Symphony II CCD Detection System

Transcription

1

2 Symphony II rev. ( )

3 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Symphony II CCD Detection System Operation Manual Rev. C i

4 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Copyright 2012 by HORIBA Instruments Incorporated. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored, in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, including electronic or mechanical, photocopying and recording, without prior written permission from HORIBA Instruments Incorporated. Requests for permission should be requested in writing. Origin is a registered trademark of OriginLab Corporation. Alconox is a registered trademark of Alconox, Inc. Ludox is a registered trademark of W.R. Grace and Co. Teflon is a registered trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Windows is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Uniblitz is a registered trademark of VA, Inc. Information in this manual is subject to change without notice, and does not represent a commitment on the part of the vendor. February 2012 Part Number J ii

5 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Table of Contents 0: Introduction About the Symphony II Chapter overview Disclaimer Safety summary Liquid-nitrogen precautions Risks of ultraviolet exposure Additional risks of xenon lamps CE compliance statement : Requirements & Installation Safety-training requirements Environmental requirements Electrical requirements Host-computer requirements Unpacking and installation : System Description Introduction Symphony CCD detector head Power-supply unit Software Shutter : System Operation Introduction Turning on the system Checking system performance CCD focus and alignment on the spectrograph Modes of data-acquisition : Triggering Triggering signals available Synchronized triggering to an external event : Temperature Control : Auxiliary Analog Input Introduction Normalization (reference) Independent data-acquisition Configuring for Voltage and Current modes : Switching Off and Disassembly Switching off the detector system Disassembly of the detection system : Optimization and Troubleshooting Introduction Optical optimization Spatial optimization Reducing the number of conversions Environmental-noise reduction Cooling Shutter Power interruption Software cannot recognize hardware configuration Unit fails to turn on : Routine Procedures with SynerJY Focusing and aligning the CCD on the spectrograph iii

6 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Triggering : Maintenance Cleaning the detector head Cleaning the dust cover of the power-supply unit : Accessories : Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings Specifications Mechanical drawings : CE Compliance Information Declaration of Conformity Supplementary Information : Service, Warranty, and Returns Service policy Return authorization Warranty : Glossary : Index iv

7 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) 0: Introduction About the Symphony II Introduction The Symphony II CCD detector is a complete solution for modern spectroscopic measurements. This compact CCD detector is designed to interact with all HORIBA Scientific spectrometers and provide highly sensitive detection for any experiment. Its flexible design can handle any application from simple absorbance to the most difficult Raman or photoluminescence measurements. Symphony II is a complete CCD detection system, providing two-dimensional photodetection, while offering outstanding sensitivity, high speed, low noise, ruggedness, durability, and high reliability. The Symphony II platform supports a wide variety of chip formats and sensor characteristics to meet your intended spectroscopic application. Every Symphony II CCD is factory-tested for linearity, full cooling capacity, and read-noise performance. Features include an integrated controller, liquid-nitrogen cooling, and a maintenancefree, sealed vacuum chamber. Low-noise amplifiers are precisely located next to the CCD sensor to minimize any noise from the external environment. Communication between the detector and the host computer is achieved via a high-speed USB 2.0 computer interface. Symphony II offers flexibility in selection and storage of detector parameters for x and y binning, area-definition, selection of various gains and pixelprocessing speeds, and advanced trigger-operation as well as TTL output. All functions are controlled via SynerJY, HORIBA Scientific s spectroscopic software. The primary components making up the Symphony II CCD detection system are: CCD Detector Head Power-Supply Unit Spectroscopic software Note: Keep this and the other reference manuals near the system. 0-1

8 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Chapter overview Introduction 0: Introduction Includes important safety information when using the Symphony II. 1: Requirements & Installation Power and environmental requirements; select the best spot for the instrument. 2: System Description How the Symphony II works. 3: System Operation Operation of the detector system, and calibration instructions. 4: Triggering How to use triggers to start and stop the detector. 5: Temperature Control How the Symphony II keeps a constant temperature. 6: Auxiliary Analog Input How to do reference (normalization) experiments and other scans. 7: Switching Off and Disassembly 8: Optimization and Troubleshooting 9: Routine Procedures with SynerJY How to shut down the Symphony II and take it apart. How to increase the signal-to-noise ration. Potential sources of problems, their most probable causes, and possible solutions. How to focus and align the CCD on a spectrograph. 10: Maintenance Proper care for the detector system. 11: Accessories Accessories compatible with the Symphony II. 12: Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings Details and specifications of the detector system. 13: CE Compliance Information CE Declaration of Conformity and tests performed. 14: Service, Warranty, and Returns HORIBA Instruments Incorporated s service policy and warranty information. 15: Glossary Important terms related to spectroscopy. 16: Index 0-2

9 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Disclaimer Introduction By setting up or starting to use any HORIBA Instruments Incorporated product, you are accepting the following terms: You are responsible for understanding the information contained in this document. You should not rely on this information as absolute or all-encompassing; there may be local issues (in your environment) not addressed in this document that you may need to address, and there may be issues or procedures discussed that may not apply to your situation. If you do not follow the instructions or procedures contained in this document, you are responsible for yourself and your actions and all resulting consequences. If you rely on the information contained in this document, you are responsible for: Adhering to safety procedures Following all precautions Referring to additional safety documentation, such as Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), when advised As a condition of purchase, you agree to use safe operating procedures in the use of all products supplied by HORIBA Instruments Incorporated, including those specified in the MSDS provided with any chemicals and all warning and cautionary notices, and to use all safety devices and guards when operating equipment. You agree to indemnify and hold HORIBA Instruments Incorporated harmless from any liability or obligation arising from your use or misuse of any such products, including, without limitation, to persons injured directly or indirectly in connection with your use or operation of the products. The foregoing indemnification shall in no event be deemed to have expanded HORIBA Instruments Incorporated s liability for the products. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated products are not intended for any general cosmetic, drug, food, or household application, but may be used for analytical measurements or research in these fields. A condition of HORIBA Instruments Incorporated s acceptance of a purchase order is that only qualified individuals, trained and familiar with procedures suitable for the products ordered, will handle them. Training and maintenance procedures may be purchased from HORIBA Instruments Incorporated at an additional cost. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated cannot be held responsible for actions your employer or contractor may take without proper training. Due to HORIBA Instruments Incorporated s efforts to continuously improve our products, all specifications, dimensions, internal workings, and operating procedures are subject to change without notice. All specifications and measurements are approximate, based on a standard configuration; results may vary with the application and environment. Any software manufactured by HORIBA Instruments Incorporated is also under constant development and subject to change without notice. Any warranties and remedies with respect to our products are limited to those provided in writing as to a particular product. In no event shall HORIBA Instruments Incorpo- 0-3

10 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Introduction rated be held liable for any special, incidental, indirect or consequential damages of any kind, or any damages whatsoever resulting from loss of use, loss of data, or loss of profits, arising out of or in connection with our products or the use or possession thereof. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated is also in no event liable for damages on any theory of liability arising out of, or in connection with, the use or performance of our hardware or software, regardless of whether you have been advised of the possibility of damage. 0-4

11 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Safety summary Introduction The following general safety precautions must be observed during all phases of operation of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings elsewhere in this manual violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of instrument. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated assumes no liability for the customer s failure to comply with these requirements. Certain symbols are used throughout the text for special conditions when operating the instruments: A WARNING notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or similar that, if incorrectly performed or adhered to, Warning: could result in personal injury or death. Do not proceed beyond a WARNING notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated is not responsible for damage arising out of improper use of the equipment. A CAUTION notice denotes a hazard. It calls attention to an operating procedure, practice, or similar that, if incorrectly performed or adhered to, Caution: could result in damage to the product. Do not proceed beyond a CAUTION notice until the indicated conditions are fully understood and met. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated is not responsible for damage arising out of improper use of the equipment. Caution: Ultraviolet light! Wear protective goggles, fullface shield, skin-protection clothing, and UVblocking gloves. Do not stare into light. Caution: Intense ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light! Wear light-protective goggles, full-face shield, skinprotection clothing, and light-blocking gloves. Do not stare into light. Caution: Caution: Extreme cold! Cryogenic materials must always be handled with care. Wear protective goggles, fullface shield, skin-protection clothing, and insulated gloves. Explosion hazard! Wear explosion-proof goggles, full-face shield, skin-protection clothing, and protective gloves. 0-5

12 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Caution: Introduction Risk of electric shock! This symbol warns the user that un-insulated voltage within the unit may have sufficient magnitude to cause electric shock. Caution: Danger to fingers! This symbol warns the user that the equipment is heavy, and can crush or injure the hand if precautions are not taken. Caution: This symbol cautions the user that excessive humidity, if present, can damage certain equipment. Caution: Hot! This symbol warns the user that hot equipment may be present, and could create a risk of fire or burns. Disconnect instrument from electrical supply (mains) before servicing. Ground (earth). Indicates a circuit-common connected to grounded (earthed) chassis. Protective ground (earth) terminal. Indicates a protected circuit-common connected to grounded (earthed) chassis. Indicates an alternating electrical current. 0-6

13 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Introduction Read this manual before using or servicing the instrument. Wear protective gloves. Wear appropriate safety goggles to protect the eyes. Wear an appropriate face-shield to protect the face. Note: General information is given concerning operation of the equipment. WEEE mark. Electrical and electronic equipment meets the requirements of the WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC; indicates separate collection and disposal for electrical and electronic equipment. 0-7

14 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Liquid-nitrogen precautions Introduction Liquid nitrogen requires special handling. Only knowledgeable users should work with liquid nitrogen. Review and understand this section carefully before filling the dewar. Ventilation Always use and store liquid nitrogen in well-ventilated spaces. Extreme cold Warning: In confined spaces lacking adequate ventilation, nitrogen gas can displace air to the extent that it can cause asphyxiation. Warning: The boiling point of liquid nitrogen at atmospheric pressure is 77.3 K (about 196 C). This extreme cold can cause tissue damage similar to a severe burn. Therefore, avoid exposure of the skin or eyes to the liquid, cold gas, or liquid-cooled surfaces. Handle the liquid so that it will not splash or spill. Lab coats, cryogenic gloves, and chemical-splash goggles or a laboratory face shield should be worn when handling the liquid. Protect feet by wearing rubber boots that are covered by trousers (without cuffs). Storage and transfer Always store liquid nitrogen in vacuum-insulated dewars. Loosely cover but never seal dewars. Covering prevents moisture from condensing out of the air and forming ice which may cause blockage inside the dewar. Warning: NEVER ATTEMPT TO SEAL THE MOUTH OF THE DEWAR! Sealing results in pressure build-up. The gas-to-liquid volume ratio is about 680:1. Fit all containment vessels with exhaust vents to allow evaporating gas to escape safely. If these vents are sealed, pressure will build up rapidly and may result in containment vessel explosion. 0-8

15 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Risks of ultraviolet exposure Introduction Caution: This instrument may be used in conjunction with ultraviolet light. Exposure to these radiations, even reflected or diffused, can result in serious, and sometimes irreversible, eye and skin injuries. Overexposure to ultraviolet rays threatens human health by causing: Immediate painful sunburn Skin cancer Eye damage Immune-system suppression Premature aging Do not aim the UV light at anyone. Do not look directly into the light. Always wear protective goggles, full-face shield and skin protection clothing and gloves when using the light source. Light is subdivided into visible light, ranging from 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red); longer infrared, above red or > 700nm, also called heat; and shorter ultraviolet radiation (UVR), below violet or < 400nm. UVR is further subdivided into UV-A or near-uv ( nm), also called black (invisible) light; UV-B or mid-uv ( nm), which is more skin penetrating; and UV-C or far-uv (< 290 nm). Health effects of exposure to UV light are familiar to anyone who has had sunburn. However, the UV light level around some UV equipment greatly exceeds the level found in nature. Acute (short-term) effects include redness or ulceration of the skin. At high levels of exposure, these burns can be serious. For chronic exposures, there is also a cumulative risk of harm. This risk depends upon the amount of exposure during your lifetime. The long-term risks for large cumulative exposure include premature aging of the skin, wrinkles and, most seriously, skin cancer and cataract. Damage to vision is likely following exposure to high-intensity UV radiation. In adults, more than 99% of UV radiation is absorbed by the anterior structures of the eye. UVR can contribute to the development of age-related cataract, pterygium, photodermatitis, and cancer of the skin around the eye. It may also contribute to age-related macular degeneration. Like the skin, the covering of the eye or the cornea, is epithelial tissue. The danger to the eye is enhanced by the fact that light can enter from all angles around the eye and not only in the direction of vision. This is especially true while working in a dark environment, as the pupil is wide open. The lens can also be damaged, but because the cornea acts as a filter, the chances are re- 0-9

16 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Introduction duced. This should not lessen the concern over lens damage however, because cataracts are the direct result of lens damage. Burns to the eyes are usually more painful and serious than a burn to the skin. Make sure your eye protection is appropriate for this work. NORMAL EYEGLASSES OR CONTACTS OFFER VERY LIMITED PROTECTION! Training Caution: UV exposures are not immediately felt. The user may not realize the hazard until it is too late and the damage is done. For the use of UV sources, new users must be trained by another member of the laboratory who, in the opinion of the member of staff in charge of the department, is sufficiently competent to give instruction on the correct procedure. Newly trained users should be overseen for some time by a competent person. 0-10

17 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Additional risks of xenon lamps Introduction Among the dangers associated with xenon lamps are: Burns caused by contact with a hot xenon lamp. Fire ignited by hot xenon lamp. Warning: This system may be used in conjunction with xenon lamps. Xenon lamps are dangerous. Please read the following precautions. Interaction of other nearby chemicals with intense ultraviolet, visible, or infrared radiation. Damage caused to apparatus placed close to the xenon lamp. Explosion or mechanical failure of the xenon lamp. Visible radiation Any very bright visible light source will cause a human aversion response: we either blink or turn our head away. Although we may see a retinal afterimage (which can last for several minutes), the aversion response time (about 0.25 seconds) normally protects our vision. This aversion response should be trusted and obeyed. NEVER STARE AT ANY BRIGHT LIGHT-SOURCE FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD. Overriding the aversion response by forcing yourself to look at a bright light-source may result in permanent injury to the retina. This type of injury can occur during a single prolonged exposure. Excessive exposure to visible light can result in skin and eye damage. Visible light sources that are not bright enough to cause retinal burns are not necessarily safe to view for an extended period. In fact, any sufficiently bright visible light source viewed for an extended period will eventually cause degradation of both night and color vision. Appropriate protective filters are needed for any light source that causes viewing discomfort when viewed for an extended period of time. For these reasons, prolonged viewing of bright light sources should be limited by the use of appropriate filters. The blue-light wavelengths ( nm) present a unique hazard to the retina by causing photochemical effects similar to those found in UV-radiation exposure. Infrared radiation Infrared (or heat) radiation is defined as having a wavelength between 780 nm and 1 mm. Specific biological effectiveness bands have been defined by the CIE (Commission Internationale de l Eclairage or International Commission on Illumination) as follows: IR-A (near IR) ( nm) IR-B (mid IR) ( nm) IR-C (far IR) (3000 nm 1 mm) 0-11

18 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Introduction The skin and eyes absorb infrared radiation (IR) as heat. Workers normally notice excessive exposure through heat sensation and pain. Infrared radiation in the IR-A that enters the human eye will reach (and can be focused upon) the sensitive cells of the retina. For high irradiance sources in the IR-A, the retina is the part of the eye that is at risk. For sources in the IR-B and IR-C, both the skin and the cornea may be at risk from flash burns. In addition, the heat deposited in the cornea may be conducted to the lens of the eye. This heating of the lens is believed to be the cause of so called glassblowers cataracts because the heat transfer may cause clouding of the lens. Retinal IR Hazards (780 to 1400 nm): possible retinal lesions from acute high irradiance exposures to small dimension sources. Lens IR Hazards (1400 to 1900 nm): possible cataract induction from chronic lower irradiance exposures. Corneal IR Hazards (1900 nm to 1 mm): possible flashburns from acute high irradiance exposures. Who is likely to be injured? The user and anyone exposed to the radiation or xenon lamp shards as a result of faulty procedures. Injuries may be slight to severe. 0-12

19 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) CE compliance statement Introduction The Symphony II detector is tested for compliance with both the EMC Directive 2004/108/EEC and the Low Voltage Directive for Safety 2006/95/EEC, and bears the international CE mark as indication of this compliance. HORIBA Instruments Incorporated guarantees the product line s CE compliance only when original HORIBA Instruments Incorporated supplied parts are used. Chapter 13 herein provides a table of all CE Compliance tests and standards used to qualify this product. 0-13

20 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) Introduction 0-14

21 Requirements & Installation 1: Requirements & Installation Safety-training requirements Every user of the Symphony II must know general and specific safety procedures before operating the system. For example, proper training includes (but is not limited to): Understanding the risks of exposure to ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, and how to avoid unsafe exposures to these types of radiation Handling instruments with electrical voltages present Handling liquid-nitrogen Safety-training may be purchased from HORIBA Scientific. Contact your Sales Representative or the Service Department for details. 1-1

22 Environmental requirements Requirements & Installation Storage temperature from 25 C to +85 C Operating ambient temperature range +25 C ± 5 C Relative humidity 80% non-condensing Low dust levels Fans are incorporated in both the power supply unit and detector head to cool the enclosed electronics and maintain optimum system performance. Take care to ensure that the ventilation slots on both the detector head and power supply unit are free from obstruction, in order to maintain an adequate level of air-flow for proper operation. Keep a minimum distance of 2 (5 cm) between the vents of the system and any walls or surrounding equipment. Caution: Take care to ensure that the ventilation slots on both the detector head and power supply are free from obstruction in order to maintain an adequate level of air flow for proper operation. Caution: Excessive humidity can damage the optics. 1-2

23 Electrical requirements Requirements & Installation Universal AC single-phase (mains) input power over the range of 85 to 264 V AC with a line frequency of 47 to 63 Hz. This AC input power is applied to a two-pole fusing power entry module located on the rear panel of the power supply unit. This module incorporates two 5 20 mm IEC approved, 2.0 A, 250 V, ceramic Slo-Blo fuses (Cooper Bussman P# BK/GDC-2A or equivalent) to protect against line disturbances and anomalies outside the system s nominal operating power range. Power consumption for the complete Symphony II CCD Detection System is nominally 55 W. Operate the detection system only indoors. Have enough outlets available for: Power supply Host computer Caution: HORIBA Instruments Incorporated is not liable for damage from line surges and voltage fluctuations. A surge protector is strongly recommended for minor power fluctuations. For more severe voltage variations, use a generator or uninterruptible power supply. Improper line voltages can damage the equipment severely. Warning: The Symphony II is equipped with a three-conductor power cord that is connected to the system frame (earth) ground. This ground provides a return path for fault current from equipment malfunction or external faults. For all instruments, ground continuity is required for safe operation. Any discontinuity in the ground line can make the instrument unsafe for use. Do not operate this system from an ungrounded source. Caution: Never connect or disconnect any cables to or from the power supply or detector-head unit while the system s power is on. 1-3

24 Host-computer requirements Software Requirements & Installation Windows 2000, Windows XP Pro, Windows 7 (in 32-bit compatibility mode) or Windows Vista (in 32-bit compatibility mode) operating system Hardware Supports Windows 2000, Windows XP Pro, Windows 7 (in 32-bit compatibility mode), or Windows Vista (in 32-bit compatibility mode) 1 GB RAM 1 GB hard-disk space One DVD-ROM drive Two available USB ports in host computer (for SynerJY hardware key and communications with controller) Video resolution of at least

25 Unpacking and installation Introduction Requirements & Installation Carefully unpack your new Symphony II CCD Detection System, examining each component for possible shipping damage. Examine the shipping boxes carefully. Any evidence of damage should be noted on the delivery receipt and signed by representatives of the receiving and carrier companies. Once a location has been chosen, unpack and assemble the equipment as described below. To avoid excessive moving and handling, the equipment should be unpacked as close as possible to the selected location. Note: Many public carriers will not recognize a claim for concealed damage if it is reported later than 15 days after delivery. In case of a claim, inspection by an agent of the carrier is required. For this reason, the original packing material should be retained as evidence of alleged mishandling or abuse. While HORIBA Instruments Incorporated assumes no responsibility for damage occurring during transit, the company will make every effort to aid and advise. Caution: The detector system is a delicate instrument. Mishandling may seriously damage its components. 1-5

26 Symphony II carton contents Requirements & Installation Quantity Item Part no. 1 Power-supply unit (no shutter) or Power-supply unit (with shutter) NS WS 1 Detector J Operation Manual J USB cable with A and B ends J Cable with LEMO connectors J Power cord (110 V or 220 V) J98015 or J ft. (1.3 m) BNC cable J

27 1 Unpack and set up the Symphony II. Requirements & Installation a b Caution: Electrostatic discharge (ESD) may damage components of the Symphony CCD Detection System if proper precautions are not taken. The sensor, detector-head electronics and power supply are all very sensitive to ESD. HORIBA Scientific recommends that the installer stand on a conductive mat and wear a grounded ESD wrist strap during installation. The host computer must be turned off; its power cord, however, should be connected to a grounded outlet to provide a proper chassis to earth ground. Carefully open the shipping carton. Remove the foam-injected top piece and any other shipping restraints in the carton. Caution: Watch your fingers! c Note: The HORIBA Instruments Incorporated warranty on the Symphony II CCD Detection System does not cover damage to the sensor or the system s electronics that arises as a result of improper handling, including the effects of electrostatic discharge (ESD). With assistance, carefully lift the instrument from the carton, and rest it on the side of the laboratory bench where the system will stay. d e Place the instrument in its permanent location. Inspect for previously hidden damage. Notify the carrier and HORIBA Scientific if any is found. f Check the packing list to verify that all components and accessories are present. 2 Mount the Symphony II detector onto a spectrograph. 1-7

28 Requirements & Installation Symphony II array detectors can be fitted to most HORIBA Scientific, Jobin Yvon, or Spex spectrometers that are equipped with a spectrograph exit port. The detector must be mounted in the correct orientation in order to perform properly. The following is a standard procedure for mounting a Symphony II detector to an ihr spectrograph. Other spectrograph models may require a different mounting orientation. Please contact HORIBA Scientific customer service if you need assistance. a b Remove the protective plastic cap from the front flange of the detector head. Attach the flange to the detector head with three screws. 1-8

29 c Fix the flange to the detector head by threading nuts onto the three screws. Requirements & Installation d e f Carefully pick up the detector head so that the blue Symphony II name panel is vertical with text facing upright. Make sure that the outermost part of the flange is even with the adaptor mount, and that the sensor is aligned along the optical axis of the spectrometer. Mount the detector head (with flange) onto the port of the spectrometer. Slightly tighten the mounting screw (4 on the diagram on the previous page), so that the detector head is securely positioned at the focal plane of the spectrometer. To fine-tune this adjustment, see the section on Focusing and Alignment. Symphony II mounted onto ihr spectrometer. 3 Connect electrical-interface cables. Note: Please follow the interconnection steps below in order, and adhere to the ESD precautions above. 1-9

30 Requirements & Installation Connector to powersupply unit Connector to AC power (mains) On/off switch USB B port to host computer To Shutter on spectrograph a Left: Front of detector head. Right: Rear of power-supply unit. Connect the power cable (J400781), from the power-supply unit (354010) to the 16-pin circular LEMO connector of the detector head. b Connect the female end of the power cord (98015 for 110 V, or for 220 V) to the power supply. c d e Caution: The Symphony II detector head and power-supply unit use a 16-pin LEMO connector, which only allows a straight, spring-loaded insertion push-and-pull action when connecting and disconnecting the power cable. Never attempt to turn or rotate the LEMO connectors during the attachment process, for this action could permanently damage said interface. Plug the wall-outlet end of the power cord into a properly grounded (earthed) outlet (mains) to provide a chassis-to-earth ground. Find a free USB 2.0 port on the host computer, and connect the A-end of the USB communications cable (J980173) to the host computer. Connect the other end of the USB cable (B end) to the USB 2.0 interface on the front panel of the detector head. 1-10

31 f Requirements & Installation Connect the BNC shutter cable to the BNC SHUTTER jack. Connect the remaining end of the BNC receptacle to the spectrograph. Note: The first time that the unit is connected to the computer, Windows detects a new USB device and automatically installs the appropriate driver (see Chapter 4: Initial Power-up and Operation). 4 Install the SynerJY software. Note: Some systems use other software. Consult that documentation for installation procedures. The spectrometer system is controlled by SynerJY spectroscopy software operating within the Windows environment. If the computer and software were purchased from HORIBA Scientific, the software installation is complete. If the computer is not from HORIBA Scientific, perform the installation. Contact a HORIBA Scientific Sales Representative for recommended specifications for a suitable host computer. Before the SynerJY software can be installed, however, Windows must be installed already and operating properly. Refer to the Windows manual that came with the computer for installation instructions. The SynerJY software is supplied on one DVD. Follow the SynerJY User s Guide for details on installation. 1-11

32 Requirements & Installation Note: Be sure to agree to the terms of the software license before using the software. A USB dongle is supplied with SynerJY. This dongle must be connected to the host PC before SynerJY will operate. 5 Configuring Symphony II software for SynerJY 3.5 and earlier The Symphony II detector is based on the Synapse electronics and must be installed as such. In versions of SynerJY software 3.5 or earlier, this detector is recognized as a Synapse detector, and should be configured as a Synapse, as discussed below. When the Symphony II is plugged into the host computer for the first time, you see the following window: Note: The host computer sees the Symphony as HJY Synapse. In SynerJY 3.6 and higher, this window states HJY Synapse / Symphony II. 1-12

33 Requirements & Installation In the window below, the option Symphony is available in the Model dropdown menu, but DO NOT select it. If the detector is configured as a Symphony, then it cannot be modified, but must be created anew. That is, you cannot just modify the configuration of a Symphony to convert it into a Synapse. You eventually reach the name configuration window: The default name for a device configured this way is Synapse. Change this name to Symphony II to avoid confusion later on. The name entered in the above window is the only name that used throughout HORIBA Scientific software to identify the detector. 1-13

34 Requirements & Installation 1-14

35 2 : System Description System Description Warning: Do not open the system without proper training, appropriate protection, and having read this operation manual. The detector contains dangerous voltages, uses ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation, and contains fragile components. In addition, tampering with the optical components can irreversibly damage them. Introduction The major components making up a Symphony II CCD Detection System are: Symphony II CCD Detector Symphony II Power-Supply Unit SynerJY software In addition to the primary components listed above, all Symphony II CCD Detection Systems are provided with one mechanical shutter and an associated interface cable. A number of shutter options are available for connecting to various HORIBA Scientific spectrometers as discussed in this chapter. 2-1

36 Symphony II CCD detector head System Description General features All Symphony II detectors use high-quality scientific-grade CCD-array formats specifically designed for spectroscopic applications. Symphony II CCD detectors are cryogenically cooled with liquid nitrogen, for applications that require extremely low noise and dark level. Array temperatures of 133 C (140 K) may be obtained. These offer the ultimate cooling performance resulting in the lowest possible noise level. The Symphony II CCD detector heads are available in one of three types of liquid-nitrogen dewar configurations: Side-Looking (shown at right) Down-Looking All-Position At present, each of the dewar configurations listed above is available in a 1-liter version. From a cooling capacity perspective, the 1-liter dewar used in the Side - and Down -looking positions is designed to maintain the CCD-array temperature at 133 C (140 K) for a minimum period of 24 hours before requiring liquid-nitrogen refill. The All-Position 1-liter dewar has a cooling hold-time typically in the 15-hour range. The physical dimensions of the one-liter detector head are mm (4.68 ) wide mm (15.07 ) deep mm (8.59 ) high with an associated weight of 3.27 kg (7.21 lbs). The optical distance between the CCD chip and the external flange is 7.91 mm (0.311 ). Dimensioned drawings are provided in Chapter

37 Detector-head chamber and cooling effectiveness System Description Symphony II CCD detector heads have an integral high-vacuum chamber in which the CCD sensor resides. The design includes a single-window element, made of fused silica or magnesium fluoride for deep-uv response. This chamber, along with other insulating measures, isolates the chip from the ambient temperature. All materials in the forward chamber are selected to be of UHV-grade materials using UHV techniques to minimize outgassing and maximize emissivity, thus offering the highest cooling efficiency. Each Symphony II CCD system is evacuated at the factory on a dedicated production line, using permanent, hard-metal seals. There is no user maintenance required. The cooling of the CCD sensor relies on the quality of the vacuum. Any degradation of the vacuum, such as by fracturing of the window due to physical damage, appears by the inability of the Symphony II CCD to reach operating temperature. The status of the cooling system is displayed on the detector s rear panel, as a bi-color TEMP LED. While in cool-down mode, the TEMP LED glows yellow, indicating that the sensor has not reached liquid-nitrogen temperature. Once the temperature set point is reached, the system enters closed-loop mode, and the TEMP LED turns green, indicating the temperature has been reached. If the Symphony II CCD is damaged, and the vacuum is compromised, the TEMP status LED remains yellow, indicating that the system cannot reach the desired temeprature. Contact the factory for advice in the event that the system cannot reach the set point within 60 minutes from turning on the power, or if physical damage to the instrument is suspected. Caution: Do not operate the Symphony II CCD with a compromised vacuum, for potential moisture entering the head can condense and then freeze, causing further damage. In addition, moisture in the CCD area could cause corrosion of sensitive areas, including the CCD sensor itself. 2-3

38 Detector-head electrical interfaces System Description Symphony II detector heads provide the following external interface connections: Power The power receptacle is a 16-pin circular LEMO connector to provide the required DC input power to the detector head. It connects to the power-supply unit via the detection system s power cable (J400781). USB 2.0 The USB 2.0 port accepts the standard USB- B end of the USB communications cable, for true USB 2.0 plug-n-play communications between the Symphony II and the host computer. SHUTTER The shutter drive interface is a BNC receptacle that accepts the shutter cable, connecting the detector to the spectrograph shutter. This USB 2.0 Shutter Power interface drives a single electro-mechanical shutter with the following characteristics: Coil resistance: Pulsed voltage to open: Hold voltage: Operating frequency: 12 Ω +60 V DC +5 V DC 40 Hz maximum repetition rate 2-4

39 TTL IN / OUT SIGNALS System Description Two TTL-level input and output signals are available for monitoring and control of various user accessories via SMB connectors on the front of the detector. To avoid connection errors, a male SMB is used for the TTL input signal associated with the External Trigger Input function, while its female counterpart provides for the TTL output signal. The digital logic associated with Symphony II s TTL output connector provides a multiplexed pathway, making three signals available (selectable via SynerJY software). A brief description of the TTL signal functions follows: TTL IN The TTL IN connector is the Trigger In function. Selecting the External Trigger mode of operation enables Symphony II to synchronize data-acquisition to external events. This input provides either positive or negative edge-triggering, and is selected via software. TTL OUT (3 options programmable under SynerJY software) The digital SHUTTER signal is a TTL-output for status of the shutter, and is activated during the interval when the CCD is exposed to light. The START EXPERIMENT output signal indicates the start of an experiment. Upon receipt of a Start Acquisition command, this output goes to its active state after completion of its present CCD-array cleaning cycle. For time-based operation, this output remains active until all spectra have been taken, and then returns to its inactive state. The EXT TRIGGER READY output signal applies to the detection system s External Trigger mode of operation. It indicates when the system has completed the current spectral acquisition (i.e., exposure and readout) and is ready to begin subsequent acquisitions. Note: The TTL Out signal can also be configured, via software, for a specific polarity where the active state can be either a logic high (5 V) or logic low (0 V) to meet the needs of the experiment. See Appendix C for additional information regarding enabling and configuring these TTL-level I/O signals. 2-5

40 System Description AUX IN The AUX IN (Auxiliary Analog Input) port accommodates either a current or voltage single-channel detector. This external interface utilizes a SMA connector, and can be used as an independent data-acquisition channel or as a reference channel to correct CCD acquisitions for power fluctuations in an excitation source. From a system s perspective, the AUX IN port is software-programmable to operate in either a voltage or current mode. It accepts signals from up to ±10 V in Voltage mode or up to ±10 μa in Current mode. In addition, this independent analog channel incorporates programmable-gain capability (1/10/100/1000) to adjust signal sensitivity as required. I 2 C This port is for future expansion. TEMP LED The TEMP status LED is a bi-color LED that glows YELLOW when turned on to indicate that the detector is cooling and has not reached its proper operating temperature. This LED turns GREEN once the detector has reached its set temperature. The LED does not glow without the application of power to the detector head or if a cooling fault exists. PWR LED Illumination of the PWR LED indicates that the unit is electrically powered. Pixel-processing and data-acquisition The sophisticated and compact design of the Symphony II detector contains all of the electronics necessary to read and control the CCD sensor. The detector s architecture is targeted for optimum performance and high-speed spectral and image acquisition, and offers two different modes of acquisition selectable via software control: 20 khz slow-scan acquisition mode For extreme spectroscopic applications requiring unprecedented sensitivity, Symphony II offers the lowest noise and highest dynamic range possible by processing pixel information at a 20 khz ADC rate selectable through SynerJY software. HORIBA Scientific s proprietary low-noise 16-bit analog circuitry contributes negligibly to the overall system noise, dominated by the CCD sensor s read noise (typically in the three-to-four-electron range). 1 MHz fast-scan acquisition mode Symphony II also provides the ability to process 16-bit pixel information at a 1 MHz rate. This high-speed mode is useful in quickly resolving focus and alignment problems, as well as acquiring data fast. Typical system noise for the 1 MHz scientificgrade CCDs currently offered by HORIBA Scientific is better than 20 electrons rms, 2-6

41 System Description and takes into account the system s electronics noise and the read noise of the sensor itself. Gain Note: Specific Symphony II noise values are chip-dependent and vary depending on the selected CCD architecture and pixel-size, as well as the respective readout-amplifier performance. Symphony II provides 16-bit pixel processing capability with three gain choices selectable via SynerJY software as specified below. For each gain setting, typical system-level transfer-function values are provided in electrons per ADC count, based on the typical CCD-amplifier response (µv/e ) for each sensor offering. CCD Sensor E2V CCD30 E2V CCD42 E2V CCD77 Pixel Format Pixel Size μm sq μm sq μm sq Gain Setting High Sensitivity 1.40 Best Dynamic Range 2.80 High Light High Sensitivity 1.06 Best Dynamic Range 2.12 High Light 7.06 High Sensitivity 0.88 Best Dynamic Range 2.94 High Light Typical System Transfer Function (e /ADC Count) With the Symphony II s flexible gain-setting capability, low-light-level applications take advantage of the High Sensitivity gain setting, while experiments involving elevated photon-flux levels would benefit the most from the High Light gain setting. Note: Calibration data are provided with each Symphony II CCD detection system, defining the transfer function in electrons/count for the incorporated CCD sensor for each available gain setting. High sensitivity mode For low-light-level applications, most end-users are willing to trade off dynamic range for increased sensitivity, so that even the smallest photonic event can be detected. Use of this High Sensitivity mode, from a statistical averaging point of view, allows small variations in light-level to be detected even on a one-electron scale. 2-7

42 System Description It should be noted that operating in this high-gain mode allows end-users with mediumlight applications to acquire the same photon-flux information two to three times faster (depending on the selected CCD) when compared to using the Best Dynamic Range gain setting mode. Best dynamic-range mode For low to medium light applications, where ratioing of photon-peak information is crucial, the end-user is recommended to use the Best Dynamic Range gain setting. This medium gain mode provides good sensitivity, as well as the ability to collect larger photon levels without compromising linearity. Selection of this gain mode allows end-users with high-light applications to acquire the same photon flux information four to six times faster (depending on the selected CCD) when compared to using the High Light gain setting mode. High-light mode The High Light gain setting mode of operation enables the end-user to see the complete full-well capability of the sensor, including the CCD s transition from the linear to saturated region. System noise Total system noise is typically specified in electrons RMS at a minimum integration time (i.e., t int = 0 s). This parameter is composed of three major sources: CCD read noise Electronics noise CCD dark current shot noise Calculation of the detection system s total baseline noise is arrived at using the following equation: For the purposes of this manual, system noise contributions from the CCD s dark current shot noise or noise contributions from the signal itself (i.e., shot noise) are ignored. In general, cryogenically cooled CCD detection systems, such as the Symphony II, typically have negligible dark current, especially when considering minimum integration times, and therefore contribute fractions of an electron to this parameter. Thus, total system noise is primarily influenced by the associated read noise of the selected CCD s output amplifier structure, as well as, the detection system s electronics. For the Symphony II CCD Detection System, typical system noise is between 3 and 5 electron RMS (i.e., 1 σ), and is largely dependent on the specific sensor used as compared to the system s electronics. The Symphony II CCD Detection System incorporates the lowest noise front-end analog architecture in an effort not to compromise the system s baseline noise or effective dynamic range. 2-8

43 System Description To illustrate the effect the CCD s read noise has on the overall noise floor within the Symphony II architecture, system noise is calculated below for an E2V CCD30 device operating at a 20 khz pixel-processing rate: E2V CCD30 read noise = 3.28 e Symphony II electronics noise = 1.20 e Dark shot noise = 0 (ignored) Total system noise = = 3.5 e RMS As illustrated by the above example, the Symphony II CCD Detection System s total noise is limited by the sensor s read noise with minimal contribution and impact from the electronics suite. It should be noted that from an end-user s visual prospective, this 3 to 5 electron RMS value only signifies a statistical measurement where any individual dark scan can encompass pixel readouts with peak-to-peak electron variation of approximately 5.5 times the stated RMS value ( e peak-to-peak). A typical raw baseline noise scan for a Symphony II detector configured in the High Sensitivity gain mode under dark conditions with the calculated resultant 3.5 e RMS noise is shown below: Typical Dark/Noise Scan for the Symphony II in High Sensitivity Mode Built-in test-diagnostic capability All Symphony II detectors incorporate built-in-test (BIT) circuitry that provides a comprehensive level of testability to support the manufacturing process, as well as field maintainability. This BIT circuitry provides automated test capability via resident diagnostic firmware routines to ensure the operational health of the detector and to validate the detection system s performance. 2-9

44 CCD hardware binning control System Description Adding neighboring CCD pixels together to form a single pixel is a technique known as binning. Binning can be accomplished in hardware during the readout process or through SynerJY software after the data has been collected from the CCD. This binning process can be exercised at the hardware level in both horizontal (x) and vertical (y) directions for multiple areas of interest in a given readout as set-up in SynerJY. On the following page is an illustration of a basic 2 2 binning operation on a 4 4 CCD array. This successful binning operation consists of two vertical clocking operations followed by two horizontal clocking transfers that effectively shift the summed pixel information into the output amplifier s storage node prior to pixel readout and digitization. This super pixel, when digitized, actually represents four pixels of the CCD array. It should be noted that although binning reduces resolution capability, it does increase sensitivity and improves (i.e., lowers) the overall CCD readout-time. However, there is a limit to the effectiveness of hardware binning because the horizontal serial shift register and output node do not have infinite capacity to store charge. This physical limitation is best revealed for applications with a very small signal superimposed on a large background. In practice, the pixels associated with the horizontal register have twice the full-well capacity of their light-sensitive counterparts, while the output node usually can hold four times that of the photosensitive area. Thus, experiments where the summed charge exceeds either the full well capability of the horizontal shift register and / or the output node will be lost from a data processing point of view. CCD exposure control Symphony II precisely controls CCD exposure time using a 1 khz expose clock frequency that provides flexible integration times of s (1 ms) to s (49.71 days). End-users can set the desired exposure time with SynerJY software. 2-10

45 System Description Starting Image Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Row 1 R1C1 R1C2 R1C3 R1C4 Row 2 R2C1 R2C2 R2C3 R2C4 Row 3 R3C1 R3C2 R3C3 R3C4 Row 4 R4C1 R4C2 R4C3 R4C4 Output Amplifier Storage Output Amplifier Readout Register Empty Empty Empty Empty Empty Two Shifts Down (Verticle bin by 2) Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Row 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Row 2 Empty Empty Empty Empty Row 3 R1C1 R1C2 R1C3 R1C4 Row 4 R2C1 R2C2 R2C3 R2C4 Output Amplifier Storage Output Amplifier Readout Register R3C1 R3C2 R3C3 R3C4 Plus Plus Plus Plus R4C1 R4C2 R4C3 R4C4 Empty Two Shifts Across (Horizontal bin by 2) Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Row 1 Empty Empty Empty Empty Row 2 Empty Empty Empty Empty Row 3 Row 4 Readout Register R1C1 R1C2 R1C3 R1C4 R2C1 R2C2 R2C3 R2C4 Empty Complete 2x2 Bin Output Amplifier Storage R3C1 R3C2 R3C3+R4C3 Empty Plus Plus Plus R4C1 R4C2 R3C4+R4C4 Output Amplifier 2 2 Binning operation on a 4 4 CCD array. 2-11

46 Symphony II Power Supply Unit System Description General features The Symphony II power supply unit accepts universal AC single-phase input power over the range of 85 to 264 VAC with an associated line-frequency range of 47 to 63 Hz, and develops the necessary DC bias voltages required by the system. This compact and efficient unit is also responsible for monitoring and regulating the detector head s CCD array set-point temperature via thermostatic control circuitry. In addition, the power supply unit has provisions to incorporate an optional power shutter drive circuit for instances where an electromechanical shutter is required. The power supply unit contains a fan to help cool the enclosed electronics and maintain optimum system performance. Take care to ensure that the ventilation slots on the power supply unit are free from obstruction in order to maintain an adequate level of air-flow for proper operation. In addition, the unit incorporates a dust cover to filter out debris and air-borne particulate matter from the air-intake path. Depending on your environment, it is recommended that the dust-cover filter be removed periodically and cleaned at a minimum of once every six months (procedures for removing and cleaning the dust cover are found in Maintenance (Chapter 10). A brief description of the power supply unit s functional circuit elements follow: Integrated thermostatic control circuitry The power supply unit incorporates thermostatic control circuitry for monitoring and regulating the detector head s CCD array set-point temperature to 133 C (140 K) with less than ± 0.1 C drift. It should be noted that this circuitry is strategically placed within the power-supply unit in an effort to remove / isolate any potential detrimental effects with respect to noise, power dissipation and heat from the overall Symphony II detector head. Integrated power shutter drive circuitry (optional) Note: This optional circuitry is found in model WS. The power supply unit incorporates an optional power shutter circuit able to drive a single electro-mechanical shutter with the following characteristics: Coil resistance: 12 Ω Pulsed voltage to open: +60 V DC Hold voltage: +5 V DC Operating frequency: 40 Hz maximum repetition rate 2-12

47 Power Supply Unit electrical interfaces The Symphony II power supply unit provides the following external interface connections for proper system operation: AC Input Power Detector Head Power Power Status LED System Description AC Input Power The power supply unit operates from universal AC single-phase input power over the range of 85 to 264 V AC with a line frequency of 47 to 63 Hz. This AC input power is applied to a two-pole fusing power entry module located on the rear panel of the power supply unit. This module incorporates two 5 20 mm IEC approved, 2.0 A, 250 V, ceramic Slo-Blo fuses (Cooper Bussmann Part# BK/GDC-2A or equivalent) to protect against line disturbances and anomalies outside the system s normal operating power range. Detector Head Power The detector head power receptacle, located on the front panel of the power supply unit, uses a 16-pin circular LEMO connector to provide the required DC input power to the detector head via a power cable (J400781). PWR LED Illumination of the PWR LED, on the front panel of the power supply unit, indicates that the unit is powered. 2-13

48 Software System Description HORIBA Scientific s SynerJY software aids the operation of your Symphony II CCD detection system. This software, designed for ease-of-use, allows for complete control over every aspect of your spectroscopic system. By using SynerJY, the enduser can conduct and define experiments, establish preferred settings, adjust hardware parameters, and evaluate and analyze data. In addition, the software is equipped to automate repetitive functions and permits the user to define and save experimental parameters. SynerJY offers a variety of ways to view data, allowing for quick and powerful interpretation. See the documentation provided with the software for more information. Note: Certain other software packages, including LabSpec, FluorEssence, and SynerJY SDK, may be used with the Symphony II also. 2-14

49 Shutter System Description An electro-mechanical shutter is supplied with every Symphony II detection system. A variety of shutters are available from HORIBA Scientific. Depending on the model type, the shutter may be mounted inside or outside of the spectrograph. The table below lists some commonly used spectrographs and the shutters with which they are compatible. See the appropriate spectrograph manual for detailed installation instructions. Contact the HORIBA Scientific Service Department for shutter-installation assistance (see Service Policy). Spectrograph Shutter location Shutter part # BNC cable part # Auto MicroHR External MHRA ihr320/550 Front Side MSH-ICF MSH-ICS Triax180/190 Front only MSL-TSHCCD (BNC to SMA) FHR640/1000 Front Side Both MSL-FCF MSL-FCS MSL-FC2N 500M 750M 1000M 1250M Front (axial) Side (lateral) alone Side (lateral) both 1425MCD 1425MCD-B 1425MCD-C 750I Front (axial) 227MCD Triax320 Triax550 CP140 CP200 Front (axial) Side (lateral) alone Side (lateral) both 227MCD MSL-TSHCCD MSL-TSCCD2 External only HR460 Front (axial) HR640 External only THR1000 External only THR1500 U Contact factory Contact factory Front (axial) Front (axial) 1425MCD 1425MCD , 4 ft. (1.2 m) Standard Cable Depending on the system configuration, one of the following may be provided in place of the standard BNC shutter cable: 30646, 8 ft (2.4 m) 31936, 2 ft (0.61 m) 2-15

50 System Description 2-16

51 3: System Operation Introduction System Operation This chapter explains how to turn on the Symphony II system and check its calibration. While doing these procedures, how to define a scan, run a scan, and optimize system settings to obtain the best results is explained. In addition, detector-head issues related to proper CCD focusing and alignment to a spectrograph are discussed in detail. A brief summary of the various data acquisition modes available to the end-user is also provided. Operation of the Symphony II system is predominantly controlled by software, and therefore requires experimental setup and equipment configuration via SynerJY application software. Please see the SynerJY documentation for information related to proper experiment set-up as necessary. To turn on and operate your Symphony II, follow the steps in the order listed below. Initial power-up Configuring hardware CCD focus and alignment on the spectrograph Operation modes 3-1

52 Turning on the system System Operation Note: Do not cool the system with liquid nitrogen until the power is on and the system is initialized. A cold, uninitialized CCD can trap charges. 1 Check that all system cables connecting to and from the detection system are properly connected. 2 Verify that the power-supply unit, host computer, spectrograph, and any additional supporting equipment are connected properly to AC input power (mains). 3 Make sure that all software has been installed before the unit is turned on. 4 Move the power switch on the back of the power supply to the ON ( I symbol) position. When the power switch is activated, the LED on the front panel of the powersupply unit glows green. The PWR LED on the detector head also glows green. The TEMP LED located on the detector head shines yellow to indicate that cooling is taking place and will turn green once it reaches the set temperature. The host computer recognizes that a new USB device is turned on and connected to the computer. The Found New Hardware Wizard window opens. 5 Click the Next > button. As Symphony II s software is loaded, a Hardware Installation warning that the ware has not passed dows Logo Testing appears. The software has been fully checked for compatibility sues by HORIBA Scientific 3-2

53 and will not interfere with the correct operation of your system. System Operation 6 Click the Continue Anyway button. 7 After the software installation is complete, click the Finish button. The first time the Symphony II detector is used, the following window appears: Note: The window may vary depending on your system and version of SynerJY. 8 Click on Symphony or Synapse to highlight the displayed text, then click the OK button. If more than one Symphony II detector is listed, chose the correct one based on serial number. 9 Launch SynerJY software and load or Note: SynerJY 3.5 and earlier consider the Symphony II detector to be a Synapse. 3-3

54 create the proper hardware configuration. 10 Carefully fill the dewar with liquid nitrogen. System Operation Fill the dewar only after power has been applied to the power-supply unit and the software has initialized the overall detection system. Warning: Liquid nitrogen requires special handling and should only be handled by qualified users. See Chapter 0 for liquid-nitrogen precautions. Using a pressurized storage-vessel: a b c Remove the cap and insulating plug from the detector s dewar. Insert the fill tube, and let the liquid nitrogen flow into the dewar. The company providing the pressurized storage vessel can instruct you on vessel use and storage. Replace the cap when the dewar is full. The cap is insulated to help extend the interval between fills. It also minimizes moisture condensation into the dewar. The loose fit of the cap prevents pressure buildup in the dewar by allowing evaporating nitrogen to escape. Using a funnel and transfer-dewar: a b c Note: For liquid-nitrogen-cooled detector heads, it takes approximately min from the start of detector-cooling until the target temperature is reached. For the best results and the most demanding measurements, allow min for the CCD chip s temperature to stabilize completely. Ensure that the funnel has ribs, to provide gaps to vent the boiled-off vapor inside the camera dewar as the liquid nitrogen is added. Set the funnel into the mouth of the dewar. Slowly pour the liquid nitrogen into the funnel from the transfer-dewar until the detector-dewar is full. The dewar is full when the liquid nitrogen reaches the bottom of the narrow neck of the dewar. A probe such as a clean wooden dowel may be inserted and removed to reveal a frost-line indicating the nitrogen level. 3-4

55 d System Operation Replace the cap when the dewar is full. The cap is insulated to help extend the interval between fills. It also minimizes moisture condensation into the dewar. The loose fit of the cap prevents pressure buildup in the dewar by allowing evaporating nitrogen to escape. Periodic filling: When filling the dewar, an initial period of nitrogen boiling and overflow occurs until the internal components of the dewar have cooled to liquid-nitrogen temperature. After this initial boil-off period, refill the dewar as needed to extend the cold temperature hold time. 3-5

56 System Operation CCD focus and alignment on the spectrograph Introduction Note: If your Symphony II was delivered with a MicroHR or ihr spectrograph, focus and alignment were performed at the factory. If your CCD was ordered separately or if you are experiencing difficulty, we recommend that you follow this procedure. MicroHR and ihr series spectrographs provide mechanisms for precise adjustment of the focus and rotational alignment of a CCD camera. The adjustments consist of the CCD focus wheel, the focus-lock set screw, the CCD-rotation adjustment screw, and the CCD flange lock. If mounting to other spectrograph models, consult your spectrometer manual to determine the correct mounting orientation. See Chapter 9 for a more detailed focus and alignment procedure using SynerJY software. Before starting this procedure, make sure that: Software is installed and running, CCD detector head is properly mounted on the spectrograph, CCD detector is cooled to the correct operating temperature. Prepare the focus and alignment mechanisms. 1 Attach a spectral-line source, such as a Hg lamp, to the instrument s entrance slit. Consult the documentation provided with your lamp for proper mounting instructions. Do not turn the lamp on. Warning: Your light source may emit highintensity ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light. Exposure to these types of radiation, even reflected or diffused can result in serious, and sometimes irreversible, eye and skin injuries. When using a lamp, do not aim the light guide at anyone or look directly into to the light guide or optical ports of the instrument. Always wear protective goggles and gloves in conjunction with the light source. 3-6

57 System Operation 2 Using a 2.5 mm Allen key, loosen the M3 caphead screw on the flange lock by turning the Allen key counterclockwise. You can reach this screw through the flange lock hole in the side of the unit. When the flange lock is loose, the CCD flange is free to slide in and out of the unit. 3 Using a 2 mm Allen key, remove the M3 button-head screws that secure the top cover of the unit, and remove the top cover. 4 Using a 1.5 mm Allen key, loosen the focus lock set-screw (M3). 5 Replace the top cover. The CCD focus wheel and rotation adjustment screw are free to move. The CCD focus wheel, touching the inside face of the CCD flange, acts as a focus stop for the CCD flange. The CCD rotation adjustment screw, touching the pin on the CCD flange, acts as a rotation stop for the CCD flange. Synapse Focus and Alignment 1 Turn on the light source. 2 Using the software, make the slit-width as narrow as possible (~ 10 μm) on the detector. This allows determination of the best focus. 3 Manually set the height-limiter to 1 mm. 3-7

58 System Operation 4 Using the software, enter a reference wavelength (such as a Hg line at 546 nm). 5 Set the detector to Spectral Acquisition mode. Set the data to display as signal intensity (yaxis) versus pixel position (x-axis). 6 Set the Integration Time to 0.1 s or less, and run continuous spectral acquisition. While continuously running, adjust the Integration Time until the observed signal is approximately counts. 7 View the spectrum. A focused, aligned CCD will provide a distinct peak of large amplitude, generally symmetrical to the limits of spectrometer design. The peak should be less than or equal to 2 3 pixels wide across the Full Width of Half the Maximum height (FWHM). Excessive asymmetry of the peak is a sign that the slit-image is not aligned to the pixel columns; diminished shape and magnitude are symptomatic of defocusing. 8 Stop the acquisition. 9 Using the software, divide the chip into five equal areas. 10 Run the experiment continuously at the initial reference wavelength. When aligned, the five spectra will overlap but may not show similar intensity. Each spectrum should be 2 3 pixels wide at FWHM. 11 To adjust the focus of the CCD camera, rotate the focus wheel with your fingers to drive the CCD flange out from the body. To bring the camera focus in, hold the camera against the wheel while rotating the focus wheel. 3-8

59 System Operation 12 To adjust the alignment (rotation) of the CCD camera, insert a 1.5 mm Allen key into the hole in the side of the unit to engage the CCD rotation adjustment set-screw. Turning the screw into the body (clockwise) pushes against the pin on the CCD flange rotating the camera. To rotate in the opposite direction, turn the camera against the rotation adjustment screw while turning the screw counterclockwise. 13 When the focus and alignment of the camera are properly set, tighten the flange lock to clamp the CCD flange in position. Example of a Focused and Aligned CCD. 14 To lock the focus wheel in its current position, turn off the light source, remove the top cover of the spectrograph, and tighten the focus-lock setscrew. 15 If it is necessary to remove the CCD, loosen the flange-lock set-screw and remove the CCD. This Quick-Align CCD-adapter mechanism allows easy replacement of the CCD with minimal realignment. 3-9

60 Modes of data-acquisition Introduction System Operation The Symphony II CCD Detection System offers a variety of data-acquisition modes. The best acquisition mode depends on the experiment and the data-format required. Data-acquisition modes and experimental parameters are selected via SynerJY software. This section contains a brief description of the acquisition modes currently supported, plus a description of acquisition parameters required to run each type of experiment. Acquisition mode parameters These are parameters used to define how the acquisition of data proceeds. Areas X Binning Y Binning Integration Time Accumulations Gain ADC Speed selection Time Interval Definition of the active sections of the CCD detector. Signals that encounter sections of the CCD but not part of an active area are not recorded. Once an area is specified, the area definitions refer to the number of areas and the size of the areas. Number of columns combined to form a single data point. By combining columns, a greater signal-level can be detected; however, this results in a decrease in resolution. Number of rows combined to form a single data point. By combining rows, a greater signal-level can be detected; however, this results in a decrease in resolution. Amount of time the CCD is exposed to light and acquires data. Number of repetitions for which the detector collects data and averages the results to obtain a better signal-to-noise ratio. Equates the least significant bit (LSB) of the Symphony II 16-bit ADC architecture to an appropriate electron level (see Chapter 2: Gain). Sets the rate at which the data are read off the CCD detector. For maximum signal-to-noise ratio, set the ADC speed to 20 khz. For maximum frame rates, set the ADC speed selection to 1 MHz. The elapsed time between the start of one accumulation to the start of the next accumulation. The Time Interval, Integration Time, and Readout Time of the CCD detector have the following relationship: CCD Position t interval t integration + t read In a CCD Position experiment, the software sets the spectrometer to a specific grating position. When the experiment is run, the CCD collects data only from the wavelengths 3-10

61 System Operation of light that reach the CCD detector. Each column of the CCD is then mapped to a single wavelength. This data can be viewed as spectral or image data. Spectral data Spectral experiments can be defined to have multiple areas of interest on the CCD array. In such experiments, each area produces a single spectrum. CCD Position spectral data are obtained when the signal is binned or summed along each column in a selected area during acquisition. The resulting data set is a spectrum with a signal intensity-value for each column of pixels or group of binned columns. The intensities are then recorded and displayed as either a function of pixel number or as a function of the wavelength assigned to each pixel. Required parameters: Areas, X-Binning, Integration Time, Accumulations, Gain, and ADC Speed. Image data Image experiments can be defined to have multiple areas of interest on the CCD. In such experiments, each area results in a separate image. CCD Position image data are collected by recording the signal of each individual pixel or binned group of pixels on the CCD array. The resulting set of data is a threedimensional plot of intensity as a function of x position and y position. For the Symphony, the x-axis corresponds to wavelength. Data can be recorded and displayed on the x-axis as a function of pixels or wavelength. The y-axis represents the height position along the entrance slit of the spectrometer. Required parameters: Areas, X-Binning, Y-Binning, Integration Time, Accumulations, Gain, and ADC Speed. CCD Range Note: CCD Range mode experiments are only supported under SynerJY software. For more information, see the SynerJY User s Guide and on-line help files. In a CCD Range experiment, the spectrometer is set to acquire data throughout a wavelength range selected with SynerJY software. When the experiment is run, the spectrometer s grating rotates to collect data in sections, with each section representing a different wavelength range. There is a small overlap at the edges of each section. Once all data are collected by the detector, the individual sections are combined to produce a single spectrum. Required parameters: Areas, X-Binning, Integration Time, Accumulations, Gain, and ADC Speed. 3-11

62 Triggering System Operation External triggers may be used to synchronize experiments. Triggers can be implemented to start an experiment sequence, or can be used on each individual accumulation. See Chapter 4 for a more detailed discussion on triggering. 3-12

63 4: Triggering Triggering Triggering signals available Symphony II provides a versatile platform for synchronizing to your equipment. The detector provides two TTL-level I/O signals, via SMB-type connectors on the front of the unit, for monitoring and control of various accessories. To avoid connection errors, a male SMB (J400766) is used for the TTL input signal (External Trigger Input), while its female counterpart (J400787) is the detection system s TTL output signal. This TTL output signal provides you with the ability to select, via SynerJY software, one of three available signals. SHUTTER The SHUTTER signal provides status for shutter operation, and is activated during the interval when the CCD is being exposed to light. START EXPERIMENT The START EXPERIMENT signal indicates the start of an experiment. Upon receipt of a Start Acquisition command, this output goes to its active state after completion of its present CCD-array cleaning cycle. For time-based operation, this output remains active until all spectra are taken, and then returns to its inactive state. EXT TRIGGER READY The EXT TRIGGER READY signal applies to the detection system s External Trigger mode of operation. It is used to indicate when the system has completed the current spectral acquisition (i.e., exposure and readout), and is ready to begin subsequent acquisitions. Note: Each selected output signal can also be configured, via software, for a specific polarity, where the active state can be either a logic high (5 V) or logic low (0 V) to meet the needs of the experiment. See Appendix C for additional information regarding enabling and configuring these TTL-level I/O signals. 4-1

64 Triggering Synchronized triggering to an external event Acquisition of image or spectral data can be initiated and synchronized to an external system event by using the Symphony II s TTL-input. This TTL input line uses edgetriggering, which is user-programmable via software control to recognize positive or negative edge-triggered events. This external triggering capability can be used to activate the start of each experiment, as well as to initiate each acquisition of an experiment involving multi-acquisitions. Once the detector has recognized a valid external trigger pulse, any and all subsequent activity on this external input is ignored until the integration period and CCD readout time are completed for the acquisition. The delay from receipt of the trigger signal until acquisition starts is less than or equal to 42 ns. For experiments with multiple acquisitions, the allowable repetition rate (t rep rate ) associated with this external triggering function is governed by the sum of the CCD expose time (t expose ) and subsequent data-processing readout time (t readout ): Timing diagram #1 below illustrates the relative timing associated with an external trigger input waveform and the subsequent expose (i.e., shutter) and readout-timing information available via TTL output. This is an externally triggered single-acquisition experiment using positive edge-triggering for the Trigger Input signal, and active high logic-levels (5 V) for all output signals shown. 4-2

65 Triggering Timing Diagram #1: Externally triggered single-acquisition experiment using positive edge-triggering. Timing Diagram #2 below illustrates the relative timing associated with another externally triggered experiment. Here, the experiment is set-up for a multi-accumulation acquisition of two spectra, using a negative edge-triggered trigger input signal and active low logic levels (0 V) for all TTL BNC output signals available. Timing Diagram #2: Externally-triggered multi-accumulation acquisition using negative-edge triggering. 4-3

66 Triggering 4-4

67 5: Temperature Control Temperature Control Symphony II monitors and regulates the CCD array s set-point temperature via its thermostatic control-circuitry. For optimum array performance with respect to dark current, quantum efficiency, and signal-to-noise ratio, Symphony II typically provides a default cooling set-point temperature of 133 C (140 K). Resolution of set-point temperature is provided in steps of 0.1 C. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the detector s cooler power and thermostat control-circuitry ensure that the array temperature does not drift more that 0.1 C from the commanded value. 5-1

68 Temperature Control 5-2

69 6: Auxiliary Analog Input Introduction Auxiliary Analog Input The Auxiliary Analog Input port (AUX IN) is designed to measure a voltage or current signal. This input can be used as an independent data-acquisition channel, or as a reference channel to correct CCD acquisitions for fluctuations in the excitation-source output. The AUX IN port accepts signals from a single-channel detector up to ±10 V in Voltage mode, or up to ±10 μa in Current mode, via an SMA connector. The AUX IN input channel incorporates programmable gain (1/10/100/1000) to adjust for signal sensitivity as required. Normalization (reference) The Normalization mode of the AUX IN port lets the system to correct acquired data for some external reference signal. For example, a silicon detector might be used to monitor the power of an excitation lamp or laser. The final data can be adjusted for the power fluctuations in the lamp or laser by dividing the data by the reference signal. The Symphony II CCD automates this process by measuring the AUX IN signal during integration time of the CCD. Signal values from the AUX IN port are averaged over the CCD s integration time, then the CCD data are divided by the average value from the AUX IN port. A typical method of using the AUX IN port as a normalization channel is shown below. 6-1

70 Auxiliary Analog Input To use the AUX IN port as a reference channel: 1 Start SynerJY and open the Experiment Setup window. 2 In the General tab, click the Detectors icon. In the Acquisition Parameters area, activate the Active checkbox to turn on the detector: 3 Select the Acquisition Mode and experiment Type, and enter any additional experiment parameters. 4 Click the Advanced button. The Multi Channel Detector Advanced Parameters window appears. 5 Activate the Normalize to AUX Input checkbox to enable Normalization: Uncheck the box to disable this feature. 6 Click the OK button to close the window. 6-2

71 Auxiliary Analog Input 7 Click the Run button to start the experiment. When the Normalize function is enabled, the Symphony II CCD collects data from the CCD and a reference value from the AUX IN port. The CCD data are then divided by the value collected from the AUX IN port and displayed on the screen. 6-3

72 Independent data-acquisition Auxiliary Analog Input The AUX IN port can be used as an independent data-acquisition channel for voltage or current signals. This can extend the wavelength-range of a spectrometer system by adding an InGaAs detector to the side port of a spectrometer without having to purchase additional electronics. The system, used as a spectrograph with a CCD, can cover nm. As a scanning monochromator with an InGaAs detector, it can cover from nm. The Symphony II CCD s AUX IN port averages the data from the InGaAs detector over the specified integration time. AUX IN port Typical configuration for independent data-acquisition using the AUX IN port. To use the AUX IN as an independent data-acquisition channel: 1 Make sure the detector is configured in SynerJY as a single-channel detector (see the hardware configuration procedures in the software help files). 2 In SynerJY, open the Experiment Setup window. 3 Select the hardware configuration with AUX IN configured as a Single Channel Detector. 4 The AUX IN port appears as a choice in the detectors list in the Experiment Setup window and 6-4

73 Auxiliary Analog Input Real Time Control: activate the Active check box to turn it on. 5 Select the experiment Type and enter any additional experiment parameters. 6 Click the Advanced button to view the Single Channel Detector Advanced Parameters window. 7 Select the proper Units and Gain settings. 8 Click the OK button to close the window. 9 Click the Run button to start the experiment. 6-5

74 Auxiliary Analog Input Configuring for Voltage and Current modes To switch Auxiliary Analog Input operation modes, two separate Single Channel Detector configurations (one for Voltage and one for Current) need to be created in the hardware configuration, both connected to the Symphony II. You initialize one of these detectors, the Symphony II gets configured in voltage or current mode as you have specified. 6-6

75 7: Switching Off and Disassembly Switching Off and Disassembly Switching off the detector system 1 Exit the software. 2 Set the power switch on the back of the power supply to the OFF ( O symbol). Note: It is safe to leave the Symphony II detector unpowered and mounted to the spectrograph as long as all system cables from and to the detector remain securely connected. Note: Wait until the detector has reached room temperature before switching the detector on again. 7-1

76 Disassembly of the detection system 1 Exit the software. Switching Off and Disassembly Caution: Ensure that the liquid nitrogen has evaporated from the dewar (approximately 24 h from the fill time) before you disassemble the detector head from the spectrometer. 2 Set the power switch on the back of the power supply to the OFF ( O symbol) position. 3 Disconnect the power cable between the powersupply unit and the detector head. 4 Disconnect the BNC shutter cable between the spectrograph and the detector. Note: The HORIBA Instruments Incorporated warranty on the Symphony II CCD Detection System does not cover damage to the sensor or the system s electronics that arise as a result of improper handling including the effects of electrostatic discharge. 5 Remove the USB 2.0 communications cable (980076) from the front of the detector head. 6 Loosen the flange lock and set-screw of the spectrograph (mounting depends on spectrograph model). Note: By adjusting only the flange lock of ihr and MicroHRseries spectrographs, you should be able to reinstall the CCD with minimal realignment, for the focus and alignment mechanisms remain locked in place. 7-2

77 Switching Off and Disassembly 7 Carefully remove the detector head from the spectrograph, pulling the detector towards you, out of the mount. 8 Unplug the AC power cord (mains). 7-3

78 Switching Off and Disassembly 7-4

79 8: Optimization and Troubleshooting Introduction Optimization and Troubleshooting Following installation, some applications may require special attention in order to obtain optimal system performance. The system optimization and troubleshooting tips below help you maximize experimental results and troubleshoot potential problems: Optical optimization Spatial optimization Reducing the number of conversions Environmental-noise reduction Cooling Shutter Power interruption Software cannot recognize hardware configuration 8-1

80 Optical optimization Optimization and Troubleshooting The best way to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of a measurement is to increase signal strength at the detector by raising optical power at the source or by increasing the integration time of the detector. When this is not possible, additional optical signal can usually be added into the system by minimizing the losses in the optical coupling from the source to the sample, and from the sample to the spectrograph s entrance slit. Inspect the coupling optics for correct alignment and focus to be certain that the signal level is maximized. Incorrect f/# matching may cause stray light inside the spectrometer, and this stray light may be collected by the detector. Use correctly aligned and focused f/#-matching optics to eliminate this possibility. Stray light entering the spectrometer system through sources other than the entrance slit may interfere with the measurement. Reduce the possibility of stray light by securing all covers and closing all unused entrance or exit ports. When running any experiments, turn off all unnecessary room lights, including computer monitors. 8-2

81 Spatial optimization Optimization and Troubleshooting Often the optical signal that is imaged onto the CCD array occupies only part of the total array s area. Sections of the array that are not illuminated only add noise to the measurement. Taking advantage of the area selection ability, select a reduced portion of the CCD active area and reduce the dark signal and associated noise from the unused area. Susceptibility to cosmic rays is reduced proportionately as well. The best way to match the portion where the signal is located is to acquire a full-chip image of the signal. With the image, the area can be easily defined to just include the section of the CCD that is illuminated. If the actual signal is too weak to be seen in an image, increase the integration time or try to approximate the signal using the exact same optical setup, but substitute a brighter signal. See your software user s guide or help files for instructions on defining the active area(s). 8-3

82 Reducing the number of conversions Optimization and Troubleshooting Each time an analog-to-digital conversion is made, some read noise is introduced. For spectra that are imaged as essentially vertical slit-images on the array, the pixels illuminated in their vertical columns can be binned into superpixels, to be combined before conversion to data points. Likewise, when spectral resolution is not a limiting factor, the signals can also be horizontally binned into two-dimensional superpixels. The limit on this is that the combined signal intensity for the most intense superpixel should not exceed the ADC dynamic range. However, when signal levels in some pixels are at or near the saturation level, acquiring a series of spectra using integrations of shorter duration and summing them digitally provides a means to avoid saturation. See your software user s guide or help files for instructions on setting up binning. 8-4

83 Environmental-noise reduction Optimization and Troubleshooting Because of the extremely low internal-noise characteristics of the liquid-nitrogen and thermoelectrically cooled sensors, precautions to minimize noise-pickup from external sources are recommended. Although shielded, the detector head and cables can still be sensitive to strong electromagnetic fields. For best results, isolate the detection system from devices generating such fields. In instances where external field-sources may be hampering the detection system s optimum performance, HORIBA Scientific recommends: Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from a variety of sources may be picked up by the detection system s sensitive analog conditioning-circuitry. Try isolating any other apparatus suspected to be a noise source by turning it off while monitoring the CCD signal in real time. Typical sources of EMI are high-power lasers, vacuum pumps, and computer monitors. If possible, connect offending equipment to power sources separate from the detector controller and re-route cables away from interfering devices. Room lights may radiate EMI based on the (50 or 60 Hz) power-line frequency in the AC (mains). A battery-powered flashlight will not radiate EMI. If turning off the spectrometer s power switch reduces noise, rearrange power connections to be sure the spectrometer, source, and detector are tied to the same ground (earth) and, if possible, the same power circuit. In extreme cases, such as working with or around high-powered pulsed lasers or other high-energy apparatus, construct RFI and EMI shields or Faraday cages to contain the noise at its source, or to isolate the detection system from the noise. In these cases, colleagues who are working with a similar apparatus may be your best resource for noise-control suggestions. 8-5

84 Cooling Optimization and Troubleshooting If the detector starts to exhibit higher than normal dark-current levels in the same controlled experimental set-up, one of the following problems may have occurred: The cable connections between the controller and detector may need to be secured. Physical damage, such as fracturing of the window, may have caused vacuum degradation. The cooling of the CCD sensor relies on the quality of the vacuum (see the Detector Head and Chamber Cooling Effectiveness section of Chapter 8). If the Symphony II CCD is damaged and the vacuum is compromised, the TEMP LED remains yellow, indicating that the system cannot reach the desired setpoint temperature. Please contact the factory for advice in the event that the system cannot reach the setpoint within 30 min from power up, or if physical damage to the instrument is suspected. Shutter If the shutter fails to actuate, verify that all cables are correctly connected. Contact HORIBA Scientific for further assistance. Power interruption If power is interrupted, restart the system. 8-6

85 Optimization and Troubleshooting Software cannot recognize hardware configuration 1 Verify that the system s software or firmware configuration matches the actual hardware configuration. See the software user s guide and help files for more information on creating, editing, or loading a hardware configuration. 2 Make sure that the USB 2.0 port of your computer is working properly. 3 If you have selected an appropriate hardware configuration for your system and a device is still not found during initialization, verify that all cables are correctly connected and that power is turned on. 8-7

86 Unit fails to turn on Optimization and Troubleshooting If the unit fails to turn on, check that: The power cord is connected to the power-supply unit. The power cord is plugged into a live wall outlet (mains). The connector of the power-supply unit is securely connected to the Symphony II detector head. 8-8

87 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 9: Routine Procedures with SynerJY Focusing and aligning the CCD on the spectrograph 1 Attach a spectral line source, such as a Hg lamp, to the instrument s entrance slit. Warning: Your light source may emit high-intensity ultraviolet, visible, or infrared light. Exposure to these types of radiation, even reflected or diffused can result in serious, and sometimes irreversible, eye and skin injuries. When using a lamp, do not aim the light guide at anyone or look directly into to the light guide or optical ports of the instrument. Always wear protective goggles and gloves in conjunction with the light source. 2 Start SynerJY. 3 In the Experiment Setup window, click on the Monos icon in the General tab: 9-1

88 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 4 Enter an entrance-slit width of 13 µm ( mm), then manually close the height-limiter to 1 mm. 5 Click the Detectors icon in the General tab. Activate the Active checkbox to switch on the detector, and select Spectra as the Acquisition Mode. Select CCD Position as the experiment Type, and enter a reference Center Wavelength (such as a Hg line at 546 nm): 9-2

89 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 6 Click the Advanced button. The Advanced Multi Channel Parameters window appears. 7 Set the data to display as signal intensity (yaxis) versus pixel position (x-axis). Click the OK button to close the window. 8 Click the RTC button. The Real Time Control window opens. 9 Set the Integration Time to 0.1 second or less, and activate the Continuous spectral acquisition checkbox: 9-3

90 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 10 Click the Run button to start continuous spectral acquisition. 11 While continuously running, adjust the Exposure Time until the observed signal is approximately counts. 12 Click the Stop button. 13 Zoom in on the central peak. 14 Observe the spectrum. A focused, aligned CCD provides a distinct peak of large amplitude, generally symmetrical to the limits of the design of the spectrometer. The peak should be less than or equal to five pixels wide across the Full Width of Half the Maximum Height (FWHM). Excessive asymmetry of the peak is a sign that the slit image is not aligned to the pixel columns; diminished shape and magnitude are symptomatic of defocusing. 15 While in Real Time Control, click the Detectors icon and set five equal areas in the Free Form 9-4

91 Routine Procedures with SynerJY Area list. Click the Reformat button to display the areas, then click the Apply button to apply the area change as a parameter. 16 Activate the Continuous checkbox and click the Run button to run the experiment. 17 Adjust the CCD orientation by rotating the detector head right or left in the focal plane while in continuous acquisition. To rotate the detector head, first loosen the multi-channel adaptor mounting screw, then slightly rotate the detector head right or left in the focal plane. When aligned, the five spectra will overlap and display similar intensity. Each spectrum should be two to three pixels wide at FWHM. 9-5

92 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 18 When the CCD is focused and aligned, tighten the CCD-adaptor mounting screw to securely position the detector head. 19 Reformat the chip to one area and click the Run button to check that the peak is two to three pixels wide at FWHM. This confirms that the CCD is focused and aligned. 9-6

93 Routine Procedures with SynerJY Triggering Symphony detection systems offer both input and output TTL trigger functions. Triggering functions are software enabled. Three hardware triggers are available as BNC receptacles on the back of the controller: one for input and two for output. Triggering can be activated at the start of each experiment or at the start of each acquisition during the course of one experiment. 1 Start SynerJY. 2 Open the Experiment Setup window. 3 Select the Triggers tab. 9-7

94 Routine Procedures with SynerJY 4 In the Input Trigger area, activate the Enable checkbox to use the Input Trigger. 5 Select the appropriate Input Trigger parameters in the drop-down menus. a b Event allows the user to specify whether the trigger will be enabled once at the start of the experiment, or at the start each acquisition (for multiple acquisition experiments). Select a Signal Type to indicate TTL Rising Edge or TTL Falling Edge. 6 In the Output Trigger area, activate the Enable checkbox to use the Output Trigger. 7 Select the appropriate Output Trigger parameters in the drop-down menus. a b TTL Output 1 can be used for Experiment Running functions. TTL Output 2 can be used for Each Shutter Open or Chip Readout functions. c Either TTL Active Low or TTL Active High can be selected as the Signal Type. 8 Click the Run button to start the experiment. 9-8

95 10 : Maintenance Cleaning the detector head Maintenance Periodically clean the Symphony II detector by wiping it down with a clean, damp cloth. Do not use any solvents, soaps, or abrasives when cleaning components, for these products can damage surface finishes. Cleaning the dust cover of the powersupply unit The dust cover of the power supply unit must be periodically (at least once every six months) removed and cleaned. To clean the dust cover: 1 Make sure that the power switch located on the back of the power-supply unit is set to the off ( O symbol) position. 2 Remove the four Phillips-head screws that secure the dust cover to the unit. 3 Remove the dust cover, holding it several feet away from the unit. Removable dust cover of power-supply unit. 4 Hold a can of compressed air about 2 (5 cm) away from the dust cover, and use short blasts of air to remove all dust from the cover. 10-1

96 Maintenance Caution: When using compressed air, read and follow the usage information, usage directions, and caution warnings specific to the brand of air you are using. Use the product in a wellventilated area, and do not use near potential ignition sources: compressed air can ignite under certain circumstances. 5 When the cover is clean and completely dry, resecure it to the power-supply unit using the four Phillips-head screws. 10-2

97 11 : Accessories Accessories The following are accessories available for the Symphony II: TTL Cable, SMB Jack to BNC Male, 4 ft. (1.2 m); TTL Ext Trig In Cable; SMB Plug to BNC Male, 4 ft. (1.2 m) Shutter driver for controlling additional shutters; uses CCA- SYNAPSE-TRIG to synchronize with primary shutter. CCA-SYNAPSE- TRIG CCD-SHUTTER- DRIVER 11-1

98 Accessories 11-2

99 Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings 12 : Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings Specifications Sensor Operating temperature Resolution step-size Long-term stability 133 C (140 K) at ambient temperature = +20 C 0.1 C ± 0.1 C Noise See Notes 1 and 2 Non-linearity < 0.4% at 20 khz; < 1 % at 1 MHz Full well capacity See Notes 1 and 2 Effective dynamic range See Notes 1 and 2 Dark current See Notes 1 and 2 Pixel-processing ADC precision ADC dynamic range Data-conversion speed Gain settings Binning and ROI Exposure time Vertical clock speeds 16 bit Electrical interfaces maximum 20 khz and 1 MHz programmable via software High sensitivity, best dynamic range, and high-light programmable via software (see Note 3) Supports flexible binning patterns and areas programmable via software s minimum to days maximum 9 µs to 36 µs programmable via software. See Note 2 Computer interface USB 2.0 Inter-Integrated Circuit (I 2 C) bus For future use Auxiliary analog input channel Voltage input range +/ 10 V, +/ 1 V, +/ 0.1 V, and +/ 0.01 V programmable via software Current input range +/ 10 µa, +/ 1 µa, +/ 0.1 µa, and +/ 0.01 µa programmable via software 12-1

100 Gain settings ADC resolution External trigger input (TTL In) TTL output (TTL Out) Shutter output excitation drive Operating frequency Shutter coil resistance Power requirements Shutter pulsed voltage to open Shutter hold voltage Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings Four gain settings of 1/10/100/1000 programmable via software 16 bit TTL-level signal, programmable rising/falling edge triggering via software TTL-level signal, configurable output and polarity via software 12 Ω +60 V DC +5 V DC 40 Hz maximum repetition rate Input line voltage V AC continuous / universal Input line frequency Hz Input power Optics 55 W typical Optical distance from sensor to front flange Mechanical Dimensions (length width height) mm (0.546 in) Detector head mm (14.94 in) 120 mm (4.73 in) 114 mm (4.50 in) Power-supply 195 mm (7.68 in) 133 mm (5.25 in) unit 94.0 mm (3.70 in) Weight Detector head 3.27 kg (7.21 lb) Notes Power-supply unit kg (3.18 lb) 1. All specifications are subject to change without notification. 2. System attributes, such as total system noise, full well capacity, effective system dynamic range, and dark current are a function of the selected sensor in combination with the Symphony II detection system. Attributes are addressed in separate CCD specification documents for all HORIBA Scientific sensor offerings. 3. Calibration data, defining the transfer function for the incorporated CCD sensor in electrons/count for each available gain setting, are provided with each Symphony II detector. 12-2

101 Mechanical drawings Symphony Power-Supply Unit Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings Note: Units are inches unless otherwise indicated. 12-3

102 Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings One-Liter Side-Mount Liquid-Nitrogen Dewar for CCD Detectors Note: Bolt patterns on the mounting flanges have six through-hole slots, so that the detector can be mounted in either of two orientations by selecting the group of three slots (with an angle of 120 between them). Adjacent slots have an angle of 30 between them. 12-4

103 Liquid-Nitrogen-Head Mounting Flange Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings 12-5

104 Technical Specifications & Mechanical Drawings 12-6

105 Compliance Information 13 : Compliance Information Declaration of Conformity Manufacturer: Address: Product Name: HORIBA Instruments Incorporated 3880 Park Avenue Edison, NJ USA Symphony II CCD Detection System/IGA Detector System Detector Model #: For CCD sensor: SII-XXX-XXX-XX For IGA sensor: SII-XXX-XXXX-XX SII-XXX-XXX-XX-XX Power Supply Model #: Conforms to the following Standards: Safety: EN :2006 EN :2006/A11:2009 EN :2006/A1:2010 EMC Emissions: EN 55022:2006 EN 55022:2006/A1:2007 EMC Immunity: EN 55024:1998 EN 55024:1998/A1:2001 EN 55024:1998/A2:2003 Supplementary Information The product herewith complies with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive 2006/95/EEC and the EMC Directive 2004/108/EC. The CE marking has been affixed on the device according to Article 8 of the EMC Directive 2004/108/EC. The technical file and documentation are on file with HORIBA Instruments Incorporated. Nicolas Vezard Vice-President, OEM Division HORIBA Instruments Incorporated Edison, NJ USA August 16,

106 Compliance Information Tests Radiated Emissions Conducted Emissions Class A Standards EN 55022:2006 EN 55022:2006/A1:2007 Radiated Immunity IEC :2006 Conducted Immunity IEC :2008 Electrostatic Discharge IEC :2008 Voltage Dips & Interrupts IEC :2004 Electrical Fast Transients IEC :2004 Surge Immunity IEC :2005 Magnetic Field Immunity IEC : 2009 Harmonics EN :2006 Flicker EN :

107 14 : Service, Warranty, and Returns Service policy Service, Warranty, and Returns If you need assistance in resolving a problem with your instrument, contact our Customer Service Department directly, or if outside the United States, through our representative or affiliate covering your location. Often it is possible to correct, reduce, or localize the problem through discussion with our Customer Service Engineers. All instruments are covered by warranty. The warranty statement is printed inside of this manual. Service for out-of-warranty instruments is also available, for a fee. Contact HORIBA Instruments Incorporated or your local representative for details and cost estimates. If your problem relates to software, please verify your computer's operation by running any diagnostic routines that were provided with it. Please see the software documentation for troubleshooting procedures. If you must call for Technical Support, please be ready to provide the software serial number, as well as the software version and firmware version of any controller or interface options in your system. The software version can be determined by selecting the software name at the right end of the menu bar and clicking on About. Also knowing the memory type and allocation, and other computer hardware configuration data from the PC s CMOS Setup utility may be useful. In the United States, customers may contact the Customer Service department directly. From other locations worldwide, contact the representative or affiliate for your location. If an instrument or component must be returned, follow the method described on the next page to expedite servicing and reduce your downtime. 14-1

108 Return authorization Service, Warranty, and Returns All instruments and components returned to the factory must be accompanied by a Return Authorization number issued by our Customer Service Department. To issue a Return Authorization number, we require: The model and serial number of the instrument A list of items and/or components to be returned A description of the problem, including operating settings The instrument user s name, mailing address, telephone, and fax numbers The shipping address for shipment of the instrument to you after service Your Purchase Order number and billing information for non-warranty services Our original Sales Order number, if known Your Customer Account number, if known Any special instructions 14-2

109 Warranty Service, Warranty, and Returns For any item sold by Seller to Buyer or any repair or service, Seller agrees to repair or replace, without charge to Buyer for labor or materials or workmanship of which Seller is notified in writing before the end of the applicable period set forth below, beginning from the date of shipment or completion of service or repair, whichever is applicable: a. New equipment, product and laboratory apparatus: 1 year with the following exceptions: i) Computers and their peripherals ii) Glassware and glass products. b. Repairs, replacements, or parts the greater of 30 days and the remaining original warranty period for the item that was repaired or replaced. c. Installation services 90 days. The above warranties do not cover components manufactured by others and which are separately warranted by the manufacturer. Seller shall cooperate with Buyer in obtaining the benefits of warranties by manufacturers of such items but assumes no obligations with respect thereto. All defective items replaced pursuant to the above warranty become the property of Seller. This warranty shall not apply to any components subjected to misuse due to common negligence, adverse environmental conditions, or accident, nor to any components which are not operated in accordance with the printed instructions in the operations manual. Labor, materials and expenses shall be billed to the Buyer at the rates then in effect for any repairs or replacements not covered by this warranty. This warranty shall not apply to any HORIBA Instruments Incorporated manufactured components that have been repaired, altered or installed by anyone not authorized by HORIBA Instruments Incorporated in writing. THE ABOVE WARRANTIES AND ANY OTHER WARRANTIES SET FORTH IN WRITING HERIN ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES OR GUARANTEES EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR PURPOSE OR OTHER WARRANTIES. The above shall constitute complete fulfillment of all liabilities of Seller, and Seller shall not be liable under any circumstances for special or consequential damages, including without limitation loss of profits or time or personal injury caused. The limitation on consequential damages set forth above is intended to apply to all aspects of this contract including without limitation Seller s obligations under these standard terms. 14-3

110 Service, Warranty, and Returns 14-4

111 15 : Glossary Glossary Accumulations ADC Areas Back-thinning Binning The number of repetitions for which the detector collects data and averages the results to obtain a better signal-to-noise ratio. An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) converts a sample of an analog voltage or current signal to a digital value. The value may then be communicated, stored, and manipulated mathematically. The value of each conversion is generally referred to as a data point. The active sections of the CCD detector. Signals that encounter sections of the CCD that are not part of an active area are not recorded. Once an area is specified, the area definitions refer to the number of areas and the size of the areas. A process where the CCD substrate is etched down to be very thin ( 10 μm), so that incident light can be focused on the backside of the chip where its depletion layer is not obstructed by the chip s physical gate structure. This thinning technique increases the CCD s photon sensitivity as illustrated by the higher quantum efficiency (QE) exhibited by these back-illuminated devices. Back-thinned chips are sensitive to etaloning effects from nm (see Etaloning). The process of combining charge from adjacent pixels. It can be performed in both the vertical (y) and horizontal (x) directions. For example, a binning factor of 2 2 corresponds to the combination of two pixels in both the x and y directions, producing one super pixel equivalent to the total charge of the four original pixels. Binning does reduce resolution capability; however, it increases sensitivity and improves (i.e., lowers) the overall CCD readout time. There is a limit to the effectiveness of hardware binning as a result of the horizontal serial shift register and output node not having infinite capacity to store charge. This physical limitation is best exemplified for applications that have a very small signal superimposed on a large background. In practice, the pixels associated with the horizontal register have twice the full well capacity of their light-sensitive counterparts, while the output node usually can hold four times that of the photosensitive area. Thus, experiments where the summed charge exceeds either the full well capability of the horizontal shift register and/or the output node are lost in data-processing. 15-1

112 Charge-coupled device Charge transfer efficiency (CTE) Correlated double sampling (CDS) Cosmic ray events Glossary A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) is a light-sensitive silicon chip that is used as a two-dimensional photodetector in digital cameras for both imaging and spectroscopy. For spectroscopy, the CCD simultaneously measures intensity, x-position (wavelength) and y- position (slit-height) differences projected along the spectrograph image plane. CCD sensors are offered by a number of manufacturers, and come in a variety of sizes, chip architectures and performance grades to best meet the application. The percentage of charge moved from one pixel to the next is the charge transfer efficiency. The CCD has a high CTE if the pixels are read out slowly. As the speed at which the charge is transferred is increased, increasing amounts of the charge is left behind. The residual charge combines with the charge of the next pixel as it is moved into the cell. Therefore, using too high a transfer rate deforms the image shape; it smears the charge over the pixels that follow in the readout cycle. Temperature also affects CTE. Under normal operation the CTE is approximately %. Below 140 C the movement of the charges becomes sluggish, and, again, the image becomes smeared. This sampling method utilizes a differential measurement technique to achieve a higher precision measurement for each pixel processed during the CCD readout cycle. This difference measurement (B A) is accomplished by making two voltage measurements for each pixel processed as follows: Measurement A: Residual output amplifier charge during CCD reset time Measurement B: Real charge plus the residual associated with the current pixel being processed Electronic circuitry that employs the CDS technique is especially important to properly characterize pixel response at low signallevels, because a minute residual charge always remains present on the CCD output node even after the CCD s reset gate has been activated once a pixel has been read out. Thus, this process ensures that only the true charge associated with the current pixel being processed is measured. Cosmic rays are high-energy particles from space, mostly attributed from the sun. They are usually detected by a scientific-grade detection system, because the cooled CCD offers extremely low dark-signal level. In the active area of a typical array, about five events per minute per sensor cm 2 may occur. Compared to very weak signals from the experiment, detected cosmic ray events can be quite distracting. To minimize the effects of these rays, use the smallest section of the chip required by the experiment, as well as the smallest integration time possible. In addition, mathematical treatment of the data can also be used to remove these spurious spikes in the spectra. Please see the SynerJY software help files for 15-2

113 Dark signal Dark-signal non-uniformity (DSNU) Dynamic range more information about cosmic removal. Glossary Dark signal is generated by thermal agitation. This signal is directly related to exposure time and increases with temperature. The dark signal doubles with approximately every 7 C increase in chip temperature. The more dark signal there is, the less dynamic range is available for experimental signal. This signal accumulates for the entire time between readouts or flushes, regardless of whether the shutter is open or closed. Dark signal is also generated during the charge transfer cycles of the CCD. The problem is not necessarily the dark signal, but the noise in measuring the signal that adversely affects the data. Dark-signal non-uniformity (DSNU) is the peak-to-peak difference between the dark-signal generation of the pixels on a CCD detector in a dark exposure. The ratio of the maximum and minimum signal measurable. For a 16-bit detection system, the ideal / optimum dynamic range would be :1. For a CCD, this performance figure of merit corresponds to the ratio of a pixel s full well saturation charge to the output amplifier s read noise. The pixel s full well saturation charge correlates directly to the CCD s well-capacity and varies with the device s pixel size and overall structure. A more useful calculation of dynamic range, as far as a CCD sensor is concerned, centers around the effective system dynamic range. This parameter corresponds to the ratio of a CCD pixel s linear full well saturation charge to the total system noise level. Here, the total system noise takes into account the CCD array s read noise, as well as the noise contribution from the detector system s electronics as follows: Electrons per count The above calculation for total system noise assumes a 1 ms integration time and ignores the noise contributions from the array s dark-current shot noise and the signal itself (i.e., shot noise). A system-level transfer function parameter or gain-related value that equates the number of electrons required to generate a single ADC count. 15-3

114 Etaloning Felgett s advantage Flush Full well capacity Gain Integration time Linearity Multi-phase pinning (MPP) Glossary When a very thin piece of material is used as an optical component, multiple interference patterns may be observed. This effect is called etaloning. When the thickness of the material is on the order of the wavelength of light passed through, etaloning may prevent the detector from distinguishing an actual signal from the interference pattern. Etaloning is a problem with backthinned CCD chips in the wavelength range nm. Multi-channel detection provides an improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), as compared to single channel (scanned) spectral detection. Because the multi-channel detection acquires a number of spectral elements simultaneously, the S/N is improved by a factor proportional to the square root of the number of channels acquired, if the experiment times are equal. To reduce noise and maximize dynamic range at the CCD, the dark charge that has accumulated on the chip can be rapidly removed by flushing. The effect of flushing the array is similar to a readout cycle in that the charges are cleared from the pixels. A flush is much faster than a frame readout, for it dumps the charges without conversion. Flushing is only necessary when there is an appreciable time between readouts. The measure of how much charge can be stored in an individual pixel. This specification varies for each chip type. It depends on the doping of the silicon, architecture, and pixel size. The quantum well capacity is usually around electrons. The greater the well, the greater the dynamic range. A chip with a larger full well capacity can record a higher signal-level before saturating. (See also Variable Gain.) The conversion between electrons generated in the CCD to counts reported in the software. Gain is typically set to be just below the read noise for most low-light measurements, or set to take advantage of the full dynamic range for larger signals. Typically, because CCDs are extremely low-noise devices, meaningful gains as low as 1 2 electrons per count can be achieved. (See also Variable Gain.) The amount of time for which the CCD is exposed to light and acquires data. When photo response is linear, if the light intensity doubles, the detected signal doubles in magnitude as well. Nonlinear response at medium to high intensities is usually due to amplifier problems, and at very low light-levels, poor charge-transfer efficiency. A CCD s response is linear, once the bias is subtracted. Multi-phase pinning (MPP) is a mode of operation specific to certain CCD brand names, such as E2V and Hamamatsu, which offer extremely low dark current operation. (See also AIMO.) 15-4

115 Noise Glossary Noise is common to all detectors and associated camera systems. The total amount of real signal that exists in an experiment is less important than the ratio of the signal s magnitude to the total system noise that exists. This signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is more commonly referred to as the system s effective dynamic range (see also Dynamic Range). Thus, for detector systems with a high S/N, a signal peak can be discerned even though signal counts per second may be low. A detector system s total system noise is comprised of the noise sources listed below and is defined: Photoelectric effect Photoelectron For applications that have high-intensity signals, the shot noise from the signal itself dominates the system s total noise. Conversely, for experiments that involve the detection of very weak signals, the system s total noise is dominated by the CCD-related read noise and dark noise along with the ever-present electronics noise source. Electronics noise (e Electronics noise ): Noise that is introduced in the process of electronically amplifying and conditioning the detector signal, as well as the ADC-conversion noise associated with digitizing the pixel information. CCD read noise (e CCD read noise ): Noise that is generated by the CCD s on-chip output amplifier. This noise parameter is frequency-dependent and increases with increased pixelprocessing times. CCD Dark Noise (e CCD dark noise ): Noise that is generated due to the random statistical variations of the dark current, and is equal to the square root of the dark current. Dark current can be subtracted from an image or spectrum, and does not contribute to the total system noise; however, the dark noise remains. In addition, cooling the array can significantly reduce the accumulation of dark current and its associated dark noise. CCD Shot Noise (e CCD shot noise ): Noise that is generated due to the random statistical variations associated with light. Shot noise is equal to the square root of the number of electrons generated. Some materials respond to light by releasing electrons. When light of sufficient energy hits a photosensitive material, an electron is freed from being bound to a specific atom. Such materials include the P-N junctions of the silicon photodiodes used in CCD arrays. The energy of the light must be greater than or equal to the binding energy of the electron to free an electron. The shorter the wavelength is, the higher the energy the light has. A photoelectron is an electron that is released through the interaction of a photon with the active element of a detector. The photoelectron could be released either from a junction to the conduction band of a solid-state detector, or from the photocathode 15-5

116 Photo response nonuniformity (PRNU) Quantum efficiency (QE) Readout time Responsivity Saturation level Spectral response Time interval to the vacuum in a photomultiplier tube. A photoelectron is indistinguishable from other electrons in any electrical circuit. Glossary PRNU is the peak-to-peak difference in response between the most and least sensitive elements of an array detector, under a uniform exposure giving an output level of V Sat /2. These differences are primarily caused by variations in doping and silicon thickness. The ratio of the number of photoelectrons produced to the number of photons impinging on the CCD s photoactive surface. For example, a QE of 20% means that one photon in five produces a distinguishable photoelectron. The quantum efficiency of a detector is determined by several factors that include: (1) the material s intrinsic electron-binding energy or band gap, (2) the surface reflectivity and thickness, and (3) the energy of the impinging photon. QE varies with the wavelength of the incident light, as illustrated by the fact that standard front illuminated CCDs generally have a peak QE of 45 50% at ~ 750 nm. Back-thinned CCDs typically have improved QE curves, compared with their front illuminated counter-parts, that produce peak QE s in the 80 85% range. Additionally, the QE response of front illuminated devices can be improved by coating the chip with a fluorescent dye that converts UV light to longer wavelengths where the quantum efficiency of the CCD is higher. The interval required to move the charges from their photo-sensitive locations to the readout register, sample, and amplify the charges and then digitize them into discrete digital data points. Included in this readout time is the correlated double-sampling (CDS) technique, which generally requires more processing time per pixel compared with other less-accurate measuring methods. Faster readout times increase the total system noise, thereby reducing the effective system dynamic range. (See also Correlated Double Sampling and Dynamic Range.) The absolute QE sensitivity given in units of A/watt. CCDs are typically characterized by performance factors such as QE, counts, and gain (specified in electrons/count) instead of responsivity. The maximum signal level that can be accommodated by a device. Beyond this point, further increase in input signal does not result in a corresponding increase in output. This term is often used to describe the upper limit of a detector element, an amplifier, or an ADC. Most detectors will respond with higher sensitivity to some wavelengths than to others. The spectral response of a detector is often expressed graphically in a plot of responsivity or QE versus wavelength. The elapsed time between the start of one accumulation to the start of the next accumulation. The time interval, Integration Time, and 15-6

117 Glossary Readout Time of the CCD detector have the following relationship: t interval t integration + t read UV overcoating (enhancement) Variable gain x-binning y-binning The depth of penetration into silicon is very shallow for UV light. With this shallow penetration, the probability of a UV photon penetrating to the depletion zone is less than for longer-wavelength photons. Thus the QE is lower in the UV than in the visible and near-ir region. By coating the chip with a fluorescent dye that converts UV light to longer wavelengths, the probability of photondetection is increased. Lumigen is a phosphor coating used for UV enhancement. The ability to match the range of the ADC to the usually larger range of the CCD without losing valuable information. Signal can be extracted from the noise baseline by statistical treatment. Oversampling of this noise makes this extraction more accurate, so the gain can be electronically adjusted to quantize this small signal at high resolution, typically 1 or 2 electrons per count. Because stronger signals saturate the ADC more quickly, low electrons per count is considered high gain (a small signal produces a large response). Conversely, large optical signals can tax the full dynamic range available on the chip, which may be in excess of the ADC dynamic range. In this case, a lower gain of typically 7 18 electrons per count reports a smaller count value versus a high gain setting, and allow the range of the ADC to cover the maximum charge of the CCD. Statistical information in the baseline is generally not the limiting factor of an acquisition with full range signals present, and thus can be traded off without penalty. The combining of columns of pixels to form a single data point. By combining columns, a greater signal-level can be detected; however, this results in a decrease in resolution. (See Binning.) The combining of rows of pixels to form a single data point. By combining rows, a greater signal-level can be detected; however, this results in a decrease in resolution. (See Binning.) 15-7

118 Glossary 15-8

119 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) 16 : Index Key to the entries: Times New Roman font... subject or keyword Arial font... command, menu choice, or data-entry field Arial Condensed Bold font... dialog box Courier New font... file name or extension MCD MCD-B MCD-C binning MCD A About accessories Accumulations Acquisition Mode , 9-2 Acquisition Parameters area Active checkbox , 6-5, 9-2 Index ADC dynamic range ADC precision ADC resolution ADC Speed Advanced button , 6-5, 9-3 Advanced Multi Channel Parameters window aligning Allen key , 3-9 Apply button Areas AUX IN port , Auxiliary Analog Input port B Best dynamic-range mode binning , 8-4, 12-1 BNC cable built-in test-diagnostic capability C cables , 1-9, 2-1, 2-4, 3-2, 8-6, 8-7 CCA-SYNAPSE-TRIG caution notice CCD array , 2-5, 2-12, 4-1, 5-1, 8-3 CCD flange lock CCD Position CCD Position experiment CCD Range experiment CCD rotation adjustment screw CCD-SHUTTER-DRIVER CE compliance , Center Wavelength cleaning CMOS Setup utility compressed air Continue Anyway button Continuous checkbox , 9-5 cosmic rays

120 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) D danger to fingers notice dark current , 8-3, data-conversion speed Declaration of Conformity detector , 1-7 Detectors icon , 9-2, 9-4 dewar , 2-2, 3-4 5, 12-4 dewar configurations dimensions disassembly disclaimer dust cover , 10-1 DVD-ROM E edge-triggering , effective dynamic range electric shock notice electrical requirements EMI Enable checkbox entrance slit , 3-11 environmental requirements Event excessive humidity notice Experiment Setup window , 6-4, 9-1, 9-7 explosion notice expose time exposure control exposure time Exposure Time EXT TRIGGER READY output signal , 4-1 Ext Trig In Cable External Trigger Input function , 4-1 External Trigger mode extreme cold notice F face shield fast-scan acquisition mode FHR Finish button Index firmware flange , 2-2, 12-2, 12-5 flange lock , 3-9, 7-2 focus and alignment , 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 9-1 focus lock focus wheel focus-lock set screw Found New Hardware Wizard window Free Form Area list full well capacity fused silica fuses G gain , Gain , 6-5 General tab , goggles H hardware configuration , 8-7 Hardware Installation warning height-limiter Hg lamp , 9-1 High sensitivity mode High-light mode host computer.. 0-1, 1-3 4, , 2-4, 3-2, 8-7 hot equipment notice I I 2 C , 12-1 ihr spectrograph , 2-15, 3-6 independent data-acquisition channel 6-1, 6-4 InGaAs detector Input Trigger Input Trigger area integration time , 2-10, 6-1, 6-4, Integration Time , , 9-3 intense light notice

121 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) J O Index J J , 1-10, 2-4, 2-13 J J J , 1-10 J , 1-10 J , 1-10 L LEMO connectors , 1-10, 2-4, 2-13 liquid nitrogen , 1-1, 2-2 3, 3-4, 8-5, long-term stability M magnesium fluoride maintenance Material Safety Data Sheets mechanical drawings MHRA MicroHR , 3-6 Model drop-down menu Monos icon MSDS MSH-ICF MSH-ICS MSL-FC2N MSL-FCF MSL-FCS MSL-TSCCD MSL-TSHCCD Multi Channel Detector Advanced Parameters window N Next > button noise noise reduction non-linearity Normalization mode Normalize to AUX Input checkbox number of conversions OK button , 6-2, 6-5, 9-3 operating ambient temperature operating temperature optical optimization Output Trigger Output Trigger area P plastic cap power cord , 8-8 power interruption power receptacle power requirements power switch , 7-1 2, 8-5, 10-1 power-supply unit , 7-2, 8-8, , programmable gain protective gloves PWR LED , 2-13, 3-2 Q quantum efficiency R Read this manual Readout Time Real Time Control window , Reformat button relative humidity resolution step-size Return Authorization number RTC button Run button , 6-5, 9-4 6, 9-8 S safety goggles safety summary safety-training requirements serial number service policy

122 Symphony II rev. C (2 Feb 2012) set-point temperature , 8-6 shutter.. 1-6, 1-11, 2-1, 2-4 5, 2-12, 2-15, 4-1, 8-6, 11-1, 12-2 shutter cable , 7-2 shutter drive circuitry , 11-1 shutter drive interface SHUTTER jack SHUTTER signal , 4-1 signal-to-noise ratio , 8-2 Signal Type Single Channel Detector Advanced Parameters window slit , 9-1 slit width slow-scan acquisition mode SMA connector Spectra Spectral Acquisition mode spatial optimization , 8-3 START EXPERIMENT output signal 2-5, 4-1 Stop button storage temperature stray light Symphony , 3-3 Synapse Synapse Synapse SynerJY hardware key SynerJY software. 1-11, 2-1, 2-5 7, 2-10, 2-14, 3-1, 3-3, 3-6, , 4-1, 6-2, 6-4, 9-1, 9-7 T technical specifications TEMP LED , 2-6, 3-2, 8-6 thermostatic control circuitry THR Time Interval Triax Trigger Input signal triggering , 4-1, 9-7 Triggers tab troubleshooting TTL Active High TTL Active Low TTL Cable Index TTL Falling Edge TTL IN connector , 12-2 TTL Output , 12-2 TTL Output , 12-2 TTL Rising Edge Type , 6-5, 9-2 U ultraviolet light notice Units unpacking and installation USB cable , 1-10, 2-4, 7-2 USB ports , 1-10, 2-4, 8-7, 12-1 V vacuum degradation vertical clock speeds W warning notice warranty weight Windows , 1-11, 3-2 X X Binning xenon lamp Y Y Binning

123 3880 Park Avenue, Edison, New Jersey , USA [Design Concept] The HORIBA Group application images are collaged in the overall design. Beginning from a nano size element, the scale of the story develops all the way to the Earth with a gentle flow of the water.

124