Inter-Ing 2005 INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION, TG. MUREŞ ROMÂNIA, NOVEMBER 2005.

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1 Inter-Ing 2005 INTERDISCIPLINARITY IN ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE WITH INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPATION, TG. MUREŞ ROMÂNIA, NOVEMBER ASPECTS REGARDING SHADES SHAPE AND WAYS OF OBTAINING IT USING CAD APPLICATIONS IORDACHE VERONICA - UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF BUCHAREST NICULAE ANDREEA GABRIELA - UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF BUCHAREST Key words: shape, shade, lighting, ambient, illuminating corps. Abstract: In this paper the authors wants to emphasis the design of the home illuminating corps (the shades). For this will be made an analyze of a few shades used in the domestic lighting. For a better exposure programs like AutoCAD and Mechanical Desktop will be used. 1. Types of home illuminating corps Physical ambient is the place where a person or a group is doing its activity. In a working room, for example an office, planning the ambient factors must ensure: general working characteristics, the containing of work, special requests of work, psychosocial factors. Important are also the financial possibilities and technique-economic possibilities of these structures. The many ambient factors are lighting, microenvironment ( temperature, humidity, air-speed, air-purity), coloring and noise. Lighting is one of the factors that has an important influence on the productivity of the one who works and on the extenuation level. A bed lighting can cause visual discomfort and an unnatural position of the body, resulting a low level of performance. Studies show that 80% to 85% of the information that we assimilate comes visually, therefore visual comfort is essential. But the way of lighting does not affect only visual comfort but also the physical comfort. Lighting at the working area can be structured in 4 categories: - ambient lighting that comes usually from a bright source set on the ceiling (fluorescent tubes). Sometimes it is the only source of light of the working area. - lighting using desk-lamps. Although it provides individual comfort; this type of light is missing in most working space - directed lighting is usually ensured by light sources that are positioned towards the floor - natural lighting comes through the windows, doors or glass-walls. It has a positive reaction to one person, but it is not permanently available. The desk case, for example, the contrasts between the lighting of working place and the near places must be sufficiently big in order to allow the worker to see clearly the desk. A general rule is that the desk must be 3 times more illuminated that the near places, 5 times more the general working area and 10 times more than the most distant thing. Lighting sources will be placed in the opposite side if the writing hand. Also it will be avoid lighting from behind, because it will amplify the shades of the body on the working place. Most working places, either at the job site or home are poor or very high illuminated, affecting the productivity of a person. 579

2 Often we find places were it is a working activity, that is used only one fluorescent tube, resulting an uncontrolled lighting. One of the solutions for light leveling is assuring the desk with a lamp that has a directional of adjusting the light intensity. The general lighting is provided equally by a ceiling fixed lamp, the direction lighting assures a big intensity of light on an activity. There is also an ambient lighting that can be general or oriented. In a place usually it is recommended a W/mp lighting or a 10W/mp fluorescent lighting. Living room (relaxing room) The living room represent a complex place which unites the dining table, the conversation room or the working space. In this case it is necessary to vary the types of lighting depending the activities. Same spaces in a room can be valuable with a local lighting (figure 1). a Fig. 1 Living room b Lamps must be oriented in order for the light to not disturb the visual effect. For example the dinning place can be illuminated separately with chandeliers with adjustable light (figure1a ). The shape of the lamp shield can be obtained by sectioned a circular cone with a leveling plane (figure 2) Fig. 2 The cone Fig. 3 The cylinder Also the lamps shield can be a circular cylinder (figure 3). 580

3 Kitchen The room requires adequate lighting, which facilities activities in this space and which will avoid accidents. Suspended lamps, fluorescent tubes, fixed on walls above the working area, halogen spot- lights, all will assure lighting in the kitchen. Fluorescent lamps are ideal for the kitchen because provides a spread light, are economic and last. It is recommended fixing lamps at high (figure4). Fig.4 Kitchen Bedroom Standard lamps or wall-lamps provide a relaxing atmosphere, necessary in the sleeping area. At one end of the bed can be lights coming from a opaque shield lamp. (figure 5). The light must not disturb the sleeping partner. In this case can be used low tensioned spotlights. The working corner, in case it exists in the bedroom, it is recommended to be lighted with low halogen lamps which can be directed to the working plane. Fig.5 Bedroom Bathroom In the bathroom it is suitable an ambient lighting provided by a ceiling lamp with classic bulbs or with halogen bulbs. The light will be placed above the mirror (figure 6) or on lateral sides. It is recommended to use close lamps in order to ovoid contact with humidity. Fig. 6 Bathroom Fig. 7 Hallway 581

4 Hallway In order to create a comfortable sensation, the hallway (figure 7) must be lighted depending on its dimensions. In a long an tight hallway are used halogen spot-lights on rails which offers an original view. In a little space are used wall lamps with shields made from textiles which provides a pleasant light. Another geometrical shape that can have lamp-shield is the sphere (figure 8) which is generated by a circle which is spinning around one diameter. The shape used is the one limited by the circle described by a point and a circle named principal meridian. Fig.8 The sphere 2. Types and lamps for lighting Every source of light is used in a different lighting. The suspended lamps on the ceiling assures a general lighting. When fixing a lamp it must respect the condition of at least 55-60cm above the table in order not to disturb the view. Ceiling lamps provides a general lighting. They use the plan ceiling when the light is directed up. The lamps that reflect the light down can provide a general brightness. Also can be used chandeliers (figure 8) that direct the light to the ceiling, because these lamps reflect a fuzzy light, diminishing the form of objects in a room. Fig.8 The chandeliers a b Fig.9 The chandeliers For example he shape of the shield from the figure 9 comes from cutting the circular cylinder with a plane (figure 9). Table-lamps (figure 10) provides an ambient lighting. They can have any kind of shape and they can use for reading if the shade is large. a b c d Fig.10 Table lamps 582

5 Wall-lamps (figure 11) are used for general lighting or ambient brightness and they can have an oriented light or a fuzzy one. In the room can be chose opaque shades especially if the wall-lamps are fixed above the bed. a Fig.11 Wall-lamp Fig. 12 The pyramid b The shape of the shield come from cutting a right pyramid with a vertical plan (figure 12). Spot lights (figure 13) provides a directional lighting. If fixed on rails they allow the moving of the spot-lights. a b c d Fig. 14 Spot lights Desk lamps (figure 13) provides a directional lighting and it is suitable to be adjustable by light. The lamps are situated in the left side in order to avoid the shadow of the writing hand (the case of right-handed). a b c Fig. 13 Desk lamps The lamps fixed in the furniture are used for the functional lighting spreading a large brightness. They are ideal if fixed upon the working area. 583

6 a b c Fig. 14 Example of desk lams components The components of a desk lamp (figure 14) can vary but they usually combine rotation surfaces (pivoting axle and rotation cone), prisms and curved surfaces (sphere or ovoid). 3. Conclusion In this article have been used to represent the product the assisted graphic applications. These are: AutoCAD and Mechanical Desktop Using computer assisted programs we could have an idea about the way the product could look in reality. The utilization of the computer contributed to the realization of multiple facilities in the graphical representations and we can see some aspects regarding shades shape. These shades are used in the home illuminating. Also it offers a high esthetic image of the shapes. 4. References 1. Raicu L., (2002). Grafic şi visual între clasic şi modern, Paideia Publishing House, ISBN , Bucureşti. 2. Simion I., (2003). AutoCAD 2002 pentru ingineri, Teora Publishing House, ISBN , Bucuresti 3. Marin D., Raicu L., Adîr V., Dobre D., (1999), Desen tehnic industrial, BREN Publishing House, ISBN X, Bucureşti 584