Cryptosporidium in Surface and Coastal Waters
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1 Cryptosporidium in Surface and Coastal Waters Ronald Fayer Lihua Xiao Earl J. Lewis James M. Trout Dorothy Howard USDA CDC NOAA
2 Cryptosporidiosis Clinical signs lasting 1-2 weeks Profuse watery diarrhea Frequent voluminous bowel movements Rapid weight loss Dehydration Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Fatigue Loss of appetite
3 SMALL INTESTINE CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
4 INTESTINAL STAGES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM MICROVILLI
5 DIARRHEA CONTAINING OOCYSTS
6 Differential Interference Contrast DIC Xiao et al., 2004
7 PCR
8 GENE SEQUENCING AGGTCTCTAATCTTCAGTGCAC CGTTCTTCCAATTCCGGAATCA ACGTTCAGTGCCACGTTTCGTG CCACGTTCAGTGCCACGTACGT CATTCCACGTCAGTGCACGTAC GTCATTCAGTGCCACGTAGGTC TCTAATCTTCAGTGCACCGTTCT TCCAATTCCGGAATCACGTTCA GTGCCATCACGTTCGTTCGTGC CACGTTCA
9 Cryptosporidium: species and hosts 18 Species Major Hosts Minor Hosts C. andersoni C. baileyi C. bovis C. canis C. fayeri C. felis C. galli C. hominis C. meleagridis C. molnari C. muris C. parvum C. ryanae C. scophthalmi C. serpentis C. suis C. varani C. wrairi Cattle, Camel Chicken, Turkey Cattle.. Dog Kangaroo. Cat.. Chicken, Passeriformes Human, monkey. Turkey,Human. Fish Rodent.. Cattle, Human.. Cattle. Fish Snake.. Pig Lizard Guinea pig Avian Orders Human - Human - Human, Cattle - Dugong, Sheep Parrot - Human,hyrax,Mtn goat Rodents, Ruminants Lizard Human, Cattle Snakes -
10 Cryptosporidium: species in humans 18 Species Major Hosts Minor Hosts C. andersoni C. baileyi C. bovis C. canis C. fayeri C. felis C. galli C. hominis C. meleagridis C. molnari C. muris C. parvum C. ryanae C. scophthalmi C. serpentis C. suis C. varani C. wrairi Cattle,, Camel Chicken, Turkey Cattle. Dog Kangaroo.. Cat. Chicken, Passeriformes Human, monkey. Turkey,Human. Fish Rodent.. Cattle,, Human. Cattle.. Fish Snake.. Pig Lizard Guinea pig Avian Orders Human - Human (Cattle) - Human, Cattle - Dugong, Sheep, Cattle Parrot - Human,hyrax,Mtn goat Rodents, Ruminants - - Lizard Human, Cattle Snakes -
11 DRINKING WATER OUTBREAKS 1 LOCATION DATE CASES SOURCE TEXAS WELL NEW MEXICO SURFACE UK RIVER TEXAS WATER SYSTEM GEORGIA ,000 RIVER UK RIVER PENNSYLVANIA WELL SWEDEN MUNICIPAL UK RIVER UK MUNICIPAL
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13 DRINKING WATER OUTBREAKS 2 LOCATION DATE CASES SOURCE OREGON ,000 SPRING/RIVER UK MUNICIPAL WISCONSIN ,000 LAKE WASHINGTON WELL MINNESOTA LAKE UK PRIVATE NEVADA LAKE FLORIDA CONTAM AT TAP MASSACHUSETS 1995 >10,000 RESERVOIR BRIT.COLUMBIA RESERVOIR
14 TIME APRIL 19,1993 MILWAUKEE 409,000 PEOPLE INFCTED
15 Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in the US NUMBER OF CASES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS BYAGE AND TIME OF ONSET OF ILLNESS years 5-9 years years 50 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Hlavsa et al, 2005
16 SWIM TEAM COMPETITION
17 Florida 1 Exceptionally clean, no flies 54%
18 FL-2 53%
19 North Carolina 2 72%
20 Maryland 1 Pens cleaned daily 52% Fans keep air moving
21 Age Number examined 9% 5% 1% Percent positive Percent C. parvum >2 mo 393 C. parvum 85% 41% 35% 13% 1% 2-11 mo % C. deer-like C. bovis 55% 26% 0.3% 2% 6% mo % 35% 12% 0.4% 13% 6% >24 mo % C. andersoni 29% 6% 0.4% Total 1952 C. parvum C.bovis Deer-like C. andersoni C. suis
22 Prevalence of Cryptosporidium vs Age in Dairy Cattle on 15 Farms in 7 States
23 PRE-WEANED CALVES PRE-WEANED CALVES 5% 1% 9% 85% C. parvum Cryptosporidium Bovine B Cryptosporidium deer-like C. andersoni
24 POST-WEANED CALVES POST-WEANED CALVES 13% 1% 31% 55% C. parvum Cryptosporidium Bovine B Cryptosporidium deer-like C. andersoni
25 WYE ANGUS FARM 3 year study Crypto 22-29% 29% Giardia 37-53%
26 WYE RIVER WYE FARM Infrared photo
27 RUNOFF
28 RUNOFF WYE RIVER
29
30 > 500 Wild Animal Samples Species Crypto* Beaver 24% Muskrat 40% Otter 12% Fox 33% White-tailed tailed Deer 58% *All host specific genotypes
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35 IFA: Hemocyte
36 Cryptosporidium in Rivers entering Chesapeake Bay C. parvum isolated from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica 13 sites in Chesapeake Bay, MD 9 sites open to shellfish harvest Within tissues Gill surfaces Hemocytes
37 Results of a 3 year study of oysters in Chesapeake Bay 8 collections/ 7 sites Oocysts of C. parvum found in: 20% of 1590 oysters hard clams bent mussels Highest percentage of positive shellfish within 1 month of rainfall event
38 13 States 38 Sites Atlantic Coast Shellfish Survey Maine + IFA / PCR Massachusetts + Connecticut + Rhode Island + New York + New Jersey + Delaware - Oysters Clams Maryland + Virginia + North Carolina + South Carolina + Georgia - Florida +
39 Worldwide Reports cockles mussels oysters clams Ireland England Spain Italy Portugal Netherlands
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