Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 1 January 11, 2013

Transcription

1 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 1 Summary of Roman Historical and Cultural Background Republican Period 510 BC to 27 BC Early Imperial Period 27 BC to AD 284 Late Imperial Period AD 284 to 400 Division of the Empire AD 395 Significant People Political Leaders and Events Cultural and Scientific Developments Etruscan Arrival of Etruscans in Italy c 753 Foundation of Rome (traditional) Greek colonization of S Italy c 509 Expulsion of Kings Roman Republican Period

2 Republican Periods Vergil BC Founded after last of the possibly Etruscan kings forced out Expansion abroad, consoliodation of imperial power Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 2 Atrium House c BC 351 Peace between Rome and Tarquinii Unification of Italy Punic Wars (with Cartage) 146 Corinth destroyed by Rome Roman conquest of Greece 129 Pergamon became Roman province 86 Athens sacked by Romans under Sulla 44 Julius Caesar assinated See page years of civil wars exhausted state Series of dictators: Marius Sulla Caesar Pompey

3 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 3 Early Imperial Period 27 BC - AD 284 Augustus rule 27 BC - 14 AD Vitruvius c BC The Ten Books of Architecture AD Julio-Claudians 64 Great Fire of Rome 79 Destruction of Pompeii Trajan rules Hadrian rules Antonines rules Severans rules Barracks Emperors Diocletian rules Pax Romana Development of multi-story apartment blocks (insula) Wasteful space of Atrium house now obsolete Expressions of prosperous stability: 1. Developed water supply systems as part of urban planning 2. Officail style of Augustus was deliberately classicizing See page 216

4 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 4 Late Imperial Period AD Imperial authority restored by Diocletian one of the last pagan emperors overseer of savage persecution of the Christians Constantine rules 325 Constantine recognizes Christianity 395 Division of the Empire Diocletian one of the last pagan emperors overseer of savage persecution of the Christians See page 240 Decline of the Western Roman Empire 410 Sack of Rome by the Visigoths (Alaric) 455 Sack of Rome by Vandals 488 Occupation of Italy by Ostrogoths c 500 AD

5 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 5 Summary of Roman Painting Republica Period 510 BC to 27 BC Early Imperial Period 27 BC to AD 284 Late Imperial Period AD 284 to 400 Division of the Empire AD 395 First Style or Incrustation Style Typical Examples G6-26 First style (incrustation) wall painting from a Samnite house, Herculaneum, 2nd c BC Stylistic Characteristcs In the first style, known as incrustation (G6-26), the wall is divided into numerous rectangular panels of different colors, with many of the panels modeled to resemble stone of various types. occasional, schematically rendered textural contrasts This probably served as a substitute for more expensive stone facings. It was popular from approximately 200 B.C. to about 60 B.C. This style is a continuation of Hellenistic practice, and examples of it have been found in houses at Priene and on the island of Delos

6 Second Style or Architectural Style G6-26 First style (incrustation) wall painting from a Samnite house, Herculaneum, 2nd c BC G6-27 G6-29 Odyssey Landscape: Ulysses in the Land of the Lestrygonians, second-style wall painting from a house in Rome, late 1sr c BC. Apx 60" high. Vatican Library, Rome Odyssey Landscape: Hurling Rocks at Fleet of Odysseus, second-style wall painting from a house in Rome, late 1sr c BC. Apx 60" high. Vatican Library, Rome 6-30 G6-30 Garden Scene, detail of a second- style wall painting from the House of Livia, Primaporta, late 1st c BC. Museo Nazionale, Rome Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 6 The second style was known as the Second or Architectural Style (G6-27) and lasted from 60 B.C. to 20 B.C. Decoration no longer restricted to a single visual plane space of the room is made to look as though it extended beyond the flat the flat wall, thus creating an illusionistic effect of space. Although the architectural forms are visually convincing, they do not follow the rules of scientific perspective as one would find in a Renaissance painting. Columns, pilasteres, an window frames painted on the wall serve to enframe distant views of cities and landscape Using a technique known as "herringbone perspective," the orthogonals converge along a central axis, rather than at a single vanishing point. Several vanishing points tend to be distributed on an axis that runs vertically throughthe center of the panel Second-style mural in the Villa of the Mysteries near Pompeii c 50 BC Includes some of the finest painted figures of the ancient world The second style illusion here is confined to a painted ledge that looks like a shallow extension of the room proper and affords the figures a kind of narrow, supporting stage Perhaps a place for celebration of rites for some cult such as the cult of Dionysos Odyssey Landscapes - Second style from the house on Esquiline HIll in Rome Painted piers divide the other wise continuos landscape into 8 compartments Scenes from the Homeric epic In the representation of Odysseus' fleet running from the rocks being hurled at them by the Lestrygonians(G6-29) the landscape is painted and creates the illusion of moving into space.

7 Third Style or Ornate Style G6-36 Herakles and Telephos, from Herculaneum, c AD 70, after an original from the second c BC, Wall pinting, apx 7'2" x 6'2". Museo Archaeological Nazionale, Naples G6-31 Third-style (ornate) wall painting from a villa at Boscotrecase, near Pompeii, early 1st c AD, Museo Nazionale, Naples In the Third, or Ornate Style, during early time of Roman empire Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 7 Wall ceased to serve as a framed view into nature and became a mere support for smaller, framed views. Simulated architecture disappeared, as the wall was sub-divided into a number of panels by means of vertical and horizontal bands filled with vine scrolls or other decorative designs. the architectural elements serve merely to frame segments of the wall, often enclosing small scenes (G6-36). At times the slender columns, which are used to divide segments of the wall(g6-31), become completely fantastic. This style flourished from approximately 20 B.C. to A.D. 60. The flat nature of the wall was reaffirmed delicate forms and color graceful elegance Rejection of monumental constructions and broad illusionism of 2nd style What could have developed out of the 2nd style as view through illusionistic wndow is here in 3rd style reduced to a flat, ahite panel with floating landscape motif on it.

8 Fourth Style or Style G6-32 Fourth style (intricate) wall painting from the Ixion Room. House of the Vetii, Pompeii, 1st c AD G6-33 Fourth style wall painting from the Domus Aurea of Nero, Rome, AD G6-35 Genre scene (?) from the House of the Dioscuri, Pompeii, first century AD. Detail of a wall painting transferred to wood, entire painting apx 15" x 17". Museo Nazionale, Naples. Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 8 The fourth, or Intricate Style, began around A.D. 60 and flourished until the destruction of the city in A.D. 79 (G6-32). In this style there is a return to architectural frames and open vistas, but they are combined with framed pictures. Aerial perspective rather than a linear one It is thought that these forms developed under the influence of Roman theatrical design. Framed scenes (G6-33) were often flooded with light and color, with emphasis in contrasts between modeled light and dark, both depicted with quick, flickering brush strokes (G6-35) We cannot say with absolute certainty that the Romans contributed the new sense of space surrounding the figures, because our lack of Greek paintings from an earlier period leaves us to speculate about how much was actually invented by the Roman painters and how much they adopted from now lost Greek masterpieces

9 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 9 Summary of Roman Architecture Republican Period 510 BC to 27 BC Early Imperial Period 27 BC to AD 284 Late Imperial Period AD 284 to 400 Division of the Empire AD 395 Typical Examples Stylistic Characteristcs Republican Period 510 BC to 27 BC Early Imperial Period Late Imperial Period

10 Etruscan / Roman Study Charts 10 Summary of Roman Sculpture Early Roman Period 510 BC to 27 BC Early Imperial Period 27 BC to AD 284 Late Imperial Period AD 284 to 400 Division of the Empire AD 395 Typical Examples Stylistic Characteristcs Republican Period Early Imperial Period Late Imperial Period