Table of Contents iii To the Teacher... iv States of the Union Famous Firsts Discoveries, Inventions, and Notable Accomplishments...69

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1 ALGEBRA Hope Martin WALCH PUBLISHING

2 Table of Contents iii To the Teacher... iv States of the Union Famous Firsts Discoveries, Inventions, and Notable Accomplishments Happy Birthday to You Historical Highlights Answer Key Glossary of Terms Warm- Ups: Algebra

3 States of the Union The growth of the United States took place over the course of 172 years. Delaware was the first of the colonies to join the Union (December 7, 1787) and Hawaii became the 50th state (August 21, 1959). The mathematics puzzles in this chapter help celebrate the nation we are today. When students solve the mathematical clues, they learn the year that each state became a part of the United States of America. Interdisciplinary discussions can encourage students to explore the connections between the dates colonies and territories became states, colonial times, pioneer exploration, and the growth of the western part of the United States. And, when students investigate mathematics within the framework of history, they view math in context, and it begins to make sense. Warm- Ups: Algebra

4 2004 Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey were the first three colonies to enter the Union. They all became states in the month of December of the same year. Solve this puzzle to learn the year. Warm-Ups: Algebra My hundreds and units digits are the same number, and each is the value of x when this equation is solved: 2x 2 11 = 87. My tens digit is equal to the value of x: 5x = 40. The sum of all of my digits is equal to

5 Georgia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, South Carolina, Virginia, New York, and Maryland all became states in the same year. They became the 4th through the 11th states of our United States. Solve this puzzle to learn the year. My tens and units digits are the same number. Learn them by evaluating this expression: My hundreds digit is equal to the value of y in this equation: 5(y 2) = 2y The sum of all of my digits is equal to W arm-ups: Algebra

6 Gwendolyn Brooks became the first African-American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize on May 5 of this year. Solve this puzzle to learn the year. The two-digit number formed by my tens and units digits is equal to the area of the triangle shown: My hundreds digit is equal to the solution of the function 2 f(g) = g 3 when g = The sum of all of my digits is equal to the sum of the first five counting numbers y x W arm-ups: Algebra

7 2004 Warm-Ups: Algebra Hernando de Soto became the first European to reach the Mississippi River on May 8 of this year. Solve this puzzle to learn the year. Jill is 3 years younger than Joe, and Jackie is 1 year older than Joe. In 5 years, the sum of Jill s and Joe s ages will be 5 greater than Jackie s age. Jill s age now is the same as my units digit, Joe s age now is the same as my tens digit, and Jackie s age now is the same as my hundreds digit. The sum of all of my digits is equal to the determinant of this matrix:

8 On March 6 of this year, painter and sculptor Michelangelo (Buonarroti) was born in the town of Caprese, Tuscany. He is famous for his painting of the Sistene Chapel in Rome and his statue of David (which is located in Florence). Solve this puzzle to learn his birth year. The two-digit number formed by my thousands and hundreds digits is equal to the area of the shaded region: The two-digit number formed by my tens and units digits is equal to the value of x: 3(x 8) 2(x + 5) = 41. The sum of all of my digits is equal to the complement of a 73 angle W arm-ups: Algebra

9 2004 Warm-Ups: Algebra On March 7 of this year, American naturalist Luther Burbank was born in Lancaster, Massachusetts. He is the creator and developer of many new varieties of flowers, fruits, vegetables, and trees. His birthday is celebrated as Bird and Arbor Day. Solve this puzzle to learn the year Burbank was born. My hundreds digit is the area of this triangle: The two-digit number formed by my tens and units digits is equal to the value of w: log 7 w = 2. Harry earned $200 last week. After 7 days, he had $46 left. The sum of all of my digits is the average amount Harry spent per day. 8 6 (0, 4) y (4, 6) (2, 1) x 119

10 On March 20 of this year, children rang the United Nations bell in New York City for the first celebration of Earth Day. The bell sounded at the exact moment when the sun crossed the equator, the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. To learn the year, solve this puzzle. Find the solution to this system: x + y = 16 y = x + 2 W arm-ups: Algebra My tens digit is equal to the value of x; my units digit is equal to the value of y My hundreds digit is the x-coordinate of the vertex of the graph of y = (x 9) The sum of my digits is equal to the determinant of. 4 3

11 2004 On March 23 of this year, Patrick Henry delivered his Give me liberty or give me death speech. To learn the year, solve this puzzle. 4 My units digit is equal to Warm-Ups: Algebra My hundreds and tens digit are the same. They are equal to n: log n 343 = 3. The weight of a person on Earth varies directly as to their weight on Pluto. A 100-lb. person would weigh 6.9 lbs. on Pluto. The sum of all of my digits is the weight of a 2-year-old child on Earth who weighs 1.38 lbs. on Pluto. 163

12 On November 19 of this year, President Abraham Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address at a ceremony dedicating 17 acres of the battlefield in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Though the speech took less than 2 minutes, it is recognized as one of the most eloquent in the English language. Find the year by solving this puzzle. My units digit is equal to the positive root of the equation x 2 + 4x 21 = 0. Find two numbers whose sum is 24 and product is 108. The twodigit number formed by my thousands and hundreds digit is the larger of the two numbers. My tens digit is the smaller of the two numbers. The sum of my digits is equal to x: x + 4 = W arm-ups: Algebra

13 2004 Warm-Ups: Algebra On December 1 of this year, Rosa Parks was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, for refusing to give up her seat and move to the back of the bus. Her arrest triggered a yearlong boycott of the city bus system and helped end racial segregation on municipal buses in the South. This event has been called the beginning of the civil rights movement in the United States. If f(x) = 2x 2 and g(x) = x + 5, then the two-digit number formed by my tens and units digits is equal to g(f(x)) when x = 5. My hundreds digit is equal to x: 4x = 6. The sum of my digits is equal to 5 P

14 On December 15 of this year, the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to our Constitution, became effective following the approval of Virginia. Find the year of this historical highlight by solving this puzzle. My units digit is the absolute value of the product: m2 + 2m m m m My hundreds digit is equal to the x-coordinate and my tens digit is equal to the y-coordinate of the vertex of the parabola (x 7) The sum of my digits is equal to x: 2x = 6. W arm-ups: Algebra