Comparison of Two Measurement Devices I. Fundamental Ideas.
|
|
- Eric Hill
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Comparson of Two Measurement Devces I. Fundamental Ideas. ASQ-RS Qualty Conference March 16, 005 Joseph G. Voelkel, COE, RIT Bruce Sskowsk Rechert, Inc. Topcs The Problem, Eample, Mathematcal Model One Soluton: Bland-Altman Plots Better Data A Comparson to Gage R&R Mandel s Estmate Our Method Models Structural Equatons, Path Dagrams Our Method Analyss Informal Graphs and Background Checks Formal Lkelhood Methods Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS The Problem Two measurng devces need to be compared You make these and are desgnng a new verson or new model: better than the old? You use these and a new one has been added to the lab. How does t compare to the current one? (Can etend to more than two ) No Standard No standard ests for what s the rght answer A standard ests but s hard to come by $$ A standard ests but s not realstc Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-3
2 Eamples Blood pressure Cardac Output Fck method Dyel dluton Thermal dluton The Problem Correct answer hard to come by Even Gold Standard has measurement error Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Tonometer Medcal screenng devce that measures ntraocular pressure of the human eye. Pressure acts on retna and optc nerve. Increased sustaned pressures above 3mm Hg can lead to vson loss condton glaucoma. If tonometer ndcates possble rsk, an M.D. of ophthalmology runs other detaled tests for a more accurate dagnoss. Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Tonometer Problem wth tonometer calbraton Dffcult to put pressure sensors nsde the human eye to measure eact values Sensor nserton surgery ests (!) but would change the eye anyway Orgnal gold standard s Goldman Applanaton Tonometer (GAT) that touches the eye Rechert Eample of a contact tonometer Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-6
3 Tonometer Rechert nvented several non-contact ar-puff versons snce 197 that Do not requre eye anesthetc drops Do reduce operator varaton va computerzed automaton. Rechert s goal s to use/create better statstcal tests to prove Rechert tonometers have less measurement repeatablty varaton than the GAT Prevalent technques only check agreement and bas across a sample populaton. Rechert Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Tonometer Eample Two tonometers (dfferent models). The reference devce s called MD and the devce under test s MD y. Eample slghtly smplfed from orgnal study. Only measurements of the left eye, n mm Hg. (Coded.) Study performed by selectng a sample of subjects. Each subject measured wth MD and then wth MD y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Data 5 MD MDy Note: Ths s only based on one readng from each eye We wll later consder averages based on multple readngs per eye (more common) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-9
4 Data 0 MD 15 Two hghest MD values set asde Based on only one readng from each eye 15 0 MDy Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Are the Two Devces Equvalent? And Other Questons What does t mean to say equvalent? And f they are not equvalent, n what way are they not equvalent? Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS A (Tentatve) Mathematcal Model... Long-term average MD N rght now ("true?") X1 X... X3 X4 XN Observed What does t mean to say equvalent? MD y y1 y... y3 y4 yn Y1 Y Y3 Y4... YN (Tentatve wll try to use data to see f reasonable) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-1
5 A Mathematcal Model 1. Where dd these subjects come from?? N r.s. sze N from a pop'n. What do the s look lke n the populaton? nd N ( µ, ) Our s Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS A Mathematcal Model 3. What do we observe? ( µ ) nd N, ( e ) X = + e, e nd N 0, e s the measurement error Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS A Mathematcal Model The dstrbuton and, say, 1 ( µ ) nd N, Dst Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
6 A Mathematcal Model The dstrbuton and, say, 1 The X dstrbuton at 1. Also, X 1 ( e ) X = + e, e nd N 0, Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS A Mathematcal Model, under Equvalency 4. What about the y s? Should have some connecton to the s! Equvalency Model 1 y = ( u) Y = y + u, u nd N 0, = u e Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS A Mathematcal Model, under Equvalency Y y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
7 Analyss, to See f Model s Reasonable? ˆ Medcal researchers β XY = 0.86 s.e.= Regresson of X on Y? Regresson of Y on X? Correlaton of Y and X? 15 ˆ β = 0.70 s.e.=0.06 XY MD 0 MDy MDy ˆ ρ XY = 0.78 Based on only one readng from each eye 15 0 MD Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Bland-Altman Response to ths state of affars Instead of Y vs X Plot Y-X vs average(y & X) A dfference-mean plot Used before, e.g. Tukey Then look for agreement Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS MD Data. All 93. Based on only one readng from each eye MDy X Y 5-15 MD 0-6 MDy Aver X&Y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-1
8 Bland-Altman Use graph to check for Outlers If so, decde what to do Lnear Trends If so, use to eamne amount of bas More Spread at hgher Aver(X&Y) values If so, try log transformaton If all OK, summarze agreement by s.e.(x Y) Here, f only use N=91, get s.e.=.0 Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Bland-Altman Became very popular method Bland-Altman became the voce to ensure good studes Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Back to Model Thnkng So far, have just defned equvalent devces. More generally, consder model wth possble lnear bas Model u e ( µ ) nd N, y = β0 + β1 X = + e, e nd N 0, Y = y + u, u nd N 0, = ( ) ( ) e u Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-4
9 Another Model Last model possble lnear bas but same measurement s.d. s Ths model no lnear bas but possble dfferent measurement s.d. s nd N( µ, ) y = Model ' X = + e, e nd N( 0, e ) Y = y + u, u nd N 0, ( ) u Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS And Another Model A model wth possble lnear bas and dfferent measurement s.d. s nd N( µ, ), y = β0 + β1 X = + e, e nd N( 0, e ) Y = y + u, u nd N 0, ( ) u Model 3 Very reasonable! MD and MD y measurng the same feature, but possbly un-calbrated and possbly wth dfferent precson. Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Informaton n the Data for Model 3 Under Model 3 assumptons, t s well known that all the nformaton n nd N( µ, ) the data can be summarzed wth 5 numbers: y = β0 + β1 X = + e, e nd N 0, e X, Y, s X, sy, rx, Y (or Cov( X, Y) ) Y = y + u, u nd N 0, u µ,, β0, β1, e, u A slght problem: there are 6 parameters that must be estmated n the Model!!! ( ) ( ) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-7
10 Model 3 Problem Model 3 s sad to be undentfable wth the data avalable E X = µ E Y = β0 + β 1µ E s = + X e E s = β + Y 1 u (, ) E Cov X Y = β 1 Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Model 3 Problem Model 3: undentfable wth the data avalable Bland and Altman stll advocate ther method What does t gve Does not allow bas to be estmated cleanly Does not gve a pure estmated measure of agreement, but does gve a lower bound of t. ( ) E sx Y = β1 1 + e+ u So, our s.e.=.0 s a lower bound estmate of the s.d. of the dfferences Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Bland and Altman: A Queston Is agreement really want we want to eamne? If there s lack of agreement, do we know why? whch devce, f ether, s better? Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
11 Ths s smple Better Data Collect more than one observaton for each subject! Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS MD (Our total data) Better Data... Long-term average N rght now X11 X1 X13 X14... X1N X 1 X X3 X4... XN Observed X X X X... X N, X, = 1,..., N, j= 1,..., J j Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Better Data The addtonal nformaton X X X X... X N X X X X... X N X X X X... X N s s s s s s e1 e e3 e4 en e and s u Now: 7 summares to estmate 6 parameters. Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
12 A Bgger Model Wth 7 summares to estmate 6 parameters, let s consder an even bgger (=more Model 4 realstc) model What f the two measurng devces are nd N( µ, ) y = β0 + β1 + δ, δ ndn 0, δ not qute measurng the same feature? X j = + ej, ej nd N( 0, e ) Y = y + u, u nd N 0, j j j ( u ) ( ) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Model 1 Model y y= lne Model 3 30 Model Models wth hypothetcal data: and y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Model 1 Model 30 y and Y 0 30 Model and X 0 Y values graphed at as X values graphed at y as 30 Model Model ' also 0 Models wth hypothetcal data: X and Y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
13 Comparson to Gage R&R Two devces one devce but several operators Operators as devces General operator dfferences (vs. specfc lnear trend dfferences & devatons from t) Assumes each operator s measurement error equal (vs. lookng for dfferent devce precson) Typcally small study, wth poor estmates (vs. more data and better estmates) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Mandel s Estmate and The Regresson Problem Mandel 1984 JQT) consdered our Model 3 (possbly un-calbrated and dfferent precson, but measurng same feature) He found the rule for fndng the best fttng lne (estmatng the relaton between and y, not X and Y) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS All meas t error n X: Least Squares based on Regresson of X on Y All meas t error n Y: Least Squares based on Regresson of Y on X MD Based on only one readng from each eye X 0 15 Equal meas t error n X & Y: Least Squares based on 45 lne General Case: Least Squares based on k lne 15 0 MDy Y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
14 s Data Analyss: Informal Methods The largest model we want to ft s Model 4. But what f even ths sn t rght? Can the data tell us? Yes, up to a pont. Eamples of Informal analyss: Does measurement varablty ncrease as the values ncrease? Is there a trend n three consecutve readngs? Is the bas, f any, lnear? Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Does Measurement Varablty Increase as the Values Increase? Consder MD y only here Plot of s 3 Y, vs. Y1 Y Y s Y Y, Y Ybar Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Is there a Trend n Three Consecutve Readngs? Look at Y3, Y1, Y 11 Y Y Y Y Y3 - Y1 Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS 005-4
15 Sold lnes: lnear, quadratc fts to all the data Dashed lnes: lnear, quadratc fts wthout two largest X values Is the Bas, f any, Lnear? X Set asde two largest X values Y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Another Lack of Ft? 5 Note "Boundary" of X at X ~ 0 Set asde 7 lowest values X X 15 Both hgh and low X features to be nvestgated Y Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Formal Data Analyss Comparson of Models Start at largest and work down Fnd smallest model consstent wth the data Model 4 Model 3 Model Model ' Model 1 Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
16 Formal Data Analyss How to get estmates? Mamum Lkelhood How to compare models? Lkelhood Rato Tests Both: common and powerful statstcal technques Mamum Lkelhood: for a gven model, fnd the parameter estmates most lkely to have generated the data. Lkelhood Rato Tests: f the smaller model s almost as lkely to have generated the data as the larger model, accept t. Otherwse reject t n favor of the larger model. Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Mamum Lkelhood Estmates ˆθ for Model k θ for Model k = 4 k = 3 k = k = k = 1 µ β β δ e u ( µ y = β0 + β 1µ ) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS ˆθ for Model k θ for Model k = 4 k = 3 k = k = k = 1 µ β β δ e u ( µ y = β0 + β 1µ ) L L ( θ ˆ ) ( ˆ ) θ Dfference, test of Model k versus k /5.99 s α = 0.05 here vs 0.40 vs Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
17 MD Conclusons Some unusual behavor at lowest and hghest readngs Round-off error (seen n ndvdual values). MD y vs MD Both MD s are measurng the same feature No evdence of lnear bas MD y s 1.9 more precse than MD (MD y s test, MD s reference. Bland-Altman plots would have smply noted lack of agreement ) Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS Topcs The Problem, Eample, Mathematcal Model One Soluton: Bland-Altman Plots Better Data A Comparson to Gage R&R Mandel s Estmate Our Method Models Structural Equatons, Path Dagrams Our Method Analyss Net Sesson: Ft models n Ecel (Mntab used to get startng values quckly) Informal Graphs and Background Checks Formal Lkelhood Methods Rev: 03/15/05 ASQ-RS
To: Professor Avitabile Date: February 4, 2003 From: Mechanical Student Subject: Experiment #1 Numerical Methods Using Excel
To: Professor Avtable Date: February 4, 3 From: Mechancal Student Subject:.3 Experment # Numercal Methods Usng Excel Introducton Mcrosoft Excel s a spreadsheet program that can be used for data analyss,
More informationWebinar Series TMIP VISION
Webnar Seres TMIP VISION TMIP provdes techncal support and promotes knowledge and nformaton exchange n the transportaton plannng and modelng communty. DISCLAIMER The vews and opnons expressed durng ths
More informationControl Chart. Control Chart - history. Process in control. Developed in 1920 s. By Dr. Walter A. Shewhart
Control Chart - hstory Control Chart Developed n 920 s By Dr. Walter A. Shewhart 2 Process n control A phenomenon s sad to be controlled when, through the use of past experence, we can predct, at least
More informationA Comparison of Two Equivalent Real Formulations for Complex-Valued Linear Systems Part 2: Results
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOL. 1 NO. () A Comparson of Two Equvalent Real Formulatons for Complex-Valued Lnear Systems Part : Results Abnta Munankarmy and Mchael A. Heroux Department of
More informationECE315 / ECE515 Lecture 5 Date:
Lecture 5 Date: 18.08.2016 Common Source Amplfer MOSFET Amplfer Dstorton Example 1 One Realstc CS Amplfer Crcut: C c1 : Couplng Capactor serves as perfect short crcut at all sgnal frequences whle blockng
More informationNATIONAL RADIO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Virginia SPECTRAL PROCESSOR MEMO NO. 25. MEMORANDUM February 13, 1985
NATONAL RADO ASTRONOMY OBSERVATORY Green Bank, West Vrgna SPECTRAL PROCESSOR MEMO NO. 25 MEMORANDUM February 13, 1985 To: Spectral Processor Group From: R. Fsher Subj: Some Experments wth an nteger FFT
More informationHigh Speed ADC Sampling Transients
Hgh Speed ADC Samplng Transents Doug Stuetzle Hgh speed analog to dgtal converters (ADCs) are, at the analog sgnal nterface, track and hold devces. As such, they nclude samplng capactors and samplng swtches.
More information4.3- Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic
2/8/2012 3_3 Modelng the ode Forward Characterstcs 1/3 4.3- Modelng the ode Forward Characterstc Readng Assgnment: pp. 179-188 How do we analyze crcuts wth juncton dodes? 2 ways: Exact Solutons ffcult!
More informationOptimizing a System of Threshold-based Sensors with Application to Biosurveillance
Optmzng a System of Threshold-based Sensors wth Applcaton to Bosurvellance Ronald D. Frcker, Jr. Thrd Annual Quanttatve Methods n Defense and Natonal Securty Conference May 28, 2008 What s Bosurvellance?
More informationWeighted Penalty Model for Content Balancing in CATS
Weghted Penalty Model for Content Balancng n CATS Chngwe Davd Shn Yuehme Chen Walter Denny Way Len Swanson Aprl 2009 Usng assessment and research to promote learnng WPM for CAT Content Balancng 2 Abstract
More informationPassive Filters. References: Barbow (pp ), Hayes & Horowitz (pp 32-60), Rizzoni (Chap. 6)
Passve Flters eferences: Barbow (pp 6575), Hayes & Horowtz (pp 360), zzon (Chap. 6) Frequencyselectve or flter crcuts pass to the output only those nput sgnals that are n a desred range of frequences (called
More informationIEE Electronics Letters, vol 34, no 17, August 1998, pp ESTIMATING STARTING POINT OF CONDUCTION OF CMOS GATES
IEE Electroncs Letters, vol 34, no 17, August 1998, pp. 1622-1624. ESTIMATING STARTING POINT OF CONDUCTION OF CMOS GATES A. Chatzgeorgou, S. Nkolads 1 and I. Tsoukalas Computer Scence Department, 1 Department
More informationUncertainty in measurements of power and energy on power networks
Uncertanty n measurements of power and energy on power networks E. Manov, N. Kolev Department of Measurement and Instrumentaton, Techncal Unversty Sofa, bul. Klment Ohrdsk No8, bl., 000 Sofa, Bulgara Tel./fax:
More informationGuidelines for CCPR and RMO Bilateral Key Comparisons CCPR Working Group on Key Comparison CCPR-G5 October 10 th, 2014
Gudelnes for CCPR and RMO Blateral Key Comparsons CCPR Workng Group on Key Comparson CCPR-G5 October 10 th, 2014 These gudelnes are prepared by CCPR WG-KC and RMO P&R representatves, and approved by CCPR,
More informationMTBF PREDICTION REPORT
MTBF PREDICTION REPORT PRODUCT NAME: BLE112-A-V2 Issued date: 01-23-2015 Rev:1.0 Copyrght@2015 Bluegga Technologes. All rghts reserved. 1 MTBF PREDICTION REPORT... 1 PRODUCT NAME: BLE112-A-V2... 1 1.0
More informationIntroduction to Coalescent Models. Biostatistics 666
Introducton to Coalescent Models Bostatstcs 666 Prevously Allele frequences Hardy Wenberg Equlbrum Lnkage Equlbrum Expected state for dstant markers Lnkage Dsequlbrum Assocaton between neghborng alleles
More informationGraph Method for Solving Switched Capacitors Circuits
Recent Advances n rcuts, ystems, gnal and Telecommuncatons Graph Method for olvng wtched apactors rcuts BHUMIL BRTNÍ Department of lectroncs and Informatcs ollege of Polytechncs Jhlava Tolstého 6, 586
More informationIntroduction to Coalescent Models. Biostatistics 666 Lecture 4
Introducton to Coalescent Models Bostatstcs 666 Lecture 4 Last Lecture Lnkage Equlbrum Expected state for dstant markers Lnkage Dsequlbrum Assocaton between neghborng alleles Expected to decrease wth dstance
More informationUnit 1. Current and Voltage U 1 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT. Circuit Basics KVL, KCL, Ohm's Law LED Outputs Buttons/Switch Inputs. Current / Voltage Analogy
..2 nt Crcut Bascs KVL, KCL, Ohm's Law LED Outputs Buttons/Swtch Inputs VOLTAGE AND CRRENT..4 Current and Voltage Current / Voltage Analogy Charge s measured n unts of Coulombs Current Amount of charge
More informationproblems palette of David Rock and Mary K. Porter 6. A local musician comes to your school to give a performance
palette of problems Davd Rock and Mary K. Porter 1. If n represents an nteger, whch of the followng expressons yelds the greatest value? n,, n, n, n n. A 60-watt lghtbulb s used for 95 hours before t burns
More informationDynamic Optimization. Assignment 1. Sasanka Nagavalli January 29, 2013 Robotics Institute Carnegie Mellon University
Dynamc Optmzaton Assgnment 1 Sasanka Nagavall snagaval@andrew.cmu.edu 16-745 January 29, 213 Robotcs Insttute Carnege Mellon Unversty Table of Contents 1. Problem and Approach... 1 2. Optmzaton wthout
More informationANNUAL OF NAVIGATION 11/2006
ANNUAL OF NAVIGATION 11/2006 TOMASZ PRACZYK Naval Unversty of Gdyna A FEEDFORWARD LINEAR NEURAL NETWORK WITH HEBBA SELFORGANIZATION IN RADAR IMAGE COMPRESSION ABSTRACT The artcle presents the applcaton
More informationTile Values of Information in Some Nonzero Sum Games
lnt. ournal of Game Theory, Vot. 6, ssue 4, page 221-229. Physca- Verlag, Venna. Tle Values of Informaton n Some Nonzero Sum Games By P. Levne, Pars I ), and ZP, Ponssard, Pars 2 ) Abstract: The paper
More informationTECHNICAL NOTE TERMINATION FOR POINT- TO-POINT SYSTEMS TN TERMINATON FOR POINT-TO-POINT SYSTEMS. Zo = L C. ω - angular frequency = 2πf
TECHNICAL NOTE TERMINATION FOR POINT- TO-POINT SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Because dgtal sgnal rates n computng systems are ncreasng at an astonshng rate, sgnal ntegrty ssues have become far more mportant to
More information1 GSW Multipath Channel Models
In the general case, the moble rado channel s pretty unpleasant: there are a lot of echoes dstortng the receved sgnal, and the mpulse response keeps changng. Fortunately, there are some smplfyng assumptons
More informationDETERMINATION OF WIND SPEED PROFILE PARAMETERS IN THE SURFACE LAYER USING A MINI-SODAR
DETERMINATION OF WIND SPEED PROFILE PARAMETERS IN THE SURFACE LAYER USING A MINI-SODAR A. Coppalle, M. Talbaut and F. Corbn UMR 6614 CORIA, Sant Etenne du Rouvray, France INTRODUCTION Recent mprovements
More informationMedium Term Load Forecasting for Jordan Electric Power System Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Least Square Regression Methods
Journal of Power and Energy Engneerng, 2017, 5, 75-96 http://www.scrp.org/journal/jpee ISSN Onlne: 2327-5901 ISSN Prnt: 2327-588X Medum Term Load Forecastng for Jordan Electrc Power System Usng Partcle
More informationUnderstanding the Spike Algorithm
Understandng the Spke Algorthm Vctor Ejkhout and Robert van de Gejn May, ntroducton The parallel soluton of lnear systems has a long hstory, spannng both drect and teratve methods Whle drect methods exst
More information1. Section 1 Exercises (all) Appendix A.1 of Vardeman and Jobe (pages ).
Stat 40B Homework/Fall 07 Please see the HW polcy on the course syllabus. Every student must wrte up hs or her own solutons usng hs or her own words, symbols, calculatons, etc. Copyng of the work of others
More informationCalculation of the received voltage due to the radiation from multiple co-frequency sources
Rec. ITU-R SM.1271-0 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.1271-0 * EFFICIENT SPECTRUM UTILIZATION USING PROBABILISTIC METHODS Rec. ITU-R SM.1271 (1997) The ITU Radocommuncaton Assembly, consderng a) that communcatons
More informationAppendix E: The Effect of Phase 2 Grants
Appendx E: The Effect of Phase 2 Grants Roughly a year after recevng a $150,000 Phase 1 award, a frm may apply for a $1 mllon Phase 2 grant. Successful applcants typcally receve ther Phase 2 money nearly
More informationShunt Active Filters (SAF)
EN-TH05-/004 Martt Tuomanen (9) Shunt Actve Flters (SAF) Operaton prncple of a Shunt Actve Flter. Non-lnear loads lke Varable Speed Drves, Unnterrupted Power Supples and all knd of rectfers draw a non-snusodal
More informationChess players fame versus their merit
Ths artcle s ublshed n Aled Economcs Letters htt://www.tandfonlne.com/do/full/0.080/350485.05.0435 Chess layers fame versus ther mert M.V. Smkn and V.P. Roychowdhury Deartment of Electrcal Engneerng, Unversty
More informationCircular(2)-linear regression analysis with iteration order manipulation
Internatonal Journal of Advances n Intellgent Informatcs ISSN: 44-657 Vol. 3, No., July 7, pp. 7-6 7 Crcular()-lnear regresson analyss wth teraton order manpulaton Muhamad Irpan Nurhab a,,*, Badaruddn
More informationSTATISTICS. is given by. i i. = total frequency, d i. = x i a ANIL TUTORIALS. = total frequency and d i. = total frequency, h = class-size
STATISTICS ImPORTANT TERmS, DEFINITIONS AND RESULTS l The mean x of n values x 1, x 2, x 3,... x n s gven by x1+ x2 + x3 +... + xn x = n l mean of grouped data (wthout class-ntervals) () Drect method :
More informationNetwork Theory. EC / EE / IN. for
Network Theory for / / IN By www.thegateacademy.com Syllabus Syllabus for Networks Network Graphs: Matrces Assocated Wth Graphs: Incdence, Fundamental ut Set and Fundamental rcut Matrces. Soluton Methods:
More informationEvaluate the Effective of Annular Aperture on the OTF for Fractal Optical Modulator
Global Advanced Research Journal of Management and Busness Studes (ISSN: 2315-5086) Vol. 4(3) pp. 082-086, March, 2015 Avalable onlne http://garj.org/garjmbs/ndex.htm Copyrght 2015 Global Advanced Research
More informationLearning Ensembles of Convolutional Neural Networks
Learnng Ensembles of Convolutonal Neural Networks Lran Chen The Unversty of Chcago Faculty Mentor: Greg Shakhnarovch Toyota Technologcal Insttute at Chcago 1 Introducton Convolutonal Neural Networks (CNN)
More informationPRACTICAL, COMPUTATION EFFICIENT HIGH-ORDER NEURAL NETWORK FOR ROTATION AND SHIFT INVARIANT PATTERN RECOGNITION. Evgeny Artyomov and Orly Yadid-Pecht
68 Internatonal Journal "Informaton Theores & Applcatons" Vol.11 PRACTICAL, COMPUTATION EFFICIENT HIGH-ORDER NEURAL NETWORK FOR ROTATION AND SHIFT INVARIANT PATTERN RECOGNITION Evgeny Artyomov and Orly
More informationOptimization Frequency Design of Eddy Current Testing
Optmzaton Frequency Desgn of Eddy Current Testng NAONG MUNGKUNG 1, KOMKIT CHOMSUWAN 1, NAONG PIMPU 2 AND TOSHIFUMI YUJI 3 1 Department of Electrcal Technology Educaton Kng Mongkut s Unversty of Technology
More informationParticle Filters. Ioannis Rekleitis
Partcle Flters Ioanns Reklets Bayesan Flter Estmate state x from data Z What s the probablty of the robot beng at x? x could be robot locaton, map nformaton, locatons of targets, etc Z could be sensor
More informationMASTER TIMING AND TOF MODULE-
MASTER TMNG AND TOF MODULE- G. Mazaher Stanford Lnear Accelerator Center, Stanford Unversty, Stanford, CA 9409 USA SLAC-PUB-66 November 99 (/E) Abstract n conjuncton wth the development of a Beam Sze Montor
More informationKeywords LTE, Uplink, Power Control, Fractional Power Control.
Volume 3, Issue 6, June 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X Internatonal Journal of Advanced Research n Computer Scence and Software Engneerng Research Paper Avalable onlne at: www.jarcsse.com Uplnk Power Control Schemes
More informationMultichannel Frequency Comparator VCH-315. User Guide
Multchannel Frequency Comparator VCH-315 User Gude Table of contents 1 Introducton... 3 2 The workng prncple of the Comparator... 6 3 The computed functons... 8 3.1 Basc ratos... 8 3.2 Statstcal functons...
More informationEstimating Mean Time to Failure in Digital Systems Using Manufacturing Defective Part Level
Estmatng Mean Tme to Falure n Dgtal Systems Usng Manufacturng Defectve Part Level Jennfer Dworak, Davd Dorsey, Amy Wang, and M. Ray Mercer Texas A&M Unversty IBM Techncal Contact: Matthew W. Mehalc, PowerPC
More informationUSE OF GPS MULTICORRELATOR RECEIVERS FOR MULTIPATH PARAMETERS ESTIMATION
Rdha CHAGGARA, TeSA Chrstophe MACABIAU, ENAC Erc CHATRE, STNA USE OF GPS MULTICORRELATOR RECEIVERS FOR MULTIPATH PARAMETERS ESTIMATION ABSTRACT The performance of GPS may be degraded by many perturbatons
More informationFall 2018 #11 Games and Nimbers. A. Game. 0.5 seconds, 64 megabytes
5-95 Fall 08 # Games and Nmbers A. Game 0.5 seconds, 64 megabytes There s a legend n the IT Cty college. A student that faled to answer all questons on the game theory exam s gven one more chance by hs
More information* wivecrest Corporation 1715 Technology Dr., Suite 400 Saq Jose, CA w avecrestcorp. corn
A New 'Method for Jtter Decomposton Through ts Dstrbuton Tal Fttng Mke P. L*, Jan Wlstrup+, Ross Jessen+, Denns Petrch* Abstract * wvecrest Corporaton 75 Technology Dr., Sute 400 Saq Jose, CA 95 0 mp,eng@
More informationTime-frequency Analysis Based State Diagnosis of Transformers Windings under the Short-Circuit Shock
Tme-frequency Analyss Based State Dagnoss of Transformers Wndngs under the Short-Crcut Shock YUYING SHAO, ZHUSHI RAO School of Mechancal Engneerng ZHIJIAN JIN Hgh Voltage Lab Shangha Jao Tong Unversty
More informationREAL-TIME SCHEDULING IN LTE FOR SMART GRIDS. Yuzhe Xu, Carlo Fischione
REAL-TIME SCHEDULING IN LTE FOR SMART GRIDS Yuzhe Xu, Carlo Fschone Automatc Control Lab KTH, Royal Insttue of Technology 1-44, Stockholm, Sweden Emal: yuzhe@kth.se, carlof@kth.se ABSTRACT The latest wreless
More informationA MODIFIED DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALGORITHM IN SPARSE LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAY SYNTHESIS
A MODIFIED DIFFERENTIAL EVOLUTION ALORITHM IN SPARSE LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAY SYNTHESIS Kaml Dmller Department of Electrcal-Electroncs Engneerng rne Amercan Unversty North Cyprus, Mersn TURKEY kdmller@gau.edu.tr
More informationDigital Transmission
Dgtal Transmsson Most modern communcaton systems are dgtal, meanng that the transmtted normaton sgnal carres bts and symbols rather than an analog sgnal. The eect o C/N rato ncrease or decrease on dgtal
More informationSide-Match Vector Quantizers Using Neural Network Based Variance Predictor for Image Coding
Sde-Match Vector Quantzers Usng Neural Network Based Varance Predctor for Image Codng Shuangteng Zhang Department of Computer Scence Eastern Kentucky Unversty Rchmond, KY 40475, U.S.A. shuangteng.zhang@eku.edu
More informationMulticarrier Modulation
Multcarrer Modulaton Wha Sook Jeon Moble Computng & Communcatons Lab Contents Concept of multcarrer modulaton Data transmsson over multple carrers Multcarrer modulaton wth overlappng Chap. subchannels
More informationAir Exchange and Ventilation in an Underground Train Station
Ar Echange and Ventlaton n an Underground Tran Staton Mkael Björlng 1* 1 Unversty of Gävle, Faculty of Technology and Envronment, Department of Buldngs, Energy, and Envronment, 1 76 Gävle * Correspondng
More informationN( E) ( ) That is, if the outcomes in sample space S are equally likely, then ( )
Stat 400, secton 2.2 Axoms, Interpretatons and Propertes of Probablty notes by Tm Plachowsk In secton 2., we constructed sample spaces by askng, What could happen? Now, n secton 2.2, we begn askng and
More informationBiases in Earth radiation budget observations 2. Consistent scene identification and anisotropic factors
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 101, NO. D16, PAGES 21,253-21,263, SEPTEMBER 27, 1996 Bases n Earth radaton budget observatons 2. Consstent scene dentfcaton and ansotropc factors Qan Ye and James
More informationErgodic Capacity of Block-Fading Gaussian Broadcast and Multi-access Channels for Single-User-Selection and Constant-Power
7th European Sgnal Processng Conference EUSIPCO 29 Glasgow, Scotland, August 24-28, 29 Ergodc Capacty of Block-Fadng Gaussan Broadcast and Mult-access Channels for Sngle-User-Selecton and Constant-Power
More informationWe assume a two-layered model, and a P wave is excited in the upper layer.
3.4 Crtcal angle We assume a two-layered model, and a P wave s ected n the uer layer. When a P wave mnges on a horontal boundary, the ncdence angle for the transmtted P wave n the second medum s gven by
More informationEE 330 Lecture 22. Small Signal Analysis Small Signal Analysis of BJT Amplifier
EE Lecture Small Sgnal Analss Small Sgnal Analss o BJT Ampler Revew rom Last Lecture Comparson o Gans or MOSFET and BJT Crcuts N (t) A B BJT CC Q R EE OUT R CQ t DQ R = CQ R =, SS + T = -, t =5m R CQ A
More informationPrevention of Sequential Message Loss in CAN Systems
Preventon of Sequental Message Loss n CAN Systems Shengbng Jang Electrcal & Controls Integraton Lab GM R&D Center, MC: 480-106-390 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI 48090 shengbng.jang@gm.com Ratnesh Kumar
More informationUNIT 11 TWO-PERSON ZERO-SUM GAMES WITH SADDLE POINT
UNIT TWO-PERSON ZERO-SUM GAMES WITH SADDLE POINT Structure. Introducton Obectves. Key Terms Used n Game Theory.3 The Maxmn-Mnmax Prncple.4 Summary.5 Solutons/Answers. INTRODUCTION In Game Theory, the word
More informationTechniques for Graceful Reversion from Dual to Single Frequency WAAS
Technques for Graceful Reverson from Dual to Sngle Frequency WAAS Shau-Shun Jan, Todd Walter, Per Enge Department of Aeronautcs and Astronautcs Stanford Unversty, Calforna 94305 ABSTRACT Ths paper nvestgates
More informationAFV-P 2U/4U. AC + DC Power Solutions. series. Transient Generation for Disturbance Tests. only. High Performance Programmable AC Power Source
AFV-P seres Hgh Performance Programmable AC Power Source only 2U/4U Intutve Touch Screen HMI Output Frequency up to 15-1000Hz Power Lne Smulatons: Step & Ramp Features Fast Response Tme: 300μs AC Source
More informationTotal Power Minimization in Glitch-Free CMOS Circuits Considering Process Variation
21st Internatonal Conference on VLSI Desgn Total Power Mnmzaton n Gltch-Free CMOS Crcuts Consderng Process Varaton Yuanln Lu * Intel Corporaton Folsom, CA 95630, USA yuanln.lu@ntel.com Abstract Compared
More informationReview: Our Approach 2. CSC310 Information Theory
CSC30 Informaton Theory Sam Rowes Lecture 3: Provng the Kraft-McMllan Inequaltes September 8, 6 Revew: Our Approach The study of both compresson and transmsson requres that we abstract data and messages
More informationMEASURING DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SIMULANTS FOR BIOLOGICAL TISSUE
MERIT BIEN 11 Fnal Report 1 MEASURING DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SIMULANTS FOR BIOLOGICAL TISSUE Margaret E. Raabe, Dr. Chrstopher Davs Abstract We strve to measure the delectrc propertes of bologcal smulants,
More informationSensors for Motion and Position Measurement
Sensors for Moton and Poston Measurement Introducton An ntegrated manufacturng envronment conssts of 5 elements:- - Machne tools - Inspecton devces - Materal handlng devces - Packagng machnes - Area where
More informationMalicious User Detection in Spectrum Sensing for WRAN Using Different Outliers Detection Techniques
Malcous User Detecton n Spectrum Sensng for WRAN Usng Dfferent Outlers Detecton Technques Mansh B Dave #, Mtesh B Nakran #2 Assstant Professor, C. U. Shah College of Engg. & Tech., Wadhwan cty-363030,
More informationTest 2. ECON3161, Game Theory. Tuesday, November 6 th
Test 2 ECON36, Game Theory Tuesday, November 6 th Drectons: Answer each queston completely. If you cannot determne the answer, explanng how you would arrve at the answer may earn you some ponts.. (20 ponts)
More informationThroughput Maximization by Adaptive Threshold Adjustment for AMC Systems
APSIPA ASC 2011 X an Throughput Maxmzaton by Adaptve Threshold Adjustment for AMC Systems We-Shun Lao and Hsuan-Jung Su Graduate Insttute of Communcaton Engneerng Department of Electrcal Engneerng Natonal
More informationAlgorithms Airline Scheduling. Airline Scheduling. Design and Analysis of Algorithms Andrei Bulatov
Algorthms Arlne Schedulng Arlne Schedulng Desgn and Analyss of Algorthms Andre Bulatov Algorthms Arlne Schedulng 11-2 The Problem An arlne carrer wants to serve certan set of flghts Example: Boston (6
More informationWalsh Function Based Synthesis Method of PWM Pattern for Full-Bridge Inverter
Walsh Functon Based Synthess Method of PWM Pattern for Full-Brdge Inverter Sej Kondo and Krt Choesa Nagaoka Unversty of Technology 63-, Kamtomoka-cho, Nagaoka 9-, JAPAN Fax: +8-58-7-95, Phone: +8-58-7-957
More informationPERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF THREE ALGORITHMS FOR TWO-CHANNEL SINEWAVE PARAMETER ESTIMATION: SEVEN PARAMETER SINE FIT, ELLIPSE FIT, SPECTRAL SINC FIT
XIX IMEKO World Congress Fundamental and ppled Metrology September 6, 009, Lsbon, Portugal PERFORMNCE COMPRISON OF THREE LGORITHMS FOR TWO-CHNNEL SINEWVE PRMETER ESTIMTION: SEVEN PRMETER SINE FIT, ELLIPSE
More informationFiber length of pulp and paper by automated optical analyzer using polarized light (Five-year review of T 271 om-12) (no changes since Draft 1)
OTICE: Ths s a DRAFT of a TAPPI Standard n ballot. Although avalable for publc vewng, t s stll under TAPPI s copyrght and may not be reproduced or dstrbuted wthout permsson of TAPPI. Ths draft s OT a currently
More informationantenna antenna (4.139)
.6.6 The Lmts of Usable Input Levels for LNAs The sgnal voltage level delvered to the nput of an LNA from the antenna may vary n a very wde nterval, from very weak sgnals comparable to the nose level,
More informationSubarray adaptive beamforming for reducing the impact of flow noise on sonar performance
Subarray adaptve beamformng for reducng the mpact of flow nose on sonar performance C. Bao 1, J. Leader and J. Pan 1 Defence Scence & Technology Organzaton, Rockngham, WA 6958, Australa School of Mechancal
More informationEvaluation of Techniques for Merging Information from Distributed Robots into a Shared World Model
Master Thess Software Engneerng Thess no: MSE-2004:26 August 2004 Evaluaton of Technques for Mergng Informaton from Dstrbuted Robots nto a Shared World Model Fredrk Henrcsson Jörgen Nlsson School of Engneerng
More informationAnalysis of Time Delays in Synchronous and. Asynchronous Control Loops. Bj rn Wittenmark, Ben Bastian, and Johan Nilsson
37th CDC, Tampa, December 1998 Analyss of Delays n Synchronous and Asynchronous Control Loops Bj rn Wttenmark, Ben Bastan, and Johan Nlsson emal: bjorn@control.lth.se, ben@control.lth.se, and johan@control.lth.se
More informationDistributed Fault Detection of Wireless Sensor Networks
Dstrbuted Fault Detecton of Wreless Sensor Networs Jnran Chen, Shubha Kher, and Arun Soman Dependable Computng and Networng Lab Iowa State Unversty Ames, Iowa 50010 {jrchen, shubha, arun}@astate.edu ABSTRACT
More informationOptimal Sizing and Allocation of Residential Photovoltaic Panels in a Distribution Network for Ancillary Services Application
Optmal Szng and Allocaton of Resdental Photovoltac Panels n a Dstrbuton Networ for Ancllary Servces Applcaton Reza Ahmad Kordhel, Student Member, IEEE, S. Al Pourmousav, Student Member, IEEE, Jayarshnan
More informationA GBAS Testbed to Support New Monitoring Algorithms Development for CAT III Precision Approach
A GBAS Testbed to Support New Montorng Algorthms Development for CAT III Precson Approach B. Belabbas, T. Dautermann, M. Felux, M. Rppl, S. Schlüter, V. Wlken, A. Hornbostel, M. Meurer German Aerospace
More informationRC Filters TEP Related Topics Principle Equipment
RC Flters TEP Related Topcs Hgh-pass, low-pass, Wen-Robnson brdge, parallel-t flters, dfferentatng network, ntegratng network, step response, square wave, transfer functon. Prncple Resstor-Capactor (RC)
More informationTotal Power Minimization in Glitch-Free CMOS Circuits Considering Process Variation
Total Power Mnmzaton n Gltch-Free CMOS Crcuts Consderng Process Varaton Abstract Compared to subthreshold age, dynamc power s normally much less senstve to the process varaton due to ts approxmately lnear
More informationVolume 31, Issue 1. Exploring the inter-industry wage premia in Portugal along the wage distribution: evidence from EU-SILC data
Volume 31, Issue 1 Explorng the nter-ndustry wage prema n Portugal along the wage dstrbuton: evdence from EU-SILC data Marco Bagett lan Mnstry of Economc Development, Department of Economc and Socal Coheson
More informationOpportunistic Beamforming for Finite Horizon Multicast
Opportunstc Beamformng for Fnte Horzon Multcast Gek Hong Sm, Joerg Wdmer, and Balaj Rengarajan allyson.sm@mdea.org, joerg.wdmer@mdea.org, and balaj.rengarajan@gmal.com Insttute IMDEA Networks, Madrd, Span
More information熊本大学学術リポジトリ. Kumamoto University Repositor
熊本大学学術リポジトリ Kumamoto Unversty Repostor Ttle Wreless LAN Based Indoor Poston and Its Smulaton Author(s) Ktasuka, Teruak; Nakansh, Tsune CtatonIEEE Pacfc RIM Conference on Comm Computers, and Sgnal Processng
More informationA Serially Complete U.S. Dataset of Temperature and Precipitation for Decision Support Systems
Journal of Envronmental Informatcs 8() 86-99 (006) 06JEI00079 76-35/684-8799 006 ISEIS www.ses.org/je A Serally Complete U.S. Dataset of Temperature and Precptaton for Decson Support Systems Z. Chen, S.
More informationarxiv: v1 [astro-ph.im] 24 Apr 2015
arxv:14.06579v1 [astro-ph.im] 24 Apr 2015 Solvng the polarzaton problem n ALMA-VLBI observatons, John Conway, Mchael Lndqvst Dpt. of Earth and Space Scences, Chalmers Unversty of Technology Onsala Space
More informationTHEORY OF YARN STRUCTURE by Prof. Bohuslav Neckář, Textile Department, IIT Delhi, New Delhi. Compression of fibrous assemblies
THEORY OF YARN STRUCTURE by Prof. Bohuslav Neckář, Textle Department, IIT Delh, New Delh. Compresson of fbrous assembles Q1) What was the dea of fbre-to-fbre contact accordng to van Wyk? A1) Accordng to
More informationPriority based Dynamic Multiple Robot Path Planning
2nd Internatonal Conference on Autonomous obots and Agents Prorty based Dynamc Multple obot Path Plannng Abstract Taxong Zheng Department of Automaton Chongqng Unversty of Post and Telecommuncaton, Chna
More informationDiscussion on How to Express a Regional GPS Solution in the ITRF
162 Dscusson on How to Express a Regonal GPS Soluton n the ITRF Z. ALTAMIMI 1 Abstract The usefulness of the densfcaton of the Internatonal Terrestral Reference Frame (ITRF) s to facltate ts access as
More informationLecture 10: Bipolar Junction Transistor Construction. NPN Physical Operation.
Whtes, EE 320 Lecture 10 Page 1 of 9 Lecture 10: Bpolar Juncton Transstor Constructon. NPN Physcal Operaton. For the remander of ths semester we wll be studyng transstors and transstor crcuts. The transstor
More informationSection on Survey Research Methods JSM 2008
Secton on Survey Research Methods JSM 008 Mnmzng Condtonal Global MSE for Health Estmates from the Behavoral Rs Factor Survellance System for U.S. Countes Contguous to the Unted States-Mexco Border Joe
More informationEMA. Education Maintenance Allowance (EMA) Financial Details Form 2017/18. student finance wales cyllid myfyrwyr cymru.
student fnance wales cylld myfyrwyr cymru Educaton Mantenance Allowance (EMA) Fnancal Detals Form 2017/18 sound advce on STUDENT FINANCE EMA Educaton Mantenance Allowance (EMA) 2017/18 /A How to complete
More informationCorrelation Analysis of Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Channels with Cross-Polarized Antennas
Correlaton Analyss of Multple-Input Multple-Output Channels wth Cross-Polarzed Antennas Le Jang, Volker Jungnckel, Stephan Jaeckel, Lars Thele and Armn Brylka Fraunhofer Insttute for Telecommuncatons,
More informationA High-Sensitivity Oversampling Digital Signal Detection Technique for CMOS Image Sensors Using Non-destructive Intermediate High-Speed Readout Mode
A Hgh-Senstvty Oversamplng Dgtal Sgnal Detecton Technque for CMOS Image Sensors Usng Non-destructve Intermedate Hgh-Speed Readout Mode Shoj Kawahto*, Nobuhro Kawa** and Yoshak Tadokoro** *Research Insttute
More informationA TWO-PLAYER MODEL FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS LOCATION OF FRANCHISING SERVICES WITH PREFERENTIAL RIGHTS
A TWO-PLAYER MODEL FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS LOCATION OF FRANCHISING SERVICES WITH PREFERENTIAL RIGHTS Pedro Godnho and oana Das Faculdade de Economa and GEMF Unversdade de Combra Av. Das da Slva 65 3004-5
More informationSpace Time Equalization-space time codes System Model for STCM
Space Tme Eualzaton-space tme codes System Model for STCM The system under consderaton conssts of ST encoder, fadng channel model wth AWGN, two transmt antennas, one receve antenna, Vterb eualzer wth deal
More informationCoverage of Hybrid Terrestrial-Satellite Location in Mobile Communications
Coverage of Hybrd Terrestral-Satellte ocaton n Moble Communcatons Francsco Barceló, Israel Martín-Escalona Dept. d Engnyera Telemàtca de la Unverstat Poltècnca de Catalunya c/ Jord Grona 1-3, Barcelona
More information