Additional Handouts for Self-study English for Mattayomsuksa 4-6

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Verity Porter
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1 Modal Verbs What is a modal verb? A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality that is, likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation. Examples include the English verbs can/could, may/might, must, will/would, and shall/should. (en.wikipedia.org) How to use a modal. Unlike other auxiliary verbs modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence. They are always followed by the base form. Possibility: We use the modals could, might and may to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain: They might come later. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come later.) They may come by car. (= Perhaps/Maybe they will come by car.) If we don t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late) We use could have, might have and may have to show that something was possible now or at some time in the past: It s ten o clock. They might have arrived now. They could have arrived hours ago.

2 We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible: It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter) You can easily lose your way in the dark. (= People often lose their way in the dark) We use the modal could as the past tense of can: It could be very cold in winter. (= Sometimes it was very cold in winter.) You could lose your way in the dark. (= People often lost their way in the dark) Impossibility: We use the negative can t or cannot to show that something is impossible: That can t be true. You cannot be serious. We use couldn t/could not to talk about the past: We knew it could not be true. He was obviously joking. He could not be serious. Probability: We use the modal must to show we are sure something to be true and we have reasons for our belief: It s getting dark. It must be quite late. You haven t eaten all day. You must be hungry. We use must have for the past: They hadn t eaten all day. They must have been hungry. You look happy. You must have heard the good news. We use the modal should to suggest that something is true or will be true in the future, and to show you have reasons for your suggestion: Ask Miranda. She should know. It's nearly six o'clock. They should arrive soon. We use should have to talk about the past: It's nearly eleven o'clock. They should have arrived by now. Ability: We use can to talk about someone s skill or general abilities: She can speak several languages. He can swim like a fish. They can t dance very well.

We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future: You can make a lot of money if you are lucky. Help. I can t breathe. They can run but they can t hide.

3 We use can to talk about the ability to do something at a given time in the present or future: You can make a lot of money if you are lucky. Help. I can t breathe. They can run but they can t hide. We use could to talk about past time: She could speak several languages. They couldn t dance very well. We use could have to say that someone had the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do it: She could have learned Swahili, but she didn t have time. I could have danced all night [but didn't]. Permission: We use can to ask for permission to do something: Can I ask a question, please? Can we go home now. could is more formal and polite than can: Could I ask a question please? Could we go home now? may is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission: May I ask a question please? May we go home now? We use can to give permission: You can go home now if you like. You can borrow my pen if you like. may is a more formal and polite way of giving permission: You may go home now, if you like. We use can to say that someone has permission to do something: We can go out whenever we want. Students can travel free. may is a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission: Students may travel free.

4 Instructions and requests: We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do something: Could you take a message please? Would you carry this for me please? Could I have my bill please? can and will are less polite: Can you take a message please? Will you carry this for me please? Suggestions and advice: We use should to make suggestions and give advice: You should send an . We should go by train. We use could to make suggestions: We could meet at the weekend. You could eat out tonight. We use conditionals to give advice: Dan will help you if you ask him. Past tenses are more polite: Dan would help you if you asked him. Offers and invitations: We use can I and to make offers: Can I help you? Can I do that for you? We can also use shall I Shall I help you with that? Shall I call you on your mobile? We sometime say I can... or I could... or I ll (I will)... to make an offer: I can do that for you if you like. I can give you a lift to the station. I ll do that for you if you like. I ll give you a lift to the station.

5 We use would you like (to)... for invitations: Would you like to come round tomorrow? Would you like another drink? We use you must or we must for a very polite invitation: You must come round and see us. We must meet again soon. Obligation and necessity We use must to say that it is necessary to do something: You must stop at a red light. Everyone must bring something to eat. You can wear what you like, but you must look neat and tidy. I m sorry, but you mustn t make a noise in here. We use had to for this if we are talking about the past: Everyone had to bring something to eat. We could wear what we liked, but we had to look neat and tidy. A modal verb with have and the past participle: Subject Modal Have Past Participle They will have arrived by now. You might have seen the film. Jack and Jill would have been late. We use a modal verb with have to: refer back from a point of time in the past: We were very worried. Someone might have taken the car. refer back from the present It is nearly eight o clock. They will have arrived by now.

refer back from the future: We won t eat until they arrive. They might not have had supper. refer to past time: You should have helped her when she asked. They might have got lost.

6 refer back from the future: We won t eat until they arrive. They might not have had supper. refer to past time: You should have helped her when she asked. They might have got lost. Nobody knows where they are. show that something is possible now or was possible at some time in the past: It s ten o clock. They could have arrived now. They could have arrived hours ago. to say that someone had the ability/opportunity to do something, but did not do it: She could have learned Swahili, but she didn t have time. I could have danced all night [but didn't]. talk about something that did not happen: (in past conditionals) If it had been a little warmer we might have gone for a swim. He would have been very angry if he had seen you. Source: Let s practice! What would you say in these situations? 1. You re carrying a lot of things. You can't open the door yourself. There's a man standing door. 2. You phoned Ann but somebody else answered. Ann wasn't there. You weren t sure if Ann forgot your appointment. 3. The alarm clock rang but today is a holiday. You don t want to get out of bed right now. 4. You were so lazy. You didn t work hard enough for your final test. Now you have got bad scores in many subjects. 5. You are getting in a library. Your friends see you and call you from another side of the room.

6. You have a car. You have to go to the same place as John, who hasn't got a car. You want to give him a lift. 7. You didn t know your friend had an accident. He was in the hospital for 2 days. 8.

7 6. You have a car. You have to go to the same place as John, who hasn't got a car. You want to give him a lift. 7. You didn t know your friend had an accident. He was in the hospital for 2 days. 8. You are at a friend's house and you want to use her phone. 9. Your friend has lost her report. She is very worried. You believed you saw it in her car. 10. You want to leave work early because you have some things to do. What do you ask your boss? Suggested answers: 1. Could you open the door for me, please? 2. She might have forgotten our appointment. 3. I don t have to get up early today. 4. I should have work harder. 5. Be quiet! You mustn t make a noise in here. 6. Shall I give you a lift? 7. If I knew that, I would go to visit him. 8. Do you mind if I use your phone? 9. You must have left it in your car. 10. May I leave early today? Panida S.

English language A0. Mgr. Martina Fischerová

English language A0. Mgr. Martina Fischerová English language A0 Mgr. Martina Fischerová English sentence Word order of an English sentence: Subject verb object adverb Peter read the book last year. Verb to be I am am not You are aren t He/she/it