Roman Sarcophagi. Dr. Lorenzo. Dr. Lorenzo

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Frederick Miles
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1 Roman Sarcophagi Dr. Lorenzo Dr. Lorenzo

2 Today s Topics Ostia (very briefly) Roman Marble Sarcophagi Egyptian Mummies

3 3rd Extra Credit Opportunity Ancient Cypriot Limestone Sculpture and Self-Taught Sculptors in the Ancient World The island of Cyprus in antiquity is known for many things, among them an international reputation for concentrated religious activity, and quarries of soft limestone. These two features come together in the survival of tens of thousands sculptural offerings on the island: diverse in style and form, locally made and locally dedicated. This lecture will explore the unique experience of worship in ancient Cyprus with a particular focus on these dedications. I argue that the soft limestone was easily carved, so the sculptors required little training. By examining many works of limestone sculpture, we ll see the styles, techniques and themes of these artists reflect an environment similar to the selftaught artists working in more contemporary times.. April 9th at 6pm in Jepson 118.

4 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

The Tomb of Tiberius Claudius Eutychus, Ostia, ca. 110-115 A good example of a standard tomb type that developed on the roads leading out of Ostia and Rome.

5 The Tomb of Tiberius Claudius Eutychus, Ostia, ca A good example of a standard tomb type that developed on the roads leading out of Ostia and Rome. It has exposed brick work like that used in houses, markets and warehouses. It very often consists of a facade with a doorway leading into a barrel vaulted chamber.

The tomb s architectural vocabulary is similar to Ostian houses so this tomb was

6 The Tomb of Tiberius Claudius Eutychus, Ostia, ca What do the panels on the facade depict? Why are they important? The tomb s architectural vocabulary is similar to Ostian houses so this tomb was meant to be.? Was Eutychus s tomb and other similar ones for a single occupant or multiple people? For single use or multiple use?

7 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

8 Interior of Tomb of the Caetennii, ca. The exterior is exposed brick work like Eutychus s tomb but inside it is more elaborate. The layout of the inside is important because it has evidence for the shift in what funerary custom? small cinerary (ash) urns

over the traditional means of disposing of the dead by.

9 Roman Burial Customs Starting during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian, but especially under the Antonines Romans began to favor over the traditional means of disposing of the dead by. What are some of the basic differences between between burial container A and B? A B

10 Marble Sarcophagi Basic differences: more expensive; required skilled sculptors; heavy to transport; could be import pieces; only relatively well off patrons could afford. For those who could afford sarcophagi, the new type of burial container provided as well as an opportunity?

11 Marble Sarcophagi: 3 types 1 What are the 3 types of marble sarcophagi? What are the major differences between them? 3 2

12 Marble Sarcophagi: Type 1 Type 1: Roman (or Western) sarcophagi: carved only on front and both short sides; their lids usually have a tall decorated front with masks or faces or another carved decoration on either end; designed to be seen only from the front and short sides; made at Rome

13 Marble Sarcophagi: Type 2 Type 2: Attic sarcophagi: carved on all sides often with a continuous frieze; their lids usually take the form of a gabled roof; designed to be seen in the round; made in the Attica region of Greece.

14 Marble Sarcophagi: Type 3 Type 3: Asiatic sarcophagi: are similar in form in all respects to Attic sarcophagi except that the carved figures are not in a continuous frieze but are set in columnar frames, like statues in niches; made in Asia Minor (i.e. modern day Turkey)

15 Marble Type 1: Roman (or Western) sarcophagi Sarcophagi: 3 types Type 3: Asiatic sarcophagi Type 2: Attic sarcophagi

16 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

Sarcophagus with massacre of the Niobids, Rome, ca 134-140 An early but standard Western type with a frieze depicting a bloody tale of divine retribution.

17 Sarcophagus with massacre of the Niobids, Rome, ca An early but standard Western type with a frieze depicting a bloody tale of divine retribution. Niobe since she had 12 children boasted that she was better than Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis. Why do you think the sarcophagus s occupant would want to be associated with Niobe? Mask Apollo Artemis Mask Amphion Niobe

18 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

Sarcophagus with myth of Orestes, Rome, ca 140-150 Mask A Western type with a frieze depicting a bloody tale of retribution and matricide.

19 Sarcophagus with myth of Orestes, Rome, ca Mask A Western type with a frieze depicting a bloody tale of retribution and matricide. Orestes kills his mother, Clytemnestra, and her lover, Aegisthus, because they killed his father Agamemnon. Why do you think the sarcophagus s occupant would want to be associated with Orestes? Orestes Mask Agamemnon Orestes Aegisthus Clytemnestra Orestes Apollo s tripod

20 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

21 Sarcophagus with Meleager and the Calydonian Boar, Eleusis, Greece, ca 200 An Attic type with a frieze depicting the hunt for the Calydonian boar. Meleager s father forgot to sacrifice to Artemis so the goddess sent a massive wild boar to ravage Calydon. Meleager and friends hunt it down. Meleager kills it with his spear. Why do you think the sarcophagus s occupant would want to be associated with Meleager? gabled lid/roof Meleager Atalanta Calydonian boar

Sarcophagus with Mileage and the Caledonian Boar, Eleusis, Greece, ca 200 Meleager and friends hunt it down. Atalanta, virgin huntress, wounds the boar first.

22 Sarcophagus with Mileage and the Caledonian Boar, Eleusis, Greece, ca 200 Meleager and friends hunt it down. Atalanta, virgin huntress, wounds the boar first. He kills it with his spear and gives its hide to Atalanta. Why do you think the sarcophagus s occupant would want to be associated with Meleager? Meleager Atalanta Calydonian boar

23 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

24 Sarcophagus with kline portrait of a woman, Melfi, ca An Asiatic type. Here the continuous narrative is replaced by? What mythological figure does sarcophagus s occupant want to be associated with, and why? Cupid with downturned torch

25 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

26 Sarcophagus with battle between Greeks and Amazons, Rome, ca. 150 A Western type. What are the possible motivations for the representation of a mythological battle on a sarcophagus? Mask/face Amazon with shield Amazon with battle axe Mask/face Nike holding a trophy with 2nd cent. AD armor Amazon Greek Nike w/ garland

27 Sarcophagus with battle between Greeks and Amazons, Rome, ca. 150 Where have we seen the distinctive shield of the Amazons before? The Danube River Bridge of boats

28 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

Sarcophagus with battle between Greeks and Gauls, Rome, ca. 160-170 A Western type. The frieze depicts a legendary historical battle. The Greeks are armored.

29 Sarcophagus with battle between Greeks and Gauls, Rome, ca A Western type. The frieze depicts a legendary historical battle. The Greeks are armored. The Gauls naked except for torques. This frieze is very similar to and incorporates some of the same motifs found on what arch? What does this mean? Mask/face Greek Mask/face Gaul Gaul Gaul

30 Sarcophagus with battle between Greeks and Gauls, trophy Rome, ca The sculptor of the sarcophagus probably did not travel to view the Arch of Tiberius at Orange. Rather he probably had access to the same kinds of pattern books as the sculptors in Gaul had. The original composition may have been a painting or relief in Pergamum itself.

31 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

32 Sarcophagus with scenes from the life of a Roman general, Mantua, ca. 170 This sarcophagus has its long side divided into three scenes. What are the scenes? How can you tell?

33 Sarcophagus with scenes from the life of a Roman general, Rome, ca. 170 Concordia Peitho Here the deceased is getting married. How can you tell? Is the sarcophagus as a whole meant to be biographical or pseudo-biographical? Hymenaeus

34 Sarcophagus with scened from the life of a Roman general, Rome, ca. 170 Here the deceased is performing what act?. How can you tell? This sarcophagus and the many others with the exact same scenes are generic types meant to celebrate the essential characteristics of a Roman man, which are?

Characteristics: success in warfare, clemency toward defeated foes, piety to the gods, and marital fidelity Sarcophagus with scened from the life of a Roman general, Rome, ca.

35 Characteristics: success in warfare, clemency toward defeated foes, piety to the gods, and marital fidelity Sarcophagus with scened from the life of a Roman general, Rome, ca. 170 Victoria Here the deceased is performing what act?. How can you tell? Virtus These sarcophagi are not meant to be taken literally due to patternbook compositions and the existence of sarcophagi in which the the portrait features of the deceased were never added.

36 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

37 Mummy of Artemidorus, Hawara, Egypt, ca Egypt with its deep history of many thousands of years old and indigenous practice of burials of mummies in mummy cases never saw a shift to burial in marble Western, Attic or Asiatic sarcophagi.

Mummy of Artemidorus, Hawara, Egypt, ca. 100-120 Maat Maat The body of the case is made with stucco decorated with gold leaf.

38 Mummy of Artemidorus, Hawara, Egypt, ca Maat Maat The body of the case is made with stucco decorated with gold leaf. The face is a painted portrait done in encaustic on wood in place of the traditional stylized masks of the deceased. What is encaustic? When was the portrait painted? Anubis Nephytis Isis Ra Thoth Ra in falcon form Osiris

39 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

Mummy portrait of priest of Serapis, Hawara, Egypt, ca. 140-160 His hairstyle is distinctive with 3 curly locks falling down on his forehead. This signifies what?

40 Mummy portrait of priest of Serapis, Hawara, Egypt, ca His hairstyle is distinctive with 3 curly locks falling down on his forehead. This signifies what? The painter rendered the drapery in a much more summary fashion that the face. Where have we seen this before? These portraits carry on the tradition of portrait painting seen on the walls of Pompeii and help modern viewers to visualize the original appearance of Roman portraits in stone.

41 See you on Thursday for Severan art

43 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

44 Funerary relief of vegetable vendor, ca A small painted terracotta plaque immortalizing the life of a vegetable vendor. What style is it done in? What is interesting about how the scene is depicted?

45 What is it? What is it made out of? Where is it? What s the date? Why is it significant?

46 Funerary relief of the midwife, ca. 150 A small painted terracotta plaque immortalizing the life of a midwife. What style is it done in? Why do we think the midwife looks out and not at what her hand is doing?

Roman Art. Name Date. Introduction

Roman Art. Name Date. Introduction Unit 2 Roman Art Name Date Objective In this lesson, you will identify the principal characteristics of Roman art. Links mysterious Fayum portraits http://redirect.platoweb.com/337564 Julius Caesar s bust