db). I Figure 7 for user #, as low power is assiged to user #, the Polar chael ecoded system performace degrades. O critical observatio o the preseted graphs, the system performace i case of QPSK digital modulatio seems to be better. The graphical illustratios preseted i Figure 8 through 0 are clearly idicative of retrievig audio sigals uiquely at Eb/No value of 0 db for users. The preseted graphs also ratified that the ecrypted audio sigal for each of users is ot uderstadable. 5. Coclusios I this paper, the performace of 5G compatible dowlik multiuser PDMA wireless commuicatio system has bee ivestigated o secured audio sigal trasmissio with utilizatio of various chael codig techiques. I all cases, the proposed simulated system out performs i 4-QAM ad shows worst performace i DQPSK digital modulatio. The simulatio results show that the implemetatio of (, ) SPC chael codig techique with utilizatio of 4-QAM digital modulatio scheme ratifies the robustess of 5G compatible dowlik multiuser PDMA wireless commuicatio system i retrievig audio sigal trasmitted over oisy ad Rayleigh fadig chaels. REFERENCES [] Xiaomig Dai; Zheyu Zhag; Baomig Bai; Shazhi Che; Shaohui Su, 08: Patter Divisio Multiple Access: A New Multiple Access Techology for 5G, IEEE Wireless Commuicatios, Volume: 5, Issue:, pp: [] Wawei Tag; Shaoli Kag; Bi Re; Xiwei Yue; Xiurog Zhag, 08, Uplik patter divisio multiple access i 5G systems, IET Commuicatios, Volume:, Issue: 9, pp [] Kai Li; Jue Wag; Che Xu; 08: Desig of PDMA Commuicatio System Based o OQAM-OFDM, I proceedig of d IEEE Advaced Iformatio Maagemet, Commuicates, Electroic ad Automatio Cotrol Coferece (IMCEC), pp [4] Svetislav Maric ; Lazar Z. Velimirovic, 08: Applicatio of Quasi Orthogoal Short Sequece Families i Patter Divisio Multiple Access a No Orthogoal Multiple Access Techique, I proceedig of IEEE 5G World Forum (5GWF), pp

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