Chapter 3: Chapter 3: The Asian Contribution

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1 Chapter 3: The Asian Contribution Chapter 3: The Asian Contribution

2 Chinese Contributions Inventions Compass, gunpowder, calligraphy and paper Which of these inventions do you feel is the most important to Western civilization and why? Support your answer. Chinese Calligraphy -1800bc A purely visual language like Egyptian hieroglyphics What is the inspiration for these early pictographic forms? Li-shu tablet of Hua Shan Pagoda, example of Han style from Eastern Han Dynasty (165 CE).

3 Chinese Contributions A Single character is called a Logogram ü Define this term and give an English equivalent as an example. ü There is no direct relationship with the written and spoken Chinese language why?

4 Pictogram Ideogram - Logogram No Dogs! sign in Spain. The dog illustration is a pictograph. The red circle and bar is an ideogram representing the idea of no or not allowed. A Logogram example: A Chinese character; it is pronounced cheng and means sincere.

5

6

7 Forms of Chinese Calligraphy Chiaku-wen Chin-wen Hsiao Chuan Li-shu What are the general characteristics and facts surrounding each form of calligraphy? Chen-shu

8 Bone-and-shell script Oracle bone inscribed with chiaku-wen, or bone-and-shell script, c BCE.

9 Chiaku-wen Hsiao chuan The top row of pictographs are chiaku-wen, or bone-and-shell script, attributed to the legendary Tsang Chieh. The lower row shows the same words from Li Ssu s unified hsiao chuan, or small-seal style. From left: sun, moon, water, rain, wood, and dog.

10 Figure 3-3

11 Figure 3-5

12 Figure 3-4

13 Early Forms of Chinese Calligraphy Example of the evolution of the calligraphic character. Chiaku-wen Chin-wen Chen-shu

14 Chinese Calligraphy Calligraphy has traditionally been considered the highest art form. Origins back to 3000 BCE or earlier Calligraphers have different styles and spend years perfecting the techniques. Japanese calligraphy developed from Chinese calligraphy, and continues today. Calligraphers have different styles, ranging from very simply to highly artistic.

15

16 Origins in Ancient Egypt (that got pictographs from Ancient Sumer) Hieroglyphics (picture writing) carved into clay tablets, sculptures, and walls. Calligraphy means beautiful writing. This is the Book of the Dead, which was a religious book meant to help guide people in passing into the Afterlife.

17 Invention of Paper by Ts ai Lun INVENTOR OF PAPER CAI LUN

18 Invention of Paper by Ts ai Lun Before paper was invented, the Chinese were in search for something to write on. People tried bone, stone and wood but they were hard to write on and heavy to carry. Then they tried wooden scrolls. They were made out of slips of bamboo tied together with silk. They were O.K. but it got tiring carrying lots of heavy wooden scrolls. Next people started using sheets of silk to write on. They were the best out of all the writing attempts but they were expensive and not everyone could afford to buy silk. Finally, Cai Lun invented paper. Everyone s problems were solved.

19 Invention of Paper by Ts ai Lun Ts ai Lun s process for making paper stayed almost unchanged until 19th England mechanized it. Examine the image and explain what graphic characteristics are demonstrated by this composition. Hint: think in terms of bone, blood and muscle as the Chinese would describe the graphic qualities of the brush strokes.

20 How Paper Spread

21 Cai Lun s Papermaking process 1. Soak ingredients in water 2. Cut to pieces and cleanse with water 3. Immerse in tree ash and grass. Stew. 4. Rinse with water and pound. 5. Fish fibers out with paper matrix 6. Dry 7. Paper!!!!

22 Paper Making Site

23 The Origins of Printing: Relief printing Chinese chop. The traditional Chinese identification stamp is inscribed into the bottom of a small decorative sculpture carved from soft stone.

24 The Origins of Printing: Relief printing Zhao Meng-fu, a goat and sheep, fourteenth century CE. Chops were used to imprint the names of owners or viewers of a painting.

25 The Origins of Printing The second idea comes from Ink rubbings Describe the process of ink rubbings Chinese relief tomb sculpture and rubbing, northern Qi dynasty ( AD) This is the Diamond Sutra (868AD) known it is the oldest surviving printed manuscript.

26 This is the Diamond Sutra(868AD) know it is the oldest surviving printed manuscript.

27 Figure 3-8

28 Figure 3-9

29 Figure 3-12

30 Figure 3-14

31 Figure 3-16

32 The Origin of Printing Block printing was rapidly developing within the Chinese culture for many different purpose. What are some examples of printed items from the Chinese culture? Here is an example from a medical herbal guide and another examples in these Chinese playing cards. What graphic characteristics do you notice for each image?

33 Chinese playing cards, undated. Many of the design conventions used here numerical sequences of images signifying the suits and the depiction of royalty survive in playing cards to this day.

34 The Invention of Moveable Type 1045AD the Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng extended the process of block printing by developing the concept of moveable type. What were the limitations to the Chinese concept of moveable type? Hint: compare to Western typography

35 Woodblock image of a revolving typecase, c CE. This quaintly stylized illustration shows the revolving case designed to make typesetting more efficient

36 The Chinese Contribution Conclusion Summarize the Chinese contribution to the evolution of visual communications. During Europe s thousand year medieval period, the Chinese inventions of paper and printing spread slowly westward, arriving in Europe as the Renaissance began.

37 Now your turn! Chinese calligraphy is a purely visual language. The Chinese calligraphic system consists of about forty characters. The bone and shell style of writing that was used from 1800 to 1200 BCE was closely related to the art of communicating with dead ancestors. Chinese calligraphy is considered in China to be a higher art form than sculpture, but a lower art form than painting. In contrast to Western writing, Chinese calligraphic strokes express spiritual states and deep feelings. The Chinese were immediately receptive to the use of paper in its early decades because of its greater elitist appeal.

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