Mt. Angel Library by Alvar Aalto; featuring a major daylight fixture. Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 1.

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1 DAYLIGHTING CONCEPTS Mt. Angel Library by Alvar Aalto; featuring a major daylight fixture Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 1 Daylighting Daylighting has always been of major importance, but somehow during the 1960s, we forgot everything we knew about the art and science of daylighting. Cheap energy and air conditioning did us in. William Caudill in the Foreword to Daylight in Architecture a reference to the allure and power of active systems Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 2 1

reaching a given point within a building generally consists of a mix of the following components (which show up as variables in some design analysis methods): a sky

2 ^^ Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, TX Mt. Angel Library, Mt. Angel, OR >> daylighting offers great opportunities for creative design Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 3 Daylight Components The daylight reaching a given point within a building generally consists of a mix of the following components (which show up as variables in some design analysis methods): a sky component (SC) an externally reflected component (ERC) an internally reflected component (IRC) these components are related to but not the same as the direct, diffuse, and reflected components that comprise light falling on an aperture Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 4 2

Daylight Components the sky component is not the same as direct solar radiation DF = SC + ERC + IRC Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 5 A Daylighting Design Process Establish

3 Daylight Components the sky component is not the same as direct solar radiation DF = SC + ERC + IRC Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 5 A Daylighting Design Process Establish lighting system Owner s Project Requirements Daylighting may be a reasonable means of achieving OPR If so, select a likely daylighting implementation method (an approach or approaches) Validate that the approach actually works (that the result can meet intent and criteria) using appropriate design tools Refine the initial design solution as required using appropriate analysis tools; validate the final design solution Develop construction drawings and specifications Apply the commissioning process to the daylighting system design (especially controls) Construct the daylighting system and commission it Occupy building; validate system in place and in use; learn and communicate the lessons learned Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 6 3

Daylighting Design Concerns The source of light is variable addressed through the design process addressed via coordination with electric lighting addressed during usage by space occupants and

primarily architectural design issues architects must take the lead daylighting potential is established with the first design moves (plan, orientation, and massing) Ball State Architecture

4 Daylighting Design Concerns The source of light is variable addressed through the design process addressed via coordination with electric lighting addressed during usage by space occupants and controls The source of light is outside the building light must be brought into a building light must be skillfully distributed from an aperture located at the periphery of a space These are primarily architectural design issues architects must take the lead daylighting potential is established with the first design moves (plan, orientation, and massing) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 7 General Daylighting Approaches Sidelighting Unilateral or bilateral Windows Clerestories (if low) Toplighting Skylights Clerestories (if high) Hybrids and combinations windows.lbl.gov/ what about bottomlighting? Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 8 4

5 Sidelighting (if unilateral) illuminance pattern (lux, FC or DF) on horizontal task plane illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 9 Sidelighting (if bilateral) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from aperture increases; but two opposing apertures help to balance light distribution across space; magnitude of drop-off is a function of distance between apertures Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 10 5

Toplighting (if single aperture) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from edge of aperture increases Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 11 Hybrid

6 Toplighting (if single aperture) illuminance drops off fairly quickly as distance from edge of aperture increases Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 11 Hybrid Approaches illuminance from skylight fills in gap caused by sidelight distribution pattern; overlapping patterns will increase illuminance Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 12 6

7 Elements of a Daylighting System Daylight source the sky (not direct sun) Apertures (openings such as windows or skylights) Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, jambs, mullions, screens, ) Space geometry (length, width, height of room) Surface reflectances (of ceiling, walls, floor, furniture, ) The illuminated thing (task, surface, ) User perceptions Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 13 Daylighting System Elements Source (the sky not direct solar) Macro scale: this is a function of geographic locale Micro scale: influenced by specific site conditions Apertures (openings) These are a function of design decisions (placement in building, size, number, orientation) Aperture modifications (lightshelves, shading devices, glazings, ) These are a function of design decisions (and, to some extent, product availability) the site provides a resource that the designer can use, abuse, or ignore Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 14 7

8 Daylighting System Elements Space geometry This is a function of design decisions optimize space layout and use the space itself to help distribute light Reflectances These are a function of design decisions use reflective surface finishes to spread light Illuminated thing (task, surface, ) This is a function of space type and usage good daylighting design is good architectural design Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 15 More About Daylighting Glazing Glazing location (orientation, tilt, surroundings) is important Glazing aperture area and DF are related in a generally linear manner Usually, daylighting glazing should have a high VT (visible transmittance) and a low SHGC (solar heat gain coefficient) characteristics that will be incompatible in many typical products Generally daylighting should involve no direct solar radiation (provide shading devices to ensure this without blocking diffuse daylight) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 16 8

More About Lightshelves These elements are used with daylighting windows to more evenly distribute daylight in a space; they do not substantially increase the amount of

direct solar radiation (thus reducing heat gain and glare) Performance is not well documented lightshelf design is more an art than a science Ball State Architecture

9 More About Lightshelves These elements are used with daylighting windows to more evenly distribute daylight in a space; they do not substantially increase the amount of daylight that is captured They can be external, internal, or both When used, they split a window area into view and non-view sections They can assist with shading against direct solar radiation (thus reducing heat gain and glare) Performance is not well documented lightshelf design is more an art than a science Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 17 Lightshelves Inland Revenue (UK), image from LBL exterior lightshelves, Milwaukee, winter Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 18 9

10 Daylighting Example campus context building context Philips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NH; Library, Louis Kahn (1967) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 19 façade texture and layers building massing Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 20 10

11 reading carrels and lounge area Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 21 note difference in warmth of light grand entry staircase and structure Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 22 11

12 various views of structure (contrast of wood and concrete) Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 23 views up into central volume, showing minimal toplighting and smoke vents Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 24 12

bookshelf engages structure user of stair

13 bookshelf engages structure user of stair engages structure Philips Exeter Academy Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 25 Daylighting Example exterior courtyard (note vegetative shading) meeting room Kimbell Art Museum, Dallas, TX; Louis Kahn (1972) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 26 13

14 images from: gallery interior exterior view Kimbell Art Museum Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 27 images from: daylighting fixture gallery interior Kimbell Art Museum Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 28 14

15 images from: gallery visually open to courtyard exterior view Kimbell Art Museum Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 29 Daylighting Example south façade with fixed and vegetative shading Emerald People s Utility District Offices, Eugene, OR; Equinox Design Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 30 15

16 north façade, note glazing sections, no exterior shading lightshelf (at south window) Emerald People s Utility District Offices Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 31 south façade, note fabric shading devices break room, note direct solar infusion Emerald People s Utility District Offices Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 32 16

it takes more than an aperture to make a good daylighting

about maintenance) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL

shading, more and less, from glass Phoenix Convention

17 it takes more than an aperture to make a good daylighting system skylight, unnamed architecture building (think about maintenance) Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 33 some serious external shading shading, more and less, from glass Phoenix Convention Center Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 34 17

Why Carbon Dioxide Matters http://img257.imageshack.us/i/3way8fp.

Reducing Carbon Emissions Matters Fall 1979 Fall 2005 http://www.msnbc.

18 Why Carbon Dioxide Matters Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 35 Why Reducing Carbon Emissions Matters Fall 1979 Fall Ball State Architecture ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1 Grondzik 36 18

ARCH 3/431 Spring

Daylight Models & Design ARCH 331/431 Spring 2008 Lecture 20 ARCH 3/431 Spring 2008 1 announcements 6/5/08 Final Exam Alternate Time: Wednesday, 6/11 4:30-6:20 Smith (SMI) 304 Final Exam Assigned Time: