2. Environment Types. COMP9414/ 9814/ 3411: Artificial Intelligence. Agent Model. Agents as functions. The PEAS model of an Agent
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1 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 1 COM9414/ 9814/ 3411: rtificial Intelligence 2. Environment Types gent Model sensors environment percepts actions? agent actuators COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 2 The E model of an gent COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 3 gents as functions erformance measure Environment ctuators ensors gents can be evaluated empirically, sometimes analysed mathematically gent is a function from percept sequences to actions Ideal rational agent would pick actions which are expected to maximise the performance measure.
2 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 4 Example: utomated Taxi COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 5 Examples of I Tasks erformance measure: safety, reach destination, maximize profits, obey laws, passenger comfort,... Environment: city streets, freeways, traffic, pedestrians, weather, customers,... ctuators: steer, accelerate, brake, horn, speak/display,... ensors: video, accelerometers, gauges, engine sensors, keyboard, G,... ath earch roblems Games umpus orld Robots eb gents COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 6 ath earch roblems COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 7 ath earch in Configuration pace Oradea Neamt Zerind rad Iasi ibiu Fagaras Timisoara Lugoj Rimnicu Vilcea itesti Vaslui tart Goal Dobreta Mehadia Urziceni ucharest Hirsova tart tate Goal tate Craiova Giurgiu Eforie
3 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 8 Constraint atisfaction roblems COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 9 Games Chess Dice games Card games COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 10 Environment types COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 11 Environment types e can classify environments as: - Fully Observable vs. artially Observable - Deterministic vs. tochastic - ingle-gent vs. Multi-gent - Episodic vs. equential - tatic vs. Dynamic - Discrete vs. Continuous - Known vs. Unknown - imulated vs. ituated or Embodied Fully Observable: percept contains all relevant information about the world Deterministic: current state of world uniquely determines the next Episodic: only the current (or recent) percept is relevant tatic: environment doesn t change while the agent is deliberating Discrete: finite (or countable) number of possible percepts/actions Known: the rules of the game, or physics/dynamics of the environment are known to the agent imulated: a separate program is used to simulate an environment, feed percepts to agents, evaluate performance, etc.
4 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 12 Environment types COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 13 Example I Environment - umpus orld Fully Observable Deterministic Multi-gent Episodic tatic Discrete Known imulated Rubik s Chess Dice Card umpus Robocup tock Cube Games Games orld occer Trading The real world is (of course) partially observable, stochastic, multi-agent sequential, dynamic, continuous, unknown, situated and embodied. Environment quares adjacent to umpus are melly quares adjacent to it are reezy Glitter iff Gold is in the same square hoot kills umpus if you are facing it uses up the only arrow Grab picks up Gold if in same square tench reeze tench reeze reeze IT reeze IT IT reeze reeze tench TRT Gold COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 14 umpus orld E description COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 15 erformance measure Return with Gold +1000, death per step, -10 for using the arrow ctuators Left, Right, Forward, Grab, hoot ensors reeze, Glitter, tench
5 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 16 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 17 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 18 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 19
6 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 20 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 21 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 22 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 23 Robots G
7 COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 24 ituated and Embodied Cognition COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 25 ituated vs. Embodied Rodney rooks 1991: ituatedness: The robots are situated in the world they do not deal with abstract descriptions, but with the here and now of the environment which directly influences the behaviour of the system. Embodiment: The robots have bodies and experience the world directly their actions are part of a dynamics with the world, and actions have immediate feedback on the robot s own sensations. ituated but not Embodied: High frequency stock trading system: it deals with thousands of buy/sell bids per second and its responses vary as its database changes. but it interacts with the world only through sending and receiving messages. Embodied but not ituated: an industrial spray painting robot: does not perceive any aspects of the shape of an object presented to it for painting; simply goes through a pre-programmed series of actions but it has physical extent and its servo routines must correct for its interactions with gravity and noise present in the system. COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 26 tate of the art hich of the following can be done at present? lay a decent game of table tennis (ping-pong) Drive in the center of Cairo, Egypt Drive along a curving mountain road lay games like Chess, Go, ridge, oker Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem rite an intentionally funny story Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law Translate spoken English into spoken wedish (or Chinese) in real time COM9414/9814/ s1 Environments 27 ummary Environments can be classified in terms of whether they are observable, deterministic, single- or multi- agent, episodic, static, discrete, known, simulated. The environment type strongly influences the agent design (discussed in the next lecture..)
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