Emission of mm-wave and THz Scanners

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Brett Cunningham
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1 Emission of mm-wave and THz Scanners Thomas Kleine-Ostmann Working Group 2.21 Electromagnetic Fields and Antenna Measuring Techniques THz Security Workshop Davos, Switzerland, 29 th May,

2 Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and

Person scanners L3 ProVision 100 24.25 30 GHz Smith Detection Eqo 24.

3 Person scanners L3 ProVision GHz Smith Detection Eqo GHz R&S QPS GHz Photograph: Smith Detection Photograph: L3 Photograph: R&S 3

measurement with antenna and spectrum analyzer or suitable power measurement head spektrum analyzer power

4 Power density measurement for person scanners Thermal Field Probes too insensitive! Diode Field Probes not suitable for pulsed signals! measurement with antenna and spectrum analyzer or suitable power measurement head spektrum analyzer power meter HP measurement of power level correction due to cable attenuation and calibration factor of power meter determination of power density from corrected power and effective area of antenna 4

5 Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and

6 Commercially Available Scanners L3 ProVision 100 Smith Detection Eqo ort_security_technology/image/018_l3_provision.jpg mechanically moved antenna arrays with 192 transmission antennas µs pulses with frequency ramp GHz to 30 GHz illumination of a passive array with 2x 0 dbm at GHz and 10 db antenna gain scanning with 10 7 Voxel/s Space and time variable frequency modulated fields:: Appropriate choice of measurement parameters and positions Worst-Case Analysis 6

7 L3 Provision 100 7

8 L3 Provision 100: Measurements Horn antenna measurement HL050 measurement Horn antenna measurement without cover Spectrum analyzer 8

9 Leistungsflussdichte [mw/cm²] L3 Provision 100: Measurements 160 cm 0, , , , , Frequenz [GHz] 9

10 Smith Detection Eqo 10

11 Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements Horn in front of illuminating horn antenna Field probe in front of illuminating horn antenna Horn at scanning position HL050 at scanning position 11

12 Leistungsflussdichte [mw/cm²] Smith Detection Eqo: Measurements 144,5 cm / 20 cm Abstand 0, , , , , , , , ,10 24,12 24,14 24,16 24,18 24,20 24,22 Frequenz [GHz] 12

13 Results L3 Provision 100 cw test mode, distance 2.5 cm approx. 0.1 µw/cm 2 scan mode, distance 3.7 cm approx µw/cm 2 peak scan mode, distance 33 cm approx µw/cm 2 peak scan mode, distance 58 cm (scan position) approx µw/cm 2 peak Smith Detection Eqo cw illumination, at cover approx. 30 µw/cm 2 cw illumination, 5 cm from cover approx. 10 µw/cm 2 cw illumination, 30 cm from cover (person distance) approx. 1 µw/cm 2 pulsed in front of array, max. 3 µw/cm 2 pulsed in front of array, at scan position) approx. 0.4 µw/cm 2 cw illumination,, at scan position) approx µw/cm 2 13

14 Content Scanners Measurement Campaign L3 Provision 100 and Smith Detection Eqo at Bundespolizei Lübeck, 2011 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2012 and

15 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 Tx Rx 15

16 Antenna Gain / db Antenna Gain / db Distance dependent antenna calibration cm 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm cm 50 cm 75 cm 100 cm Frequenz / GHz Frequenz / GHz S P A eff g P c 2 4 f 2 4 f g c 2 2 P 16

17 Uncertainty analysis 2 4 f P S 10 g c P M 30 CLM 1 10 ; A MAnt MMix DB SW PE; Unit Definition Quantity S mw/cm 2 Determined Power Density pi f Hz Frequency g db Antenna Gain c m/s Speed of Light P dbw Measured Power M dbm Power Reading before Correction CLM db Conversion Loss Mixer A db 20 db Attenuator MAnt db Mismatch error between Antenna and Attenuator MMix db Mismatch error between Mixer and Attenuator DB db Correction due to deviation between measurement bandwidth 20 MHz and calibration bandwidth 3 MHz SW db Correction due to standing wave pattern PE db Correction due to positioning error 17

18 Uncertainty budget for the V band Quantity Value Standard Uncertainty pi Distribution Sensitivity Coefficient Uncertainty Contribution f Hz Hz rectangular mw/cm % Index g db db normal mw/cm % c m/s P dbw dbw M dbm dbm normal mw/cm % CLM db db normal mw/cm % A db db normal mw/cm % MAnt 0.0 db db U mw/cm % MMix 0.0 db db U mw/cm % DB 0.0 db db rectangular mw/cm % SW 0.0 db db rectangular mw/cm % PE 0.0 db db rectangular mw/cm % S mw/cm mw/cm 2 relative expanded uncertainty of 32 % (k=2, 95% confidence interval, same for W band) 18

Measurement positions and approaches front view top view 1) maximum power densities at distinct locations using the MaxHold modus with Peak detector (upper limit but high measurement dynamics for

19 Measurement positions and approaches front view top view 1) maximum power densities at distinct locations using the MaxHold modus with Peak detector (upper limit but high measurement dynamics for mapping the field, scanner in sweep mode) 2) averaged power densities as required by the ICNIRP guidelines using the RMS detector, the 0-Hz-Span modus, sweep times of 44 s (ICNIRP requirement for 75 GHz) and Time-Domain Power averaging at few distinct locations with less measurement dynamics (scanner at fixed frequency). 19

20 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 5 cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation 0.08 Power Density / mw/cm left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm Frequency / GHz 20

21 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation Power Density / mw/cm left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm Frequency / GHz 21

22 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS cm distance to panel, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation Power Density / mw/cm left 50 cm left 105 cm left 140 cm left 165 cm center 50 cm center 105 cm center 140 cm center 165 cm right 50 cm right 105 cm right 140 cm right 165 cm Frequency / GHz 22

23 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 operator position, MaxHold modus with Peak detector, normal operation Power Density / mw/cm cm 105 cm 140 cm 165 cm Frequency / GHz 23

24 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with scanner operated in single frequency test mode (RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at GHz, time-domain averaging over 44 s, noise floor correction) Power Density / mw/cm Distance to panel / cm 24

25 Characterization of a Rohde&Schwarz QPS100 averaged power density according to ICNIRP directly in front of an antenna with scanner operated in single frequency test mode for two typical distances) (RMS detector, 0-Hz-span at multiple frequencies, time-domain averaging over 44 s, noise floor correction) cm 55.5 cm Power Density / mw/cm Frequency / GHz 25

26 Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, 2014 repeat selected measurements of the previous campaign extend measurements to 170 GHz with external WR06 mixer (RPG SAM-170, db conversion loss): FCC and ETSI EN foresee emission measurements at second harmonic 26

27 Signal Power / dbm Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, FSW67+ SAM-170 overrange mode normal scanner operation Frequency / GHz 27

28 Signal Power / dbm Measurement Campaign QPS100 at R&S Munich, FSW67+ SAM-170 overrange mode with Auto-ID scanner at GHz Frequency / GHz 28

Measurement of Digital Transmission Systems Operating under Section March 23, 2005

Measurement of Digital Transmission Systems Operating under Section 15.247 March 23, 2005 Section 15.403(f) Digital Modulation Digital modulation is required for Digital Transmission Systems (DTS). Digital