CHAPTER - V A GROWTH OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS

Transcription

1 CHAPTER V A GROWTH OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS INTRODUCTION Indian Knitting Industry: Today knitting is a complex process with two main areas, each of which has its subdivisions of specialization. The two main areas of the knitting industry are as follows: 1) One area produces knitted goods for apparel manufactures, for sewing centres for consumers and others. 2) The other area manufactures completed garments like sweaters, hosiery and underwear. Indian knitting industry is a growing industry. It has emerged as a premier supplier of value added items. Knitted garments are very popular in the modern fashion scenario. Knitted garments are no longer confined to lingerie, underwear and stockings. There has been a revolution in knitwear. The range of styles that can be handmade or purchased is constantly expanding. It is a known fact that knitted garments are popular with kids since time immemorial. Children have always worn knitted garments more than adults. They are especially common for infants, but, times have changed today. Knitwear has become popular for allmen, women and kids. The Indian knitting industry is one of the most innovative global producers of knitwear products. Today, there has been a tremendous change in technology. A large number of sophisticated computerized knitting, embroidery machines, dyeing machines, state of the art sewing lines, CAD/CAM systems, large scale 79

2 processing machines and other machinery required in the knitwear manufacturing have been mostly imported are installed and functioning for export orders. The major technological developments provide an essential service to the knitting industry. The Indian knitting industry is characterized by small scale units which lack adequate facilities for dyeing, processing and finishing. The knitting industry in India is concentrated in Tirupur (Tamilnadu) Ludhiana (Punjab) Ahamedhabad (Gujarat). Tirupur produces 60 percent of India s total knitwear exports. Knitted garments account for almost 32 percent of all exported garments from India. Modern Knitting Industry in India Modern knitting industry is quite young in our country. It was from the year 1984 only when people started importing circular knitting machines to Indian either second importing circular knitting machines to Indian either second hand reconditioned or brand new from where this journey started. With the last 22 years everybody in India, in particular, have shown their interest and started to work hard and put all their efforts in this industry. So the growth in this reserved for SSI sector. But the Government of India with the modernization and technical upgradation of machinery has allowed this up to Rs. 5 crores. Now this is open for all small and large industry and as such, no knitting industry looks towards large scale industry to set up big units especially composite units, starting from spinning to garmenting not only for exports but also for domestic market. To run this industry in large scale under one umbrella is not a joke and that was the reason why people from SSI sector were handling this industry as a scattered or specialized item wise or job wise work in their small scale units. 80

3 In earlier days especially in circular knit fabric problem was in an area of small batch and low speed machines. With the advancement in technology, at present the knitting industry has minimum baby sized 18 diameter to 60 diameter and roll size from 18 to1 meter high that means from 15kgs to 150 kgs joint less roll is now possible in knitting machine and with that there is very wastage specially at roll ends. Secondly with the computerization in the machine, there is tremendous scope of making different combination of knit within no time. Now in India, the machines are even available with full computerized jack and with wrapper and Indian knitters can produce every fabric that falls within the scope of circular knitting and flat knitting which has become the first choice of various top brand Indian/Foreign garment manufacturing units. Now even we have quite a big range of auto stripper machines not only structure or mini jacq. But we have fully computerized jacq machines with inertia facility, with mesh possibilities cater to a very vast range of ladies lingerie or dress material lines. Fully computerized jacq with wrapper and auto stripper can make almost any kind of check designs on these machines. Indian Knit Garment Industry With the advancement of the knitting technology, the use of knitted fabrics is expanding rapidly all over the world. The knitwear sector and its markets are constantly evolving worldwide. This segment of garment industry has experienced many changes in recent years. With improved technology, the limitation like shrinkable and torque in knitted fabrics or garments have been reduced to a great extent and that has opened more opportunities. Many global players are dyeing the Indian market with great as one of leading markets in the post quota scenario. The knitwear exporters from all over India from Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai and Tirupur have already been equipped with 81

4 making new designs and collections to match the current trend and to meet the international buyers requirements. Tirupur is one of the cities every year and the industry continue to show rapid growth. There are many reasons for the growth of the Indian knit garments industry. These are as follows: Compared to the setting up of other fabric producing industries, the capital investment for starting a new knitting unit is relatively small. The high productivity of knitting machine is also an important factor for the growth of the industry. As the preparatory process for knitting is less than weaving, the time required to get an order completed is less than that required in the case of woven fabrics. The setting up of knitting machines to produce a given type of fabric is a fast and simple operation than that the setting up of a loom. Knitting is more flexible than weaving in the sense that styles and designs can be changed with unparalleled rapidity. Knit garments are geared to quick turnover to keep up with keeping with rapid fashion changes in the apparel market. There are wide varieties of new yarns that brought new standards of performance and new aesthetics into the knit market. The knit fabrics are very comfortable and are in tune with the times. The present generation demand wrinkle free ease of care fabrics and knit garment is the perfect solution for this. The recent success of knit garment has been greatly due to their easy care properties. Knitted garments generally require no ironing and are therefore it is cool for travelling persons. Knitted fabrics are the most comfortable ones for swimwear and sportswear. 82

5 All problems related with labour organization like wages, benefits, to labour, etc are reduced in the knitting industry because knitting units require very less labour. The machine manufactures with the aim of high productivity and versatility have developed highly innovative machinery which has led to the boom in the knitting. Growth of Knitting Machine Industry Indian textile and clothing industry turned to be a sunrise industry in the recent past. Its importance lies in the fact that with the market size, it is the 2 nd largest industry in India. Contributes roughly 20 percent to the total industrial output and 8 percent to GDP and about 31 percent to the country s workforce. With the end of the quota regime, India and China alone are regulated as major clothiers of the world. Major developed countries, EU and US have placed restraints on exports of garments from China which will be in a place till the end of This is the opportunity for India to seize and established herself to take away the leadership from China. It is under such circumstance that needs planned strategy and make India an Alternative to China. It is now for us to give a push to this initiative by ensuring that adequate production is available to meet their requirements. Knitting Yarn Production Centre Knitting has been a popular hobby as well as a means of livelihood for many since time immemorial in India. Exquisite designed shawls were popular even during the Mughal period and they were woven with gold and silver threads. By the third quarter of the 18 th century, Kashmir or Kashmire shawls became one of the fine woolen wears in India, and were demanded in all the fashionable circles of the west and trade was well established with China, Afghanistan, Turkey etc. 83

6 The northern areas of the country has long tradition of spinning and hand weaving, which in turn is responsible for the growth of the knitting industry. Due to the severe winter in the northern parts of India for around three to four months every year, the demand for wearable and non wearable knitted garments is regular. It is estimated that India now has a sheep population of more than 45 million, producing around 40 million kilograms of raw wool. Indian is the sixth largest sheep rearing country in the world possessing approximately 4.1 percent of the world s sheep population and producing about 1.1 percent of the world s wool. Financial support is now being provided by the Government of India and various handloom and handicraft promotion bodies to market the surplus produce of the traditional artisans of our country. Some of the major production centres of knitting yarns and garments in India are as follows: Tirupur Ludhiana Himachal Pradesh Other places Tirupur Fashion is mainly dependable on industry as well as society in a probationary manner. Knitwear in Tirupur has clearly identified the definition of Fashion. Creation of both value added and fashionable knitted garments is the key factor in driving out the value hidden stuff of the knitwear exporters in Tirupur with a motive or aim to reach the buyer or consumer who believe in right choice of selection. Tirupur, located 55km to the east of Coimbatore city in Tamilnadu is known as the hosiery capital of India. It accounts for 90 percent of India s 84

7 cotton knitwear export which is worth Rs. 4,000 crores. Inspite of being severely handicapped by poor infrastructure, Tirupur has a unique significant presence at lower end of the international knitwear and hosiery market. Local market of Tirupur is around 800 crore Indian rupees. There are more than 2500 apparel manufacturing units and 750 dyeing units in the city. Tirupur also has 300 printing units, 100 embroidery units and 200 other units like compacting, raising and calendaring units. Market of Tirupur is around Rs.8500 crores and local market is about 1500 crores according to a recent report. Every year, millions of pieces of underwear come out of Tirupur. Tirupur s hosiery factories are profitable successes and are considered as small jewels in India s economy. Tirupur is one of the largest sources of Foreign Exchange for the country because of its exports. This city is famous for the export of all knitwear like TShirts, Polo Shirts, Sweater Shirts, Banyans, Paijamas & Night Dresses on various fabrics like single Jersey, Interlock, Fleece, Polar Fleece, Drop needle, Pique Jersey, Pointelle Jersey, Inter lock, RIB etc. The hosiery and knitwear business in this city has long been held out as a model for the export led growth path. Ludhiana It is also known as Manchester of India, Ludhiana in the state of Punjab is a big centre for knitwear production. Ludhiana started its first hosiery unit in the beginning of 20 th century and today the city boasts of housing more than 6000 small to medium size knitwear factories, 10 big hosiery yarn mills, about 150 small to medium sized worsted and some woolen yarn factories, bout 120 yarn and fabric dyeing factories, besides manufacturers of knitting machines, stitching machines, knitting needles, labels and packing materials. 85

8 About one third of the population of the city is engaged in the knitwear business, directly and indirectly. Knitting industry in Ludhiana is no longer a seasonal industry and the knitting exports from the city have been to the tune of Rs.1,200 crores till mid Ludhiana makes an hosiery turn over of approximately US$ 40 Million Annually with exports equivalent to 30 percent of its production. The countries to which exports are done are Europe, USA and Middle East Countries. Infact, it is difficult to locate a country where Hosiery products of Ludhiana are not exported. Fashion Technology Park (FTP) at a cost of Rs.250 crores has been setup at Mohali near Ludhiana.A Memorandum of understanding (MOU) with knitwear club Shawl Club and Ludhiana integrated textile park has been signed to provide designing facility to the Ludhiana knitting industry at its doorstep, and also to get manufacturing done from industry. Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh has a long tradition of hand knitting. The traditional knitted Kulu Shawls, caps and dresses of that region are popular all over the country. There are various small scale knitting mills in Himachal Pradesh. It is seen that local industrialists of Punjab, particularly hosiery manufacturers, have shown interest in establishing knitting units in Himachal Pradesh. Baddi and Nalagarh are two important towns in the state which have great scope for growth.one of the basic reasons to move out to Himachal Pradesh is the centre s announcement of benefits for three states Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu and Kashmir. Himachal Pradesh is exempted from paying income tax and central excise duties for 10 years and there are concessions in sales tax. Baddi has already come up as an industrial township. 86

9 There are almost 70 large scale, medium scale and small scale industrial units in Baddi. Nalagarh is another township coming up. As per a report in 2001, sheep population of Himachal Pradesh was nearly 11 lakhs. Good quality knitting yarns are available at Karchham in Kinnaur district, Jeori in Shimla district; Tal in Hampur district and soral in Chamba district. Wool analysis laboratories have also been set up in these units. Angora rabbit breeding is also given priority. Himachal Pradesh has emerged as the source of rabbit breeding centre for other states also. There is also the Himachal Pradesh wool Federation to strengthen the benefit of the sheep breeders as well as knitters. Other Centres Though Tirupur and Ludhiana are considered to be the major production centres of knitting yarns and garments in India, there are other centers in various parts of India which are equally important and has a long tradition of knitwear. Starting as a hobby, knitting has today emerged as growing industry. Knitting Centres exist in different parts of India such as Amritsar, Jalandhar, Gurdaspur, Mohali, Sialkot, Dhariwal, Kashmir, Gujarat, Patiala Kangra, Shimla, Kapurthala, hoshiarpur. Varieties of Shawl Producing Centres in India Finer varieties of shawls and tweeds are produced in Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and the border Districts of Rajasthan. The medium varieties of Shawls, tweeds, blankets are produced in the plains of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. The coarse varieties like Kamblies and Ghongadise are produced in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. 87

10 We have the traditional artisans in the hilly ranges of the Himalayas who still continue to use the homespun woolen yarn for production of Khadi caps, mufflers and blankets. Due to the severe winter in the northern parts of the country, the demand for wearable and non wearable woolens and knitted garments is regular. The artisans living in these parts produce woolen clothes mostly for their own use by using handspun woolen yarn. In India, the knitting industry is both organized as well as decentralized. The major portion of the woolen readymade garment industry is concentrated in the northern states, especially Punjab. Ludhiana and Mohali are known worldwide for their readymade woolen garment industries set up with the help of the government of India and are using modern Machinery for button holing, button stitching, auto mass cutting, overlocking etc. Origin of knitting Industry in India The first hosiery unit in India was set up at west Bengal in 1893 by Anand Prasad Mukherjee. The industry got rooted in Ludhiana when knitwear craftsmen settled there and the industry prospered during the first world way due to the heavy recruitment from Punjab. Later the knitware industry spread to other parts of India. Presently Tirupur in Tamilnadu is hailed as the head quarters of the knitting industry claiming 51% of the knit apparels exported from India. The knitting industry in India can be classified into four groups VIZ: Hosiery knitting for under garments, flat knitting for dress, furnishing and industrial applications. 88

11 TABLE 3.1 NUMBER OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) (in numbers) Region Mean ( X ) Coefficient of Variation (C.V.) Compound rate of Growth (%) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 89

12 Number of Knitting Industries in operation The number of Knitting industries in selected regions and All India and the annual percentage rate of change in operation of knitting industries for the selected regions and All India during the period from to It is clear from Table 3.1 that the number of knitting industries in Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and All India had registered at an annual compound rate of growth of 8.20, 0.10, 0.90 and 4.70 per cent respectively during the study period from to The average number of knitting industries ( X ) was higher in Tamilnadu which occupies more than 50 per cent of average number of industries in India. The coefficient of variance (CV) shows that the fluctuations in the number of industries in operation had been less in Punjab compared to other regions. Gujarat was highest with per cent followed by Tamilnadu with per cent. 90

13 The average annual percentage rate of growth of number of knitting industries in All India and three selected regions is given in Table 3.2. Over the study period, the average annual percentage rate of increase in the number of industries in operation had registered a higher rate of increase in Gujarat followed by Tamilnadu. The average annual percentage rate of increase was and respectively. Gujarat and Tamilnadu, Punjab and All India had shown 1.68 and 5.99 percentage rate of increase over the study period from to

14 TABLE 3.2 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF NUMBER OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA TO Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average annual Percentage Rate of Charge

15 Growth of Fixed Capital and Annual Percentage Rate of Change Value of gross fixed capital stock at constant prices has been taken as the measures of capital input. We take the book value gross capital stock (fixed capital + depreciation) reported in ASI as the four year capital stock. Real capital stock is an input factor which is used for the measurement of productivity and estimation of production function. The fixed capital in knitting industry in selected regions and All India during to is presented in Table 3.3. The fixed capital of knitting industry in selected regions and All India showed an impressive growth during to It grew at an annual compound rate of 26.40, 17.30, and per cent in Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and All India respectively during to The average annual percentage rate of change was much higher in Gujarat by per cent followed by Tamilnadu at 43.83, Punjab at and All India at per cent respectively (see Table 3.4). Clear rising and declining trend is not noticed in the selected regions and All India. Trend in growth of fixed capital in knitting industries in the selected regions and All India during the study period is pictured in Table

16 TABLE 3.3 FIXED CAPITAL IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Region Mean ( X ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat dall India Source: Computed 94

17 TABLE 3.4 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF FIXED CAPITAL IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA to Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed

18 FIGURE 6.1 FIXED CAPITAL IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS FIXED CAPITAL (IN LAKHS) YEARS FC Tamilnadu FC Punjab FC Gujarat 96

19 Employment in Knitting Industry The Indian knitting industry is characterized by small scale units. The knitting industry in India is concentrated in Tirupur (Tamilnadu), Ludhiana (Punjab), and Ahamedabad (Gujarat). Tirupur produces 60 per cent of India s total knitwear exports, 32 per cent of all exported garments from India. The growth of employment in this industry showed an increasing hand. Growth of employment in selected regions and All India during to is given in Table 3.5. It is clear from the Table 3.5 that employment in knitting industries in selected regions and All India had registered an increasing trend at annual compound rate of 13.70, 6.70, 3.70 and per cent in Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and All India respectively during the period between and The growth rate of employment in Punjab and Gujarat had increased at a decreasing rate over the study period. Though the performance of the industry on the whole has been encouraging, the employment in knitting industry in the selected regions and All India had much fluctuations. For example, the range of fluctuation in employment in knitting industry has been 11,341 and 1,04,218. Employment in knitting industry in the selected regions and All India fluctuated in varying degrees and clear from the coefficient of variance. Over the study period from to the average annual percentage rate of increase in employment was high in Gujarat by per cent followed by Tamilnadu at 18.62, All India at and 7.78 per cent in Punjab. Clear mixed trend is noticed across the regions from to (see Table 3.6). 97

20 Region TABLE 3.5 TOTAL NUMBER OF WORKERS ENGAGED IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Mean ( X ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in numbers) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 98

21 TABLE 3.6 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF TOTAL NUMBER OF WORKERS ENGAGED IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed

22 FIGURE 6.2 GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS YEARS EMP Tamilnadu EMP Punjab EMP Gujarat 100

23 Total emoluments in Knitting Industry The total emoluments in knitting industry in selected regions and All India during to are presented in Table 3.7. The growth of total emoluments was the highest in Tamilnadu by followed by All India at 19.80, Gujarat at and Punjab at per cent. Tamilnadu was able to achieve the highest rate of increase in total emoluments which was made nondurable by the highest growth achieved in number of function in operation and growth of employment. The average annual percentage rate of growth of total emoluments in selected region and All India is given in Table 3.8. The highest rate of increase in total emoluments was achieved in Tamilnadu and All India by 144 and 73 per cent respectively in the year In Gujarat it was 366 per cent during Comparing year by year change in total emoluments was increased by 56 per cent in Punjab during the year Over the study period, the average annual percentage rate of increase in total emoluments was high in Tamilnadu by per cent followed by Gujarat at per cent, All India at and Punjab at Growth of total emoluments in selected regions during the study period is pictured in Figure

24 TABLE 3.7 TOTAL EMOLUMENTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Region Mean ( X ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 102

25 TABLE 3.8 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF TOTAL EMOLUMENTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA TO Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed

26 Inputs in Knitting Industries The value of inputs in knitting industries in selected regions and All India during to is presented in Table 3.9. The value of inputs in knitting industries in Tamilnadu increased at an annual compound rate of growth of per cent which is remarkably higher compared in the other region and All India. This was achieved mainly due to increase in operation of knitting industries in Tamilnadu. The value of inputs in other region increased at an annual compound rate of growth of and per cent in Gujarat and Punjab respectively during the study period. Though the value of inputs used in knitting industry in the selected regions increase during the study period, the value of inputs in the knitting industry has much fluctuated. The value of inputs fluctuated in varying degrees in the regions are clear from the coefficient of variance. The average annual percentage rate of growth of total inputs in knitting industries in selected regions and all India, were percent for Tamilnadu for Punjab, percent for Gujarat and for all India. So it can be concluded that the average annual percentage rate of growth of input used Tamilnadu stood first compared to other selected regions and all India level during the study period. 104

27 TABLE 3.9 TOTAL INPUTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Region Mean ( X ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 105

28 TABLE 3.10 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF TOTAL INPUTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed

29 FIGURE 6.3 TOTAL INPUTS IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS INPUTS (IN LAKHS YEARS TI Tamilnadu TI Punjab TI Gujarat 107

30 Production of Knitting Industries in Selected regions and All India Output of knitting industries in three selected regions and All India also bear the same trend as in inputs used by the knitting industries over the study period. The value of output of knitting industries in Tamilnadu increased at an annual compound rate of growth of per cent which is remarkably higher compared to the other region. This was achieved mainly due to increase in operation of knitting industries in Tamilnadu. Output of the knitting industries in Tamilnadu occupies the major amount of the total output in India. The value of output of knitting industries in Gujarat and Punjab increased at an annual compound rate of and per cent respectively during the study period from to The range of fluctuation in the value of output of knitting industries in Tamilnadu was between Rs lakhs and Rs.8, lakhs, The value of output of knitting industries fluctuated in varying degrees in regions are clear from the coefficient of variance. The average annual percentage rate of growth of value of output in knitting industries in selected regions and all India were 27.71, and percent. The average annual percentage rate of growth of value of output was found to be high in Tamilnadu with percent, when compared to other regions and All India. 108

31 TABLE 3.11 VALUE OF OUTPUT OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED Region Mean ( X ) REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 109

32 TABLE 3.12 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF VALUE OF OUTPUT OF KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed 110

33 FIGURE 6.4 TOTAL VALUE OF OUTPUTS IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS OUTPUTS (IN LAKHS) YEARS TO Tamilnadu TO Punjab To Gujarat 111

34 TABLE 3.13 PRODUCTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS Region Mean ( X ) AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 112

35 Products in Knitting Industries Products in knitting industries in selected regions and All India the calculated mean values were , , and respectively for Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and All India. The mean values were found to be highest compared to other regions during the study period. The CoVariance value was highest in Tamilnadu with percent followed by Punjab with percent and percent in Gujarat. For all India level percent. The computed CRG values were 18.20, 11.30, 9.70 and corresponding for Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and all India. The range value for Tamilnadu for the products in knitting industries were between and in Tamilnadu, for Punjab from to , and in Gujarat from to and in All India was to in lakhs of rupees. 113

36 TABLE 3.14 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF PRODUCTS IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed 114

37 Average annual percentage rate of growth of products in knitting industries in selected regions and all India the values showed 26.92, 15.14, and 20.03, Tamilnadu, Punjab and All India level Tamilnadu was found to be the highest in the rate of growth of products during the study period to

38 Profit in Knitting Industries Profit in knitting industries in selected regions and all India and the calculated mean profits value during the study period were , 71.15, 3.01 and lakhs rupees respectively for Tamilnadu, Punjab, Gujarat and All India. Tamilnadu stood first in profit compared to other states. On the basis of CoVariance values, Gujarat showed highest variation trend in profit percent for All India level covariance was percent. The covariance value for Tamilnadu and Punjab were and respectively. The calculated CRG value was found to be highest in Tamilnadu with percent, for Punjab with 6.90, Gujarat 0.90 percent and for All India with percent. The range value of Tamilnadu was between to , Punjab 1054 to , Gujarat 8.57 to And All India level it was between and lakh rupees during the study period. 116

39 TABLE 3.15 PROFIT IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND Region Mean ( X ) ALL INDIA ( TO ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in lakhs) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 117

40 TABLE 3.16 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF PROFIT IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed 118

41 The average annual percentage rate of growth of profit in knitting industries during the study period showed that among the regions, Punjab stood first with percent followed by Gujarat with percent, in Tamilnadu and the All India figure with percent. It can be concluded that Punjab stood first in percentage rate of growth of profit compared to other regions during the study period. 119

42 FIGURE 6.5 PROFIT IN THREE SELECTED REGIONS PROFITS (IN LAKHS) YEARS Profit Tamilnadu Profit Punjab Profit Gujarat 120

43 TABLE 3.17 TOTAL PERSONS ENGAGED IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN Region SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA Mean ( X ) ( TO ) Coefficient of variation (C.V.) Compound rate of growth (%) (in numbers) Range Minimum Maximum Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Source: Computed 121

44 Total persons engaged in knitting industries the calculated mean value represented Tamilnadu , Punjab , Gujarat percent and in All India Tamilnadu stood first in total persons engaged in knitting industries during the study period. On the basis of covariance value the variation percentage was found to the highest in Tamilnadu 70.37, compared to other regions and All India level. The respective variation percentage for Punjab, Gujarat and All India were 36.36, and respectively. On the basis of CRG value it was high for Tamilnadu with followed by Punjab with 6.10, Gujarat with 4.70 and in all India with percent. Regarding the range value of total persons engaged for Tamilnadu between and , for Punjab from to , for Gujarat between and and the value for All India level showed between and During the study period from to

45 TABLE 3.18 PERCENTAGE RATE OF GROWTH OF TOTAL PERSONS ENGAGED IN KNITTING INDUSTRIES IN SELECTED REGIONS AND ALL INDIA ( TO ) Year Tamilnadu Punjab Gujarat All India Average Annual Percentage Rate of Charge Source: Computed 123

46 The average annual rate percentage rate of growth of total persons engaged in knitting industries in selected regions and All India during the study period showed that it was high for Tamilnadu percent followed by Gujarat percent and Punjab 6.76 percent the All India level value showed 13.1 percent. It can be concluded that in terms of percentage rate of growth Tamilnadu came first compared to other regions. 124