The Value of Pre-Selection in EMC Testing. Scott Niemiec Application Engineer
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1 The Value of Pre-Selection in EMC Testing Scott Niemiec Application Engineer
2 Video Demonstrating Benefit of Pre-selection 400MHz -1GHz Sweep with RBW = 120kHz Yellow: w/ preselection Green: w/o pre-selection
3 Questions for Audience I Commercial and/or A&D? I Commercial: CISPR, FCC, EN, etc. I A&D: MIL-STD461, MIL-STD464, DO-160, etc. I Use Spectrum Analyzers for EMC measurements? I Use Receivers for EMC measurements? I Know the difference between Spectrum Analyzers and Receivers? I Measure time varying per the spectrum? I Measure pulsed emissions? Know what pulse repetition rate? I Believe you are capturing all the events in the spectrum? I Feel you are accurately measuring the amplitudes of pulses? I Understand the concept of pre-selection?
4 Outline I I I I I Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Test Receiver Pre-selection in the standards I MIL-STD461 & CISPR I Time & Frequency Characteristics of Pulses I Pulse Requirements in CISPR Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer I Image Rejection Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Overload protection I Ability to properly measure pulses Video demonstrating the effects of pre-selection
5 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Test Receiver I The application / purpose drives differences in architecture I Spectrum Analyzer (Traditional Swept Spectrum Analyzer) I Make accurate measurements of (typically) known signals for proper characterization I I EMI Test Receiver I Characterize unknown signals in repeatable manner per specification in standard Main Architectural Differences I Frequency Swept vs Frequency Stepped vs Time Domain Scan I Types of Detectors I Pre-selection
6 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Main Architectural Differences I Local Oscillator I Detector Types I Pre-selection y x
7 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Frequency Swept vs Frequency Stepped f N Spectrum Analyzer (Traditional Swept) I Continuously swept across frequency range I What is measurement time at each frequency? I Time = Sweep Time / Sweep Points I What is the Spacing/Step size between measurements? I Step = Frequency Span / (Sweep Points -1)
8 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Frequency Swept vs Frequency Stepped f N Spectrum Analyzer (Traditional Swept) I Continuously swept across frequency range I What is measurement time at each frequency? I Time = Sweep Time / Sweep Points I What is the Spacing/Step size between measurements? I Step = Frequency Span / (Sweep Points -1)
9 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Frequency Swept vs Frequency Stepped f N f N Spectrum Analyzer (Traditional Swept) I Continuously swept across frequency range I What is measurement time at each frequency? I Time = Sweep Time / Sweep Points I What is the Spacing/Step size between measurements? I Step = Frequency Span / (Sweep Points -1) EMI Test Receiver (Tuned Receiver) I Frequency tuned (stop) at each point I Directly set the measurement time I Directly set the frequency step size I Removes most opportunities for user configuration error via user interface designed for EMI measurements
10 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Frequency Swept vs Frequency Stepped f N f N Spectrum Analyzer (Traditional Swept) I Continuously swept across frequency range I What is measurement time at each frequency? I Time = Sweep Time / Sweep Points I What is the Spacing/Step size between measurements? I Step = Frequency Span / (Sweep Points -1) EMI Test Receiver (Tuned Receiver) I Frequency tuned (stop) at each point I Directly set the measurement time I Directly set the frequency step size I Removes most opportunities for user configuration error via user interface designed for EMI measurements
11 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Definition of pre-selection Pre-selection I Any filtering before the first mixer to pre-select the frequencies of measurement and exclude other frequencies y x
12 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Definition of pre-selection Pre-selection I Any filtering before the first mixer to pre-select the frequencies of measurement and exclude other frequencies Spectrum Analyzer I Purpose = improve signal measurement fidelity via image rejection and harmonic rejection y x
13 Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Receiver Definition of pre-selection Pre-selection I Any filtering before the first mixer to pre-select the frequencies of measurement and exclude other frequencies Spectrum Analyzer I Purpose = improve signal measurement fidelity via image rejection and harmonic rejection EMI Test Receiver I Purpose = eliminate overload and increase dynamic range to make measurement apparatus comply with standards (CISPR16-1-1) x y
14 Outline I I I I I I Video demonstrating effects of pre-selection Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Test Receiver Pre-selection in the standards I MIL-STD461 & CISPR I Time & Frequency Characteristics of Pulses I Pulse Requirements in CISPR Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer I Image Rejection Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Overload protection I Ability to properly measure pulses Video demonstrating the effects of pre-selection
15 Pre-Selection in the Standards I CISPR is the standard which puts specifications on the measuring apparatus I Be it spectrum analyzer, EMI test receiver, FFT analyzer I Black box approach
16 Pre-Selection in the Standards I CISPR is the standard which puts specifications on the measuring apparatus I Be it spectrum analyzer, EMI test receiver, FFT analyzer I Black box approach I MIL-STD461 indirectly references CISPR requirements via ANSI C63.2 I Therefore, even the MIL-STD community is governed by requirements in CISPR I I CISPR has requirements on the ability of the measuring apparatus to properly measure pulses The pulse handling requirements translate into dynamic range and pre-selection architectural requirements of the measuring apparatus
17 Pre-selection in the Standards MIL-STD461 references ANSI C63.2
18 Pre-selection in the Standards MIL-STD461 references ANSI C63.2
19 Pre-selection in the Standards ANSI C63.2 references CISPR16-1-1
20 Pre-selection in the Standards ANSI C63.2 references CISPR16-1-1
21 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
22 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
23 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR I Family of CISPR product standards all reference CISPR I MIL-STD461 indirectly references CISPR
24 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR I Family of CISPR product standards all reference CISPR I MIL-STD461 indirectly references CISPR
25 Time & Frequency Domain Characteristics of a Pulse Time Domain t i = Width (sec) T = Period (sec) PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)
26 Time & Frequency Domain Characteristics of a Pulse Time Domain t i = Width (sec) T = Period (sec) PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz) Frequency Domain
27 Time & Frequency Domain Characteristics of a Pulse Time Domain t i = Width (sec) T = Period (sec) PRF = Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz) Frequency Domain Debug Note: Hump in frequency sweep indicates a pulse signal.
28 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
29 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
30 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
31 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
32 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR Section 6 Average Detector Section 7 RMS-Average detector
33 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
34 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
35 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
36 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
37 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR
38 Pre-selection in the Standards CISPR < mv Typically < dbuv < dbm
39 Pre-selection in the Standards
40 Outline I I I I I I Video demonstrating effects of pre-selection Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Test Receiver Pre-selection in the standards I MIL-STD461 & CISPR I Time & Frequency Characteristics of Pulses I Pulse Requirements in CISPR Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer I Image Rejection Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Overload protection I Ability to properly measure pulses Video demonstrating the effects of pre-selection
41 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer The need for image rejection I Frequency conversion I Generation of image frequency LO RF IF IF f RF1 LO f RF2 f f IF = f LO f RF1
42 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer The need for image rejection I Frequency conversion I Generation of image frequency LO RF IF IF f RF1 LO f RF2 f f IF = f LO f RF1 f IF = f RF2 - f LO Image Frequency
43 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer The need for image rejection I Frequency conversion I Generation of image frequency LO Pre-selector for Image Rejection RF IF IF f RF1 LO f RF2 f f IF = f LO f RF1 f IF = f RF2 - f LO Image Frequency
44 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer The need for image rejection I Frequency conversion I Generation of image frequency LO Pre-selector for Image Rejection RF IF IF f RF1 LO f RF2 f f IF = f LO f RF1 f IF = f RF2 - f LO Image Frequency
45 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW8 (below 8GHz)
46 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW8 (below 8GHz) I Image Filter 8GHz I 1 st IF at ~8.97GHz I Filters image above 8GHz I Low pass filter
47 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW8 (below 8GHz) I I Image Filter 8GHz I 1 st IF at ~8.97GHz I Filters image above 8GHz I Low pass filter Array of HP/BP/LP Filters I Designed for signal integrity concerns of input signal harmonics I Not designed for overload protection of the1st mixer
48 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW8 (below 8GHz) I I I Image Filter 8GHz I 1 st IF at ~8.97GHz I Filters image above 8GHz I Low pass filter Array of HP/BP/LP Filters I Designed for signal integrity concerns of input signal harmonics I Not designed for overload protection of the1st mixer Signal Frequencies <1GHz I Only pre-selection is 8GHz LP and then 1.1GHz LP
49 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW13/26/43/50 4 signal paths I >8GHz YIG By-pass I >8GHz YIG pre-selector I <8GHz two routes to Front-End board Signal Frequencies below 8GHz route to Front-end board
50 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer FSW13/26/43/50 Signal Frequencies >8GHz routed from uwave Converter (already downconverted) Signal Frequencies <8GHz routed from uwave Converter
51 Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer YIG filters I What is It? I YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet I Tunable band-pass I Magnetically tuned I Current determines frequency I Purpose? I Improved signal integrity by image rejection I Not overload protection I Drawbacks I Limited bandwidth (~ 30 MHz) I Frequency Range ( ~.5 50 GHz) I Level accuracy I Tuning speed
52 Outline I I I I I I Video demonstrating effects of pre-selection Spectrum Analyzer vs EMI Test Receiver Pre-selection in the standards I MIL-STD461 & CISPR I Time & Frequency Characteristics of Pulses I Pulse Requirements in CISPR Pre-selection in a Spectrum Analyzer I Image Rejection Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Overload protection I Ability to properly measure pulses Video demonstrating the effects of pre-selection
53 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Purpose of pre-selection I NOT image rejection or improved harmonic performance I Pre-selection protects the front end mixer I Helps eliminate mixer compression and overload
54 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Purpose of pre-selection I NOT image rejection or improved harmonic performance I Pre-selection protects the front end mixer I Helps eliminate mixer compression and overload I Two main situations where pre-selection is required
55 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Purpose of pre-selection I NOT image rejection or improved harmonic performance I Pre-selection protects the front end mixer I Helps eliminate mixer compression and overload I Two main situations where pre-selection is required 1) Spectral content at frequencies other than the desired measurement frequency is overloading the mixer resulting in reduced dynamic range
56 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver I Purpose of pre-selection I NOT image rejection or improved harmonic performance I Pre-selection protects the front end mixer I Helps eliminate mixer compression and overload I Two main situations where pre-selection is required 1) Spectral content at frequencies other than the desired measurement frequency is overloading the mixer resulting in reduced dynamic range 2) Single short duration pulse input resulting in very wide bandwidth spectral content at the mixer
57 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver ı Every signal hits the mixer ı If compressed wrong results
58 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver ı Every signal hits the mixer ı If compressed wrong results ı Pre-selection protects the front end mixer ı Helps eliminate compression
59 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver Filtering Effects in Time and Frequency Pulse in Time Domain u t
60 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver Filtering Effects in Time and Frequency Pulse in the Frequency Domain Pulse in Time Domain u t
61 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver Filtering Effects in Time and Frequency Pulse in the Frequency Domain Pulse in Time Domain u t u Pre-selector filters out desired chunk of spectrum RF Bandwidth Preselection f
62 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver Filtering Effects in Time and Frequency Pulse in the Frequency Domain Pulse in Time Domain u Resultant Pulse in Time Domain u t u Pre-selector filters out desired chunk of spectrum RF Bandwidth Preselection Original pulse Preselected band-limited pulse t f
63 Pre-selection in an EMI Receiver Bank of filters switched in automatically 150 KHz LPF Fixed bandpass filters covering range 150kHz to 1005MHz Fixed highpass filters covering range 1005MHz to 7000MHz > 7 GHz YIG filter
64 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display
65 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E 1pk t
66 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t
67 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t E 3pk t
68 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t E 3pk t voltage ratio E 1pk / E 2pk = BW pulse / BW preselector - constant spectral density
69 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t E 3pk t voltage ratio E 1pk / E 2pk = BW pulse / BW preselector - constant spectral density Yellow: w/ preselection Red: w/o pre-selection
70 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW * Debug Note Compression can lower gain & increase noise Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t E 3pk t voltage ratio E 1pk / E 2pk = BW pulse / BW preselector - constant spectral density Yellow: w/ preselection Red: w/o pre-selection
71 Necessity of Pre-Selection RF Input Mixer RBW * Debug Note Compression can lower gain & increase noise Preselector Bandwidth 150 khz to 100 MHz Local oscillator f IF e.g. 120 khz Display E(t) E(t) E(t) E 1pk t E 2pk t E 3pk t voltage ratio E 1pk / E 2pk = BW pulse / BW preselector - constant spectral density Yellow: w/ preselection Red: w/o pre-selection ı Frontend is overloaded without preselector ı No reliable overload indication
72 Preselector for EMI Receivers p Maximum input level (1 db compression point) Dynamic range (indication) narrowband signal Noise floor
73 Preselector for EMI Receivers p Dynamic range (indication) narrowband signal 20 log (B RF /B RBW ) db Maximum input level (1 db compression point) Maximum Dynamic range indication range (indication) broadband signal without preselection Noise floor!
74 Preselector for EMI Receivers p Dynamic range (indication) narrowband signal 20 log (B PRE /B RBW ) db Dynamic range (indication) broadband signal with preselection 20 log (B RF /B RBW ) db Maximum input level (1 db compression point) Maximum Dynamic range indication range (indication) broadband signal without preselection Noise floor!
75 Preselector for EMI Receivers p p input 1 db compression point = 120 db(µv) 20 log(100 MHz / 0.1 MHz) = 60 db 20 log( 2 GHz / 0.1 MHz) = 86 db 20 log (Bw RF /Bw IF ) db 60 dbuv Maximum indication range p indication P ind max Dynamic range (indication) 60 db 34 dbuv 34 db Example: RF = 800 MHz RF bandwidth = 2 GHz RBW = 100 khz Preselection BW = 100 MHz AV Noise floor 0 db(µv) with preselection without preselection *) Bandwidth of signal is equal to RF bandwidth of CISPR pulse generator = 2 GHz
76 Preselector for EMI Receivers Use of spectrum analyzer for compliance measurements l Requirements in CISPR (3rd Ed.) l The QP response of a spectrum analyzer without preselection to repeated pulses shall be identical to Figure 1 for pulse repetition frequencies equal to or greater than 20 Hz 22.5 db Example for Band C/D 21 db 20 Hz
77 CISPR- Standard Calibration Pulse Generator IGLK 2914 Schwarzbeck MESS-ELETRONIK Parametrics I Pulse type = CISPR 1 (9 khz) ı Pulse Width ~ 41 ns ı PRF= 200 Hz ı Power = 56 dbuv
78 Necessity of Pre-selection 1GHz - 2GHz Sweep with RBW = 1MHz 400MHz -1GHz Sweep with RBW = 120kHz Yellow: w/ preselection Green: w/o pre-selection
79 Thank You for Your Attention Questions?
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